Journal of The American Planning Association, Jul 1, 2011
Problem: The practice of scenario planning is often too focused on developing a single preferred ... more Problem: The practice of scenario planning is often too focused on developing a single preferred scenario and fails to adequately consider multiple uncertain futures. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development recently awarded grants for scenario ...
ABSTRACT This article presents an empirical analysis of the effects of inclusionary zoning polici... more ABSTRACT This article presents an empirical analysis of the effects of inclusionary zoning policies on housing prices and starts in California during the period from 1988 through 2005. The analysis compares cities with and without such policies and isolates the effects of inclusionary zoning programs by carefully controlling for spatial and temporal conditions, such as the neighborhood or school district within which the house is located and changing market conditions over time. The analysis found that inclusionary zoning policies had measurable effects on housing markets in jurisdictions that adopt them; specifically, the price of single-family houses increases and the size of single-family houses decreases. The analysis also found that, although the cities with such programs did not experience a significant reduction in the rate of single-family housing starts, they did experience a marginally significant increase in multifamily housing starts. The magnitude of this shift varied with the stringency of the inclusionary requirements. Finally, the analysis found that the size of market-rate houses in cities that adopted inclusionary zoning increased more slowly than in cities without such programs. The results are fully consistent with economic theory and demonstrate that inclusionary zoning policies do not come without costs.
Concern among state legislators about rural development and rural land use is not new. In many st... more Concern among state legislators about rural development and rural land use is not new. In many states, agriculture remains an important feature of the economic, cultural, and political landscape. As rural incomes, populations, and prosperity have declined, states have adopted a variety of policies in response. Rural land and development policies in most states, however, are often more symbolic than influential, poorly integrated, and grossly misguided (Audirac, 1997). For rural areas, very few states mandate or facilitate rural comprehensive planning, often due to opposition from rural legislators. Farmlands (cropland and grazing land) constitute the largest share of land use by acreage in the country and have an even higher share in the rural areas (USDA, 2000). Although a relatively smaller and decreasing part of the overall economy, farmland uses employ 21 percent of the nation's workforce (including processing, wholesale and retail trade of farming goods) and about 7 percent...
This paper aims to find whether all transit-oriented development (TOD) can reduce travel distance... more This paper aims to find whether all transit-oriented development (TOD) can reduce travel distance and vehicle travels while increasing transit ridership, and which has a greater impact on transportation focus on housing policy or job location. The authors compare the impact of different TOD scenarios and measure the elasticity of travel demand as a result of the household or (and) employment growth reallocating into transit areas. The authors obtain the results using a validated transportation demand model (MSTM) for Maryland and future growth in 2030. The results suggest that TOD is effective in increasing transit mode share and decreasing vehicle miles traveled; but only some can shorten trip distance. The authors find (1) relocating employment can increase transit mode share more than relocating households and (2) relocating employment increases total average trip length, while relocating households alone tends to decrease trip length.
www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD’s Office of Policy Development an... more www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R). Other services of HUD USER, PD&R’s research information service, include listservs, special interest reports, bimonthly publications (best practices, significant studies from other sources), access to public use databases, and a hotline (800-245-2691) for help accessing the information you need. Expanding Housing
Transportation, Land Use, and Air Quality@ …, 1998
About ASCE; About Civil Engineering; Donate Now; My ASCE; Shop ASCE. ASCE Join Now. Knowledge & L... more About ASCE; About Civil Engineering; Donate Now; My ASCE; Shop ASCE. ASCE Join Now. Knowledge & Learning: Books & Journals; CE Body of Knowledge; Certification; Codes & Standards; Conferences; Continuing Education; ...
This article addresses an issue of continuing interest to social scientists: the spatial distribu... more This article addresses an issue of continuing interest to social scientists: the spatial distribution of physician services. Although there have been many studies of physician distribution across urban areas and states, there have been few studies, none recent, of physician distribution within urban areas. The paper begins with a review of studies that examine the determinants of intraurban physician location. Following the review the paper offers new estimates of the determinants of intraurban physician location using a maximum-likelihood procedure based on the Poisson distribution. Contrary to previous studies, the results imply that market forces do play a significant role in the spatial distribution of physicians.
The objective of the COMPASS project was to provide an authoritative comparative report on change... more The objective of the COMPASS project was to provide an authoritative comparative report on changes in territorial governance and spatial planning systems in Europe from 2000 to 2016. This Final Report presents the main findings, conclusions and policy recommendations. The COMPASS project compares territorial governance and spatial planning in 32 European countries (the 28 EU member states plus four ESPON partner countries). COMPASS differs from previous studies in that the accent is not on a snapshot comparison of national systems, but on identifying trends in reforms from 2000 to 2016. It also seeks to give reasons for these changes with particular reference to EU directives and policies, and to identify good practices for the cross-fertilisation of spatial development policies with EU Cohesion Policy. The research is based on expert knowledge with reference wherever possible to authoritative sources. Experts with in-depth experience of each national system were appointed to contri...
The “Sustainable neighborhoods” has become widely proposed objective of urban planners, scholars,... more The “Sustainable neighborhoods” has become widely proposed objective of urban planners, scholars, and local government agencies. However, after decades of discussion, there is still no consensus on the definition of sustainable neighborhoods (Sawicki and Flynn, 1996; Dluhy and Swartz 2006; Song and Knaap,2007; Galster 2010). To gain new information on this issue, this paper develops a quantitative method for classifying neighborhood types. It starts by measuring a set of more than 100 neighborhood sustainable indicators. The initial set of indicators includes education, housing, neighborhood quality and social capital, neighborhood environment and health, employment and transportation. Data are gathered from various sources, including the National Center for Smart Growth (NCSG) data inventory, U.S. Census, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), many government agencies and private vendors. GIS mapping is used to visualize and identify variations in...
The “Sustainable neighborhoods” has become widely proposed objective of urban planners, scholars,... more The “Sustainable neighborhoods” has become widely proposed objective of urban planners, scholars, and local government agencies. However, after decades of discussion, there is still no consensus on the definition of sustainable neighborhoods (Sawicki and Flynn, 1996; Dluhy and Swartz 2006; Song and Knaap,2007; Galster 2010). To gain new information on this issue, this paper develops a quantitative method for classifying neighborhood types. It starts by measuring a set of more than 100 neighborhood sustainable indicators. The initial set of indicators includes education, housing, neighborhood quality and social capital, neighborhood environment and health, employment and transportation. Data are gathered from various sources, including the National Center for Smart Growth (NCSG) data inventory, U.S. Census, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), many government agencies and private vendors. GIS mapping is used to visualize and identify variations in...
Journal of The American Planning Association, Jul 1, 2011
Problem: The practice of scenario planning is often too focused on developing a single preferred ... more Problem: The practice of scenario planning is often too focused on developing a single preferred scenario and fails to adequately consider multiple uncertain futures. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development recently awarded grants for scenario ...
ABSTRACT This article presents an empirical analysis of the effects of inclusionary zoning polici... more ABSTRACT This article presents an empirical analysis of the effects of inclusionary zoning policies on housing prices and starts in California during the period from 1988 through 2005. The analysis compares cities with and without such policies and isolates the effects of inclusionary zoning programs by carefully controlling for spatial and temporal conditions, such as the neighborhood or school district within which the house is located and changing market conditions over time. The analysis found that inclusionary zoning policies had measurable effects on housing markets in jurisdictions that adopt them; specifically, the price of single-family houses increases and the size of single-family houses decreases. The analysis also found that, although the cities with such programs did not experience a significant reduction in the rate of single-family housing starts, they did experience a marginally significant increase in multifamily housing starts. The magnitude of this shift varied with the stringency of the inclusionary requirements. Finally, the analysis found that the size of market-rate houses in cities that adopted inclusionary zoning increased more slowly than in cities without such programs. The results are fully consistent with economic theory and demonstrate that inclusionary zoning policies do not come without costs.
Concern among state legislators about rural development and rural land use is not new. In many st... more Concern among state legislators about rural development and rural land use is not new. In many states, agriculture remains an important feature of the economic, cultural, and political landscape. As rural incomes, populations, and prosperity have declined, states have adopted a variety of policies in response. Rural land and development policies in most states, however, are often more symbolic than influential, poorly integrated, and grossly misguided (Audirac, 1997). For rural areas, very few states mandate or facilitate rural comprehensive planning, often due to opposition from rural legislators. Farmlands (cropland and grazing land) constitute the largest share of land use by acreage in the country and have an even higher share in the rural areas (USDA, 2000). Although a relatively smaller and decreasing part of the overall economy, farmland uses employ 21 percent of the nation's workforce (including processing, wholesale and retail trade of farming goods) and about 7 percent...
This paper aims to find whether all transit-oriented development (TOD) can reduce travel distance... more This paper aims to find whether all transit-oriented development (TOD) can reduce travel distance and vehicle travels while increasing transit ridership, and which has a greater impact on transportation focus on housing policy or job location. The authors compare the impact of different TOD scenarios and measure the elasticity of travel demand as a result of the household or (and) employment growth reallocating into transit areas. The authors obtain the results using a validated transportation demand model (MSTM) for Maryland and future growth in 2030. The results suggest that TOD is effective in increasing transit mode share and decreasing vehicle miles traveled; but only some can shorten trip distance. The authors find (1) relocating employment can increase transit mode share more than relocating households and (2) relocating employment increases total average trip length, while relocating households alone tends to decrease trip length.
www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD’s Office of Policy Development an... more www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R). Other services of HUD USER, PD&R’s research information service, include listservs, special interest reports, bimonthly publications (best practices, significant studies from other sources), access to public use databases, and a hotline (800-245-2691) for help accessing the information you need. Expanding Housing
Transportation, Land Use, and Air Quality@ …, 1998
About ASCE; About Civil Engineering; Donate Now; My ASCE; Shop ASCE. ASCE Join Now. Knowledge & L... more About ASCE; About Civil Engineering; Donate Now; My ASCE; Shop ASCE. ASCE Join Now. Knowledge & Learning: Books & Journals; CE Body of Knowledge; Certification; Codes & Standards; Conferences; Continuing Education; ...
This article addresses an issue of continuing interest to social scientists: the spatial distribu... more This article addresses an issue of continuing interest to social scientists: the spatial distribution of physician services. Although there have been many studies of physician distribution across urban areas and states, there have been few studies, none recent, of physician distribution within urban areas. The paper begins with a review of studies that examine the determinants of intraurban physician location. Following the review the paper offers new estimates of the determinants of intraurban physician location using a maximum-likelihood procedure based on the Poisson distribution. Contrary to previous studies, the results imply that market forces do play a significant role in the spatial distribution of physicians.
The objective of the COMPASS project was to provide an authoritative comparative report on change... more The objective of the COMPASS project was to provide an authoritative comparative report on changes in territorial governance and spatial planning systems in Europe from 2000 to 2016. This Final Report presents the main findings, conclusions and policy recommendations. The COMPASS project compares territorial governance and spatial planning in 32 European countries (the 28 EU member states plus four ESPON partner countries). COMPASS differs from previous studies in that the accent is not on a snapshot comparison of national systems, but on identifying trends in reforms from 2000 to 2016. It also seeks to give reasons for these changes with particular reference to EU directives and policies, and to identify good practices for the cross-fertilisation of spatial development policies with EU Cohesion Policy. The research is based on expert knowledge with reference wherever possible to authoritative sources. Experts with in-depth experience of each national system were appointed to contri...
The “Sustainable neighborhoods” has become widely proposed objective of urban planners, scholars,... more The “Sustainable neighborhoods” has become widely proposed objective of urban planners, scholars, and local government agencies. However, after decades of discussion, there is still no consensus on the definition of sustainable neighborhoods (Sawicki and Flynn, 1996; Dluhy and Swartz 2006; Song and Knaap,2007; Galster 2010). To gain new information on this issue, this paper develops a quantitative method for classifying neighborhood types. It starts by measuring a set of more than 100 neighborhood sustainable indicators. The initial set of indicators includes education, housing, neighborhood quality and social capital, neighborhood environment and health, employment and transportation. Data are gathered from various sources, including the National Center for Smart Growth (NCSG) data inventory, U.S. Census, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), many government agencies and private vendors. GIS mapping is used to visualize and identify variations in...
The “Sustainable neighborhoods” has become widely proposed objective of urban planners, scholars,... more The “Sustainable neighborhoods” has become widely proposed objective of urban planners, scholars, and local government agencies. However, after decades of discussion, there is still no consensus on the definition of sustainable neighborhoods (Sawicki and Flynn, 1996; Dluhy and Swartz 2006; Song and Knaap,2007; Galster 2010). To gain new information on this issue, this paper develops a quantitative method for classifying neighborhood types. It starts by measuring a set of more than 100 neighborhood sustainable indicators. The initial set of indicators includes education, housing, neighborhood quality and social capital, neighborhood environment and health, employment and transportation. Data are gathered from various sources, including the National Center for Smart Growth (NCSG) data inventory, U.S. Census, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), many government agencies and private vendors. GIS mapping is used to visualize and identify variations in...
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