ABSTRACT Two new concepts for computer development now being developed are design frames and syst... more ABSTRACT Two new concepts for computer development now being developed are design frames and system kits. The design frames take care of the details of interfacing new integrated circuits with a standard bus, and system kits provide a hardware and software standard for prototypes consisting of one or many design-frame-based circuit boards. A system kit starts with the basic prototyping hardware required to build a complete computer system: card cages, power supplies, memory boards, and so forth. These off-the-shelf parts are chosen so that they can work together through standard bus protocols, circuit-board form factors, and software conventions. The prototyping hardware is then augmented by design frames-a special interfacing technique for closely integrating custom chips and printed-circuit boards into the system.
endorsement of any of the University of Pennsylvania's products or services. Internal or per... more endorsement of any of the University of Pennsylvania's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to pubs-permissions@ieee.org. By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it. NOTE: At the time of publication, author Daniel Koditschek was affiliated with the University of Michigan. Currently, he is a faculty member in the
Abstract. This paper contains reminiscences of my work as a young engineer at IBM-Advanced Comput... more Abstract. This paper contains reminiscences of my work as a young engineer at IBM-Advanced Computing Systems. I met my colleague Brian Randell during a particularly exciting time there – a time that shaped our later careers in very interesting ways. This paper reflects on those long-ago experiences and the many lessons learned back then. I’m hoping that other ACS veterans will share their memories with us too, and that together we can build ever-clearer images of those heady days.
In this investigative report we calculate an approximate value of the lower bound of the prevalen... more In this investigative report we calculate an approximate value of the lower bound of the prevalence of male-to-female (MtF) transsexualism in the United States, based on estimates of the numbers of sex reassignment surgeries performed on U.S. residents during the past four decades. We find that the prevalence of SRS is at least on the order of 1:2500, and may be twice that value. We thus find that the intrinsic prevalence of MtF transsexualism must be on the order of ~1:500 and may be even larger than that. We show that these results are consistent with studies of TS prevalence emerging in recent studies in other countries. Our results stand is sharp contrast to the value of prevalence (1:30,000) so oft-quoted by "expert authorities" in the U.S. psychiatric community to whom the media turns for such information. We ponder why that community might persist in quoting values of prevalence that are roughly two full orders-of-magnitude (a factor of ~100) too small. Finally, we ...
The most-cited estimates of the prevalence of transsexualism are based on counts of gender reassi... more The most-cited estimates of the prevalence of transsexualism are based on counts of gender reassignments in European clinics many years ago. Observing that reassignments have been in a start-up transient, we extend those results by recalculating prevalence from the accumulating incidence data, taking into account birth, reassignment and death rates and then, based on age-distributions of reassignment data, we determine the inherent number of persons who at some point in life will undergo reassignment. From this reanalysis of those early reports, we determine lower-bounds on the prevalence of the underlying condition of transsexualism to be between 1:1000 and 1:2000, using those reports own data. We then present more recent incidence data and alternative methods for estimating the prevalence of transsexualism, all of which indicate that the lower bound on the prevalence of transsexualism is at least 1:500, and possibly higher.
Early this year fifty people took an experimental course at Xerox PARC on knowledge programming i... more Early this year fifty people took an experimental course at Xerox PARC on knowledge programming in Loops During the course, they extended and debugged small knowledge systems in a simulated economics domain called Truckin Everyone learned how to use the Loops environment, formulated the knowledge for their own program, and represented it in Loops At the end of the course a knowledge competition was run so that the strategies used in the different systems could be compared The punchline to this story is that almost everyone learned enough about Loops to complete a small knowledge system in only three days. Although one must exercise caution in extrapolating from small experiments, the results suggest that there is substantial power in integrating multiple programming paradigms. KNOWLEDGE PROGRAMMING is concerned with the techniques for representing knowledge in computer programs. It is important in many applications of AI, where the problems ‘Now with the Defense Advanced Research Pr...
ABSTRACT Two new concepts for computer development now being developed are design frames and syst... more ABSTRACT Two new concepts for computer development now being developed are design frames and system kits. The design frames take care of the details of interfacing new integrated circuits with a standard bus, and system kits provide a hardware and software standard for prototypes consisting of one or many design-frame-based circuit boards. A system kit starts with the basic prototyping hardware required to build a complete computer system: card cages, power supplies, memory boards, and so forth. These off-the-shelf parts are chosen so that they can work together through standard bus protocols, circuit-board form factors, and software conventions. The prototyping hardware is then augmented by design frames-a special interfacing technique for closely integrating custom chips and printed-circuit boards into the system.
endorsement of any of the University of Pennsylvania's products or services. Internal or per... more endorsement of any of the University of Pennsylvania's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to pubs-permissions@ieee.org. By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it. NOTE: At the time of publication, author Daniel Koditschek was affiliated with the University of Michigan. Currently, he is a faculty member in the
Abstract. This paper contains reminiscences of my work as a young engineer at IBM-Advanced Comput... more Abstract. This paper contains reminiscences of my work as a young engineer at IBM-Advanced Computing Systems. I met my colleague Brian Randell during a particularly exciting time there – a time that shaped our later careers in very interesting ways. This paper reflects on those long-ago experiences and the many lessons learned back then. I’m hoping that other ACS veterans will share their memories with us too, and that together we can build ever-clearer images of those heady days.
In this investigative report we calculate an approximate value of the lower bound of the prevalen... more In this investigative report we calculate an approximate value of the lower bound of the prevalence of male-to-female (MtF) transsexualism in the United States, based on estimates of the numbers of sex reassignment surgeries performed on U.S. residents during the past four decades. We find that the prevalence of SRS is at least on the order of 1:2500, and may be twice that value. We thus find that the intrinsic prevalence of MtF transsexualism must be on the order of ~1:500 and may be even larger than that. We show that these results are consistent with studies of TS prevalence emerging in recent studies in other countries. Our results stand is sharp contrast to the value of prevalence (1:30,000) so oft-quoted by "expert authorities" in the U.S. psychiatric community to whom the media turns for such information. We ponder why that community might persist in quoting values of prevalence that are roughly two full orders-of-magnitude (a factor of ~100) too small. Finally, we ...
The most-cited estimates of the prevalence of transsexualism are based on counts of gender reassi... more The most-cited estimates of the prevalence of transsexualism are based on counts of gender reassignments in European clinics many years ago. Observing that reassignments have been in a start-up transient, we extend those results by recalculating prevalence from the accumulating incidence data, taking into account birth, reassignment and death rates and then, based on age-distributions of reassignment data, we determine the inherent number of persons who at some point in life will undergo reassignment. From this reanalysis of those early reports, we determine lower-bounds on the prevalence of the underlying condition of transsexualism to be between 1:1000 and 1:2000, using those reports own data. We then present more recent incidence data and alternative methods for estimating the prevalence of transsexualism, all of which indicate that the lower bound on the prevalence of transsexualism is at least 1:500, and possibly higher.
Early this year fifty people took an experimental course at Xerox PARC on knowledge programming i... more Early this year fifty people took an experimental course at Xerox PARC on knowledge programming in Loops During the course, they extended and debugged small knowledge systems in a simulated economics domain called Truckin Everyone learned how to use the Loops environment, formulated the knowledge for their own program, and represented it in Loops At the end of the course a knowledge competition was run so that the strategies used in the different systems could be compared The punchline to this story is that almost everyone learned enough about Loops to complete a small knowledge system in only three days. Although one must exercise caution in extrapolating from small experiments, the results suggest that there is substantial power in integrating multiple programming paradigms. KNOWLEDGE PROGRAMMING is concerned with the techniques for representing knowledge in computer programs. It is important in many applications of AI, where the problems ‘Now with the Defense Advanced Research Pr...
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Papers by Lynn Conway