In this contribution, we report on the conformational preferences of synthetic analogs of the ant... more In this contribution, we report on the conformational preferences of synthetic analogs of the antimicrobial peptide trichodecenin I in solution. This 6-amino acid residue long peptide is characterized by a single, strongly helicogenic Aib residue in the central part of the sequence and is rich in the conformationally mobile Gly residues. It has been reported that, in CHCl3 solution and in the crystal state, this peptaibiotic adopts a non-helical, multiple β-turn conformation, whereas a 310 /α-helical structure was obtained from an X-ray diffraction study on a trichodecenin I analog (TDT4W6) containing the fluorescent Trp residue in position 6 (replacing Ile) and an equally helicogenic TOAC residue in position 4 (replacing Aib). In this work, we applied spectroscopic techniques and molecular-dynamics calculations, in particular, on the fluorescent TDT4W6 trichodecenin I analog with the aim at investigating its 3D-structural and dynamical features in solution. Our results revealed that TDT4W6 can be described by an ensemble of conformers quickly interconverting in the nanosecond time scale. The most populated cluster has a conformation similar to the NMR structure of native trichodecenin I in CHCl3 . However, also helical-like conformers are present, even if poorly populated and less stable under the analytical conditions.
Aspartic acid stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (A-IONPs) with globular shape and narrow size d... more Aspartic acid stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (A-IONPs) with globular shape and narrow size distribution were prepared by the co-precipitation method in aqueous medium. A quantum-mechanical approach to aspartic acid optimized structure displayed negative charged sites, relatively high dipole moment, and hydrophilicity, which recommended it for interaction with iron cations and surrounding water electrical dipoles. A-IONPs were characterized by TEM, XRD, ATR-FTIR, EDS, DSC, TG, DLS, NTA, and VSM techniques. Theoretical study carried out by applying Hartree-Fock and density functional algorithms suggested that some aspartic acid properties related to the interaction can develop with nanoparticles and water molecules. The results of experimental investigation showed that the mean value of particle physical diameters was 9.17 ± 2.2 nm according to TEM image analysis, the crystallite size was about 8.9 nm according to XRD data, while the magnetic diameter was about 8.8 nm, as was det...
There is a great demand for developing effi cient anthocyanins extraction related to each plant m... more There is a great demand for developing effi cient anthocyanins extraction related to each plant material. Conventional methods have been replaced by novel techniques, but they might remain attractive when combined with the latter. Anthocyanins extraction from fresh and dried red cabbage was investigated by maceration, ultrasonication, and with enzymes. Pre-treatments through drying determined an improved extraction with respect to fresh samples, freezedrying emerging as the best method. Combined enzyme-assisted extraction with maceration resulted in higher yield by conducting several extractions (1078.8±12.5 mg/100 g DW). The kinetic studies revealed good stability of anthocyanins at 50 °C, while constant degradation at 80 °C. The rate constant k at 80 °C and pH 3.5 was 1.7 10-3 min-1 and the half-life time t 1/2 was 6.7 h. Thermal analysis evidenced heat-induced changes in particular for extracts undergoing pre-heating. These results are valuable for optimal processing conditions of anthocyanins-containing products.
This study presents the effects of non-thermal physical treatment of Boletus mushroom on its anti... more This study presents the effects of non-thermal physical treatment of Boletus mushroom on its antioxidants. A slight increase of their content was noticed after 30 min of UV-C postharvest exposure at 20 cm. Instead, a low polyphenols degradation occurred at shorter exposure distance, characterized by kinetic parameters (k = 2.80 10-3 min-1 , t 1/2 = 247.50 min). The UV-C had a significant positive effect on the antioxidant activity. The ATR-FTIR spectra confirmed the results on the changes induced by UV-C light. A weak positive effect on antioxidants was found in dried mushrooms exposed to 50 Hz magnetic field of 3 mT.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Anthocyanins are colored valuable biocompounds, of which extraction increases globally, although ... more Anthocyanins are colored valuable biocompounds, of which extraction increases globally, although functional applications are restrained by their limited environmental stability. Temperature is a critical parameter of food industrial processing that impacts on the food matrix, particularly affecting heat-sensitive compounds such as anthocyanins. Due to the notable scientific progress in the field of thermal stability of anthocyanins, an analytical and synthetic integration of published data is required. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and the kinetic parameters of anthocyanin degradation during heating, both in extracts and real food matrices. Several kinetic models (Arrhenius, Eyring, Ball) of anthocyanin degradation were studied. Crude extracts deliver more thermally stable anthocyanins than purified ones. A different anthocyanin behavior pattern within real food products subjected to thermal processing has been observed due to interactions with some nutrients (proteins, polysaccharides). The most recent studies on the stabilization of anthocyanins by linkages to other molecules using classical and innovative methods are summarized. Ensuring appropriate thermal conditions for processing anthocyanin-rich food will allow a rational design for the future development of stable functional products, which retain these bioactive molecules and their functionalities to a great extent.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Despite the medical concerns arising from the emergence of antibiotic resistance, a regress in de... more Despite the medical concerns arising from the emergence of antibiotic resistance, a regress in developing new antibiotic drugs has been registered in the past decades. Therefore, for the next years, the main objective is to slow down the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. At the same time new and alternative strategies are needed to identify novel classes of antibiotics. In this perspective, the present review aims to discuss the magnitude of the emergence of bacterial resistance to approved antibiotics. The first section briefly describes the main mechanisms of resistance-an important issue to be considered for the discovery and design of new effective antibiotics. The next sections deal with the statistical information on antibiotic resistance. International surveillance studies on resistance and antibiotic consumption showed significant variation related to geographic location, type of population and community level care, sampling and analyses procedures. Despite th...
Consumption of plant foods has been associated with a reduced risk of several diseases including ... more Consumption of plant foods has been associated with a reduced risk of several diseases including cardiovascular and cancer. This is supported by their content of phytochemicals which provide a variety of pharmacological properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the content of antioxidant compounds with polyphenolic structure from seven different red cabbage samples, as well as their antioxidant and antihaemolytic activity. The mean values of total anthocyanins and flavonoids of the investigated ethanolic and acidified ethanolic extracts were 1228.81 mg 100g-1 DM and 2402.27 mg quercetin 100g-1 DM, respectively. The results indicate a positive correlation of anthocyanins with flavonoids. We report strong antioxidant activity of the crude extracts as measured by relevant assays such as Folin-Ciocalteu and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Good positive correlations were found between FRAP and flavonoids, and between phenolics and anthocyanins, respectively. We a...
This study was conducted to investigate the content of some antioxidant phytochemicals (anthocyan... more This study was conducted to investigate the content of some antioxidant phytochemicals (anthocyanins, phenolics) in five different red raspberry fresh samples grown in Romania, the anthocyanin profile through direct ESI-IT-MS/MS and the influence of traditional preservation methods on total anthocyanins and total antioxidant capacity. The results showed a high level of these bioactives in wild fresh samples compared to cultivated ones (Heritage and The Latham cvs.). The anthocyanin profiles of the crude extracts peformed by direct ESI-IT-MS/MS without previous HPLC-DAD, showed a higher content of glycosylated anthocyanins in The Latham cv. Freezing at-18 o C and oven-drying at 60 o C and 80 o C of red raspberries in relation to the retention of anthocyanin pigments and total antioxidant capacity have been studied. Frozen wild red raspberries maintained a good total anthocyanins content during 7-months storage at-18 o C, while The Latham and Heritage cvs. showed an increase in the le...
Phenolics and anthocyanins were extracted from wild bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and culti... more Phenolics and anthocyanins were extracted from wild bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and cultivated blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) collected from Breaza/Romania, and analyzed for their content by spectrophotometric techniques. The results have shown a high content of these bioactives in wild bilberry samples compared to the cultivated ones, in accordance with other reported studies. The total phenolics level in blueberry (Bluecrop cultivar), compared to that in bilberry, was found 31 % lower, while the total anthocyanins content of the same cultivar was found up to 45 % lower than of bilberry, depending on the harvest year. The obtained data may become relevant for future estimation studies of anthocyanins daily consumption and for enrichment of the national food composition databases. Direct-infusion electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-IT-MS/MS) was applied to identify individual anthocyanins directly from the crude extracts. The profile of rela...
Comparative study of genotoxic effects in workers exposed to inorganic lead and low dose irradiat... more Comparative study of genotoxic effects in workers exposed to inorganic lead and low dose irradiation using micronucleus test
The current paper approaches a novel and interdisciplinary issue concerning the bioactive treatme... more The current paper approaches a novel and interdisciplinary issue concerning the bioactive treatments -antimicrobial, antibacterial and fungicide-in the field of textile industry. Implementation of these modern processes will result in the functionalizing of the textile materials, to the benefit of both clothing comfort and medical therapy. In this paper, issues such as knowledge of the newest antimicrobial products, state of the art of antibacterial and antifungal processes and technologies, possibilities of the improvement of bioactive performances and properties, as well as new ways of evaluation and testing of antimicrobial treated textile products, have been highlighted.
2018 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical And Power Engineering (EPE), 2018
Water-based suspensions of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) containing magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals... more Water-based suspensions of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) containing magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals in the form of magnetosomes (MS) chained inside the bacteria cells have been exposed to radiofrequency fields with the aim of observing how the electromagnetic energy is converted and expressed as thermal or non-thermal effects. A wide frequency band was tested, (0.1-2.9) GHz, by applying continuous wave stimuli. Significant field strength components were provided and characterized, by using a GTEM cell and adequate expo-dosimetric instruments. The heating rates of the suspensions were measured. Because the recorded values were very low, non-thermal expression of energetic conversion was further investigated by scanning-transmission electron microscopy methods, by various spectroscopic means and by electrical conductivity determinations. Clear non-thermal effects were revealed, which need further research.
Plant extracts are often incorporated into food products, mainly due to their protective effects ... more Plant extracts are often incorporated into food products, mainly due to their protective effects such as antioxidant or antimicrobial. Usually, individual extracts were used for such purposes. The aim of the present study was to investigate different combinations of bilberriesblackcurrants extracts as synergistic formulations in terms of phenolic compounds content, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. Different behaviours such as additive, synergistic and antagonistic effects were noticed in combined extracts. With respect to antioxidant activity as measured by phenolics and FRAP assays, synergistic effects were observed in all tested combinations. The in vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition indicated inhibitory activity of combined extracts with different efficacies. The most promising formulation intended for antioxidant potential and pharmaceutical interest as well, was found to be 33% bilberry and 67% blackcurrant: 100 g of this freeze-dried formulation ...
Abstract Water colloidal solutions of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with tetramethylammonium hy... more Abstract Water colloidal solutions of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with tetramethylammonium hydroxide were synthesized by co-precipitation methods. Dimensional analyses were accomplished by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the crystalline features of nanoparticles were studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). The iron oxide nanoparticle structure was characterized by the use of the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques. For the nanoparticle samples prepared at higher temperatures during synthesis, the Raman spectra demonstrated that magnetic core of iron oxide nanoparticles is composed of a mixture of magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) phases. We believe that the oxidation of magnetite to maghemite has been occurred during the preparation protocol of nanoparticles performed at higher temperature.
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) occurrence in human and animal milk, infant formula, powdered milk, cheese an... more Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) occurrence in human and animal milk, infant formula, powdered milk, cheese and yoghurt represents a risk for health. The last four years (2010–2014) of data, as well as the most frequently and updated analytical methods applied for AFM1 quantification, are evaluated. Aflatoxin B1, considered the most potent toxic aflatoxin, is metabolised to form the monohydroxy derivative AFM1. This metabolized, expressed in the milk, is relatively stable, and it is not eliminated by heat treatments or pasteurisation, and thus represents a serious health concern.
In this contribution, we report on the conformational preferences of synthetic analogs of the ant... more In this contribution, we report on the conformational preferences of synthetic analogs of the antimicrobial peptide trichodecenin I in solution. This 6-amino acid residue long peptide is characterized by a single, strongly helicogenic Aib residue in the central part of the sequence and is rich in the conformationally mobile Gly residues. It has been reported that, in CHCl3 solution and in the crystal state, this peptaibiotic adopts a non-helical, multiple β-turn conformation, whereas a 310 /α-helical structure was obtained from an X-ray diffraction study on a trichodecenin I analog (TDT4W6) containing the fluorescent Trp residue in position 6 (replacing Ile) and an equally helicogenic TOAC residue in position 4 (replacing Aib). In this work, we applied spectroscopic techniques and molecular-dynamics calculations, in particular, on the fluorescent TDT4W6 trichodecenin I analog with the aim at investigating its 3D-structural and dynamical features in solution. Our results revealed that TDT4W6 can be described by an ensemble of conformers quickly interconverting in the nanosecond time scale. The most populated cluster has a conformation similar to the NMR structure of native trichodecenin I in CHCl3 . However, also helical-like conformers are present, even if poorly populated and less stable under the analytical conditions.
Aspartic acid stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (A-IONPs) with globular shape and narrow size d... more Aspartic acid stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (A-IONPs) with globular shape and narrow size distribution were prepared by the co-precipitation method in aqueous medium. A quantum-mechanical approach to aspartic acid optimized structure displayed negative charged sites, relatively high dipole moment, and hydrophilicity, which recommended it for interaction with iron cations and surrounding water electrical dipoles. A-IONPs were characterized by TEM, XRD, ATR-FTIR, EDS, DSC, TG, DLS, NTA, and VSM techniques. Theoretical study carried out by applying Hartree-Fock and density functional algorithms suggested that some aspartic acid properties related to the interaction can develop with nanoparticles and water molecules. The results of experimental investigation showed that the mean value of particle physical diameters was 9.17 ± 2.2 nm according to TEM image analysis, the crystallite size was about 8.9 nm according to XRD data, while the magnetic diameter was about 8.8 nm, as was det...
There is a great demand for developing effi cient anthocyanins extraction related to each plant m... more There is a great demand for developing effi cient anthocyanins extraction related to each plant material. Conventional methods have been replaced by novel techniques, but they might remain attractive when combined with the latter. Anthocyanins extraction from fresh and dried red cabbage was investigated by maceration, ultrasonication, and with enzymes. Pre-treatments through drying determined an improved extraction with respect to fresh samples, freezedrying emerging as the best method. Combined enzyme-assisted extraction with maceration resulted in higher yield by conducting several extractions (1078.8±12.5 mg/100 g DW). The kinetic studies revealed good stability of anthocyanins at 50 °C, while constant degradation at 80 °C. The rate constant k at 80 °C and pH 3.5 was 1.7 10-3 min-1 and the half-life time t 1/2 was 6.7 h. Thermal analysis evidenced heat-induced changes in particular for extracts undergoing pre-heating. These results are valuable for optimal processing conditions of anthocyanins-containing products.
This study presents the effects of non-thermal physical treatment of Boletus mushroom on its anti... more This study presents the effects of non-thermal physical treatment of Boletus mushroom on its antioxidants. A slight increase of their content was noticed after 30 min of UV-C postharvest exposure at 20 cm. Instead, a low polyphenols degradation occurred at shorter exposure distance, characterized by kinetic parameters (k = 2.80 10-3 min-1 , t 1/2 = 247.50 min). The UV-C had a significant positive effect on the antioxidant activity. The ATR-FTIR spectra confirmed the results on the changes induced by UV-C light. A weak positive effect on antioxidants was found in dried mushrooms exposed to 50 Hz magnetic field of 3 mT.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Anthocyanins are colored valuable biocompounds, of which extraction increases globally, although ... more Anthocyanins are colored valuable biocompounds, of which extraction increases globally, although functional applications are restrained by their limited environmental stability. Temperature is a critical parameter of food industrial processing that impacts on the food matrix, particularly affecting heat-sensitive compounds such as anthocyanins. Due to the notable scientific progress in the field of thermal stability of anthocyanins, an analytical and synthetic integration of published data is required. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and the kinetic parameters of anthocyanin degradation during heating, both in extracts and real food matrices. Several kinetic models (Arrhenius, Eyring, Ball) of anthocyanin degradation were studied. Crude extracts deliver more thermally stable anthocyanins than purified ones. A different anthocyanin behavior pattern within real food products subjected to thermal processing has been observed due to interactions with some nutrients (proteins, polysaccharides). The most recent studies on the stabilization of anthocyanins by linkages to other molecules using classical and innovative methods are summarized. Ensuring appropriate thermal conditions for processing anthocyanin-rich food will allow a rational design for the future development of stable functional products, which retain these bioactive molecules and their functionalities to a great extent.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Despite the medical concerns arising from the emergence of antibiotic resistance, a regress in de... more Despite the medical concerns arising from the emergence of antibiotic resistance, a regress in developing new antibiotic drugs has been registered in the past decades. Therefore, for the next years, the main objective is to slow down the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. At the same time new and alternative strategies are needed to identify novel classes of antibiotics. In this perspective, the present review aims to discuss the magnitude of the emergence of bacterial resistance to approved antibiotics. The first section briefly describes the main mechanisms of resistance-an important issue to be considered for the discovery and design of new effective antibiotics. The next sections deal with the statistical information on antibiotic resistance. International surveillance studies on resistance and antibiotic consumption showed significant variation related to geographic location, type of population and community level care, sampling and analyses procedures. Despite th...
Consumption of plant foods has been associated with a reduced risk of several diseases including ... more Consumption of plant foods has been associated with a reduced risk of several diseases including cardiovascular and cancer. This is supported by their content of phytochemicals which provide a variety of pharmacological properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the content of antioxidant compounds with polyphenolic structure from seven different red cabbage samples, as well as their antioxidant and antihaemolytic activity. The mean values of total anthocyanins and flavonoids of the investigated ethanolic and acidified ethanolic extracts were 1228.81 mg 100g-1 DM and 2402.27 mg quercetin 100g-1 DM, respectively. The results indicate a positive correlation of anthocyanins with flavonoids. We report strong antioxidant activity of the crude extracts as measured by relevant assays such as Folin-Ciocalteu and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Good positive correlations were found between FRAP and flavonoids, and between phenolics and anthocyanins, respectively. We a...
This study was conducted to investigate the content of some antioxidant phytochemicals (anthocyan... more This study was conducted to investigate the content of some antioxidant phytochemicals (anthocyanins, phenolics) in five different red raspberry fresh samples grown in Romania, the anthocyanin profile through direct ESI-IT-MS/MS and the influence of traditional preservation methods on total anthocyanins and total antioxidant capacity. The results showed a high level of these bioactives in wild fresh samples compared to cultivated ones (Heritage and The Latham cvs.). The anthocyanin profiles of the crude extracts peformed by direct ESI-IT-MS/MS without previous HPLC-DAD, showed a higher content of glycosylated anthocyanins in The Latham cv. Freezing at-18 o C and oven-drying at 60 o C and 80 o C of red raspberries in relation to the retention of anthocyanin pigments and total antioxidant capacity have been studied. Frozen wild red raspberries maintained a good total anthocyanins content during 7-months storage at-18 o C, while The Latham and Heritage cvs. showed an increase in the le...
Phenolics and anthocyanins were extracted from wild bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and culti... more Phenolics and anthocyanins were extracted from wild bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and cultivated blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) collected from Breaza/Romania, and analyzed for their content by spectrophotometric techniques. The results have shown a high content of these bioactives in wild bilberry samples compared to the cultivated ones, in accordance with other reported studies. The total phenolics level in blueberry (Bluecrop cultivar), compared to that in bilberry, was found 31 % lower, while the total anthocyanins content of the same cultivar was found up to 45 % lower than of bilberry, depending on the harvest year. The obtained data may become relevant for future estimation studies of anthocyanins daily consumption and for enrichment of the national food composition databases. Direct-infusion electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-IT-MS/MS) was applied to identify individual anthocyanins directly from the crude extracts. The profile of rela...
Comparative study of genotoxic effects in workers exposed to inorganic lead and low dose irradiat... more Comparative study of genotoxic effects in workers exposed to inorganic lead and low dose irradiation using micronucleus test
The current paper approaches a novel and interdisciplinary issue concerning the bioactive treatme... more The current paper approaches a novel and interdisciplinary issue concerning the bioactive treatments -antimicrobial, antibacterial and fungicide-in the field of textile industry. Implementation of these modern processes will result in the functionalizing of the textile materials, to the benefit of both clothing comfort and medical therapy. In this paper, issues such as knowledge of the newest antimicrobial products, state of the art of antibacterial and antifungal processes and technologies, possibilities of the improvement of bioactive performances and properties, as well as new ways of evaluation and testing of antimicrobial treated textile products, have been highlighted.
2018 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical And Power Engineering (EPE), 2018
Water-based suspensions of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) containing magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals... more Water-based suspensions of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) containing magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals in the form of magnetosomes (MS) chained inside the bacteria cells have been exposed to radiofrequency fields with the aim of observing how the electromagnetic energy is converted and expressed as thermal or non-thermal effects. A wide frequency band was tested, (0.1-2.9) GHz, by applying continuous wave stimuli. Significant field strength components were provided and characterized, by using a GTEM cell and adequate expo-dosimetric instruments. The heating rates of the suspensions were measured. Because the recorded values were very low, non-thermal expression of energetic conversion was further investigated by scanning-transmission electron microscopy methods, by various spectroscopic means and by electrical conductivity determinations. Clear non-thermal effects were revealed, which need further research.
Plant extracts are often incorporated into food products, mainly due to their protective effects ... more Plant extracts are often incorporated into food products, mainly due to their protective effects such as antioxidant or antimicrobial. Usually, individual extracts were used for such purposes. The aim of the present study was to investigate different combinations of bilberriesblackcurrants extracts as synergistic formulations in terms of phenolic compounds content, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. Different behaviours such as additive, synergistic and antagonistic effects were noticed in combined extracts. With respect to antioxidant activity as measured by phenolics and FRAP assays, synergistic effects were observed in all tested combinations. The in vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition indicated inhibitory activity of combined extracts with different efficacies. The most promising formulation intended for antioxidant potential and pharmaceutical interest as well, was found to be 33% bilberry and 67% blackcurrant: 100 g of this freeze-dried formulation ...
Abstract Water colloidal solutions of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with tetramethylammonium hy... more Abstract Water colloidal solutions of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with tetramethylammonium hydroxide were synthesized by co-precipitation methods. Dimensional analyses were accomplished by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the crystalline features of nanoparticles were studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). The iron oxide nanoparticle structure was characterized by the use of the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques. For the nanoparticle samples prepared at higher temperatures during synthesis, the Raman spectra demonstrated that magnetic core of iron oxide nanoparticles is composed of a mixture of magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) phases. We believe that the oxidation of magnetite to maghemite has been occurred during the preparation protocol of nanoparticles performed at higher temperature.
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) occurrence in human and animal milk, infant formula, powdered milk, cheese an... more Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) occurrence in human and animal milk, infant formula, powdered milk, cheese and yoghurt represents a risk for health. The last four years (2010–2014) of data, as well as the most frequently and updated analytical methods applied for AFM1 quantification, are evaluated. Aflatoxin B1, considered the most potent toxic aflatoxin, is metabolised to form the monohydroxy derivative AFM1. This metabolized, expressed in the milk, is relatively stable, and it is not eliminated by heat treatments or pasteurisation, and thus represents a serious health concern.
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