Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)
A brief orchid diversity study was conducted from 14th to 19th October 2019 in Kadamaian, located... more A brief orchid diversity study was conducted from 14th to 19th October 2019 in Kadamaian, located northwest of Kinabalu area, through a scientific geographic expedition. A convenience sampling method was employed with only the flowering individuals collected and preserved as herbarium specimens. A total of 58 species and 32 genera were identified during the field visits to the Mount Nopungguk, Melangkap Noriou, Ulu Sungai Melawa, and basecamp site. The finding comprises of 43 epiphytes, 13 terrestrials, and two mycoheterotrophs. Appendicula congesta, Bulbophyllum disjunctum, Dendrobium kiauense, and Goodyera rostellata are species endemic to Borneo found during the expedition along with Crepidium multiflorum, a hyper-endemic species to Kinabalu area. Several rare species which narrowly distributed to primary forest habitat were discovered, including jewel orchids; Cystorchis variegata var. variegata and Anoectochilus geniculatus, and two mycoheterotrophs; Aphyllorchis pallida and Le...
Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)
A preliminary survey of the diversity of gingers (Zingiberaceae) was conducted in Kadamaian, Kota... more A preliminary survey of the diversity of gingers (Zingiberaceae) was conducted in Kadamaian, Kota Belud from 14th to 19th October, 2019. Wild ginger species is utilized widely as one of the most important material in traditional medicine among indigenous people of Sabah. However, few of these plant species have been studied for their chemical constituents and beneficial properties. In order to investigate the compound composition, the essential oil from Etlingera brevilabrum, Alpinia nieuwenhuizii and Hornstedtia havilandii were screened. The essential oil was obtained from leaves, stems and rhizomes of the plant through hydro-distillation and analysed for their chemical composition through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The result of this study indicated that the chemical constituents of all three parts for all species are similar; all have terpenoids (monoterpene and sesquiterpene), aldehyde, hydrocarbon, ketone and alcohol in the essential oil extracts. GC-MS analy...
The worldwide paddy production including the Sabah traditional rice is affected by blast disease ... more The worldwide paddy production including the Sabah traditional rice is affected by blast disease which is caused by Magnaporthe oryzae fungal infection, resulting in a reduction of 10-30% rice yield annually. Pathogenesis-related class 4 protein such as the wheatwin2 (wwin2) has been reported to significantly defend against a soil-borne fungi infection in tobacco plants, but the capability of this protein against M. oryzae infections in rice is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to construct a plasmid containing the wwin2 gene and transform it into the Sabah traditional rice genome to combat blast disease. In brief, the wwin2 gene was synthesized and integrated into a vector using Gateway cloning technology and was transformed into the Sabah traditional rice genome via an Agrobacterium-mediated approach. This study exhibited a promising high transformation rate with more than 90% of the transformed rice calli were expressing the reporter marker, GUS. The wwin2 gene expression in t...
Microsatelites loci in P. rothschildianum and P. gigantea have been isolated and specific molecul... more Microsatelites loci in P. rothschildianum and P. gigantea have been isolated and specific molecular markers based on these microsatellite lod developed. These markers were used to characterize population structure of the two endangered orchids. The results have been applied to develop a conservation strategy focused on selective breeding on the basis of genetic distance. In addition, ten molecular markers were developed. These markers have a potential long-term application in population genetic studies, breeding and management programmes and the forensic detection in international trade. Information on the appropriate age of capsules for in vitro germination of seeds has been determined. The germination media for P. rothschildianum and P. gigantea are reported. More than one multiplication media were obtained for both species. These media are simple but effective; coconut water at specific concentration alone was able to induce multiplication of both species, activated charcoal in t...
Blast disease resulting from Magnaporthe oryzae fungal infection reduces annual rice yield by up ... more Blast disease resulting from Magnaporthe oryzae fungal infection reduces annual rice yield by up to 30% globally. The wheatwin2 (wwin2) is a pathogenesis-related (PR) gene that encodes for a PR-4 protein with chitinase properties that is capable of degrading chitin, a major constituent of certain fungal cell walls. However, the potential for wwin2 to contribute to M. oryzae resistance in rice is unclear. This study reports the construction of a pMDC140 vector carrying the wwin2 gene and its Agrobacterium-mediated transformation into the Tadong rice genome. In brief, the wwin2 gene was synthesized and integrated into a pMDC140 vector using Gateway cloning technology and was transformed into the Tadong rice genome. Our results show a promising high transformation rate, with more than 90% of the transformed rice calli expressing β-glucuronidase (GUS), the reporter gene marker. The expression of the wwin2 gene in transformed rice calli was further confirmed using quantitative real-time ...
This study was carried out to determine the effects of three types of sugars as the carbon source... more This study was carried out to determine the effects of three types of sugars as the carbon source and potato homogenate on in vitro growth and development of Phalaenopsis gigantea. The stage 3 protocorms derived from in vitro germination were used as explants. They were cultured on XER medium added with combinations of 0.11 moles fructose, sucrose or glucose and 0, 10, 15, 20 or 25% (v/v) potato homogenate (PH). After 150 days of culture, protocorms cultured on media containing either sugar or PH alone grew very well. Protocorms cultured on medium with fructose showed a higher growth index value (537.4 ± 21.7) than those on media with glucose (495.0 ± 10.0) or sucrose (493.3 ± 32.5). In the presence of any concentration of PH without sugar, the growth index obtained was between 466.6 ± 29.5 to 494.4 ± 29.5. In contrast, on media containing both sugar and PH, the growth index values were much lower (310.0 ± 7.1 to 397.0 ± 14.4) and protocorms became stunted and pale during the cultur...
This research was aimed to propagate Paphiopedilum rothschildianum through protocorm like bodies ... more This research was aimed to propagate Paphiopedilum rothschildianum through protocorm like bodies (PLBs) induction from callus and shoot regeneration from PLBs using RITA® Temporary Immersion Systems. Callus were induced from seeds and protocorm explants on half-strength semi-solid MS medium supplemented with 0-22.6 M 2,4-dichlorophenoacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.54 M 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)-urea (TDZ). Approximately 0.5 g callus were inoculated in a 1L RITA® vessel containing 150 ml liquid medium with immersion time of 5 min in every 125 min. Different concentrations (15 and 58 mM) of sucrose were evaluated for PLB formation from callus. The explants produced calli as early as 30 days. The percentages of explant forming callus after 90 days of culture were 77.04.5% and 94.411.0% respectively. Callus proliferation using RITA® system showed 3-fold increase in fresh weight (as compared to that cultured on semi-solid) and 135 PLBs per gram calli were regenerated. Regeneration ca...
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), a green vegetable belongs to the Brassicaceae, contains consi... more Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), a green vegetable belongs to the Brassicaceae, contains considerable amount of vitamins, minerals and secondary metabolites such as glucosinolates (GS). Watercress contains phenyl ethyl glucosinolate (gluconasturtiin), a precursor of phenyl ethyl isothiocyanate, which is widely reported to restrain the growth of cancer cells. The content of secondary metabolites and other compounds in plants is affected by different growth conditions such as pH, temperature, light intensity and nutrient supply. Thus, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the concentration of gluconasturtiin (and other GS) from in vitro grown watercress under non-elicited and elicited plant culture with wild plant of N. officinale. The samples were collected from watercress growing wild in a spring in Kundasang area, Ranau Sabah and subjected to sterilization to establish N. officinale in vitro culture under laboratory condition. The sterilization was done by using Chlorox® s...
This research was aimed to propagate Paphiopedilum rothschildianum through protocorm like bodies ... more This research was aimed to propagate Paphiopedilum rothschildianum through protocorm like bodies (PLBs) induction from callus and shoot regeneration from PLBs using RITA ® Temporary Immersion Systems. Callus were induced from seeds and protocorm explants on half-strength semi-solid MS medium supplemented with 0-22.6 M 2,4-dichlorophenoacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.54 M 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)-urea (TDZ). Approximately 0.5 g callus were inoculated in a 1L RITA ® vessel containing 150 ml liquid medium with immersion time of 5 min in every 125 min. Different concentrations (15 and 58 mM) of sucrose were evaluated for PLB formation from callus. The explants produced calli as early as 30 days. The percentages of explant forming callus after 90 days of culture were 77.04.5% and 94.411.0% respectively. Callus proliferation using RITA ® system showed 3-fold increase in fresh weight (as compared to that cultured on semi-solid) and 135 PLBs per gram calli were regenerated. Regeneration...
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020
Clinacanthus nutans (Acanthaceae) is recognized as a valuable medicinal herb in Southeast Asia. T... more Clinacanthus nutans (Acanthaceae) is recognized as a valuable medicinal herb in Southeast Asia. The fresh leaves of C. nutans have long been used to treat venomous bites, varicella zoster virus infection, and skin rashes from measles in Thailand (Zulkipli et al., 2017). Meanwhile, in Malaysia, the leaves of C. nutans are freshly eaten or blended with apple and consume as juice because of its nourishing and antioxidant properties (Shim et al., 2013). The species has also been used as traditional remedy to treat sore throat, kidney problems, gout, prostate inflammation and skin problems like shingles (Yusmazura et al., 2017). In Indonesia, the aqueous decoction of fresh leaves is prescribed to treat gastrointestinal problems, dysentery, dysuria, and a hyperglycemia (Hariana et al., 2013; Zulkipli et al., 2017). In China, different parts of C. nutans are consume on its own or in combination with other medicinal plants to treat ailments such as inflammation, strains, International Journ...
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), a green vegetable belongs to Brassicaceae, is a rich source o... more Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), a green vegetable belongs to Brassicaceae, is a rich source of phenyl ethyl glucosinolate (PEGSL) and benzyl glucosinolate (BGSL) i.e. the precursors of phenyl ethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), which are widely reported to restrain the growth of the cancer cells. The content of secondary metabolites and other compounds in plants are affected by different growth conditions such as pH, temperature, light intensity and nutrient supply. Thus, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the concentration of PEGSL and BGSL from in vitro grown watercress under nonelicited and elicited as well wild plant of watercress. The samples were collected from watercress wild growing in Kundasang area, Ranau, Sabah and subjected to sterilization to establish sterile in vitro culture. All plant cultures were kept inside growth chamber at 25°C under 16 hours photoperiod for thirty days before sub-cultured into fresh medium containing elic...
Application of biotechnology in upland rice improvement programmes depends on the availability of... more Application of biotechnology in upland rice improvement programmes depends on the availability of efficient regeneration protocols. Although protocols for shoot regeneration of upland rice are available, none has been reported for pigmented cultivars. This study reports on a protocol for callus induction and regeneration of Tadong, a pigmented upland rice cultivar from Sabah. For callus induction, immature embryos were cultured on media containing 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) at various concentrations (0 – 2.5 mg/L) and on different types of media (MS; MSB5; N6B5; N6). To induce shoot regeneration, callus explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with combinations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) at various concentrations (0 – 3.0 mg/L) and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 1.0 mg/L. To induce shoot development, callus explants were pre-treated with Thidiazuron (TDZ) at various concentrations (0-1.0 mg/l) and exposed to different desiccation period (0 – 72 hours). 2,4-Dichlo...
Clinacanthus nutans L. (locally known as ‘Sabah Snake Grass’) has been used traditionally to trea... more Clinacanthus nutans L. (locally known as ‘Sabah Snake Grass’) has been used traditionally to treat chronic diseases. However, there is insufficient information regarding the nutritional quality of the herbal. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional properties and trace elements contents of unfermented and fermented herbal teas developed from C. nutans leaves using different drying techniques (microwaveoven dried and freeze dried) in different infusion time (1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min). The proximate analysis were conducted according to AOAC’s standard methods, while, the colorimetric color of infusions were determined using HunterLab Color Meter. The trace elements in infusions were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrophotometric (ICP-OES) analysis. Among the C. nutans herbal teas, the freeze dried of unfermented herbal tea showed high ash (12.39 ± 0.39%) and fat (2.23 ± 0.10%) content, while, protein content was showed high in freeze dri...
Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)
A brief orchid diversity study was conducted from 14th to 19th October 2019 in Kadamaian, located... more A brief orchid diversity study was conducted from 14th to 19th October 2019 in Kadamaian, located northwest of Kinabalu area, through a scientific geographic expedition. A convenience sampling method was employed with only the flowering individuals collected and preserved as herbarium specimens. A total of 58 species and 32 genera were identified during the field visits to the Mount Nopungguk, Melangkap Noriou, Ulu Sungai Melawa, and basecamp site. The finding comprises of 43 epiphytes, 13 terrestrials, and two mycoheterotrophs. Appendicula congesta, Bulbophyllum disjunctum, Dendrobium kiauense, and Goodyera rostellata are species endemic to Borneo found during the expedition along with Crepidium multiflorum, a hyper-endemic species to Kinabalu area. Several rare species which narrowly distributed to primary forest habitat were discovered, including jewel orchids; Cystorchis variegata var. variegata and Anoectochilus geniculatus, and two mycoheterotrophs; Aphyllorchis pallida and Le...
Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)
A preliminary survey of the diversity of gingers (Zingiberaceae) was conducted in Kadamaian, Kota... more A preliminary survey of the diversity of gingers (Zingiberaceae) was conducted in Kadamaian, Kota Belud from 14th to 19th October, 2019. Wild ginger species is utilized widely as one of the most important material in traditional medicine among indigenous people of Sabah. However, few of these plant species have been studied for their chemical constituents and beneficial properties. In order to investigate the compound composition, the essential oil from Etlingera brevilabrum, Alpinia nieuwenhuizii and Hornstedtia havilandii were screened. The essential oil was obtained from leaves, stems and rhizomes of the plant through hydro-distillation and analysed for their chemical composition through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The result of this study indicated that the chemical constituents of all three parts for all species are similar; all have terpenoids (monoterpene and sesquiterpene), aldehyde, hydrocarbon, ketone and alcohol in the essential oil extracts. GC-MS analy...
The worldwide paddy production including the Sabah traditional rice is affected by blast disease ... more The worldwide paddy production including the Sabah traditional rice is affected by blast disease which is caused by Magnaporthe oryzae fungal infection, resulting in a reduction of 10-30% rice yield annually. Pathogenesis-related class 4 protein such as the wheatwin2 (wwin2) has been reported to significantly defend against a soil-borne fungi infection in tobacco plants, but the capability of this protein against M. oryzae infections in rice is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to construct a plasmid containing the wwin2 gene and transform it into the Sabah traditional rice genome to combat blast disease. In brief, the wwin2 gene was synthesized and integrated into a vector using Gateway cloning technology and was transformed into the Sabah traditional rice genome via an Agrobacterium-mediated approach. This study exhibited a promising high transformation rate with more than 90% of the transformed rice calli were expressing the reporter marker, GUS. The wwin2 gene expression in t...
Microsatelites loci in P. rothschildianum and P. gigantea have been isolated and specific molecul... more Microsatelites loci in P. rothschildianum and P. gigantea have been isolated and specific molecular markers based on these microsatellite lod developed. These markers were used to characterize population structure of the two endangered orchids. The results have been applied to develop a conservation strategy focused on selective breeding on the basis of genetic distance. In addition, ten molecular markers were developed. These markers have a potential long-term application in population genetic studies, breeding and management programmes and the forensic detection in international trade. Information on the appropriate age of capsules for in vitro germination of seeds has been determined. The germination media for P. rothschildianum and P. gigantea are reported. More than one multiplication media were obtained for both species. These media are simple but effective; coconut water at specific concentration alone was able to induce multiplication of both species, activated charcoal in t...
Blast disease resulting from Magnaporthe oryzae fungal infection reduces annual rice yield by up ... more Blast disease resulting from Magnaporthe oryzae fungal infection reduces annual rice yield by up to 30% globally. The wheatwin2 (wwin2) is a pathogenesis-related (PR) gene that encodes for a PR-4 protein with chitinase properties that is capable of degrading chitin, a major constituent of certain fungal cell walls. However, the potential for wwin2 to contribute to M. oryzae resistance in rice is unclear. This study reports the construction of a pMDC140 vector carrying the wwin2 gene and its Agrobacterium-mediated transformation into the Tadong rice genome. In brief, the wwin2 gene was synthesized and integrated into a pMDC140 vector using Gateway cloning technology and was transformed into the Tadong rice genome. Our results show a promising high transformation rate, with more than 90% of the transformed rice calli expressing β-glucuronidase (GUS), the reporter gene marker. The expression of the wwin2 gene in transformed rice calli was further confirmed using quantitative real-time ...
This study was carried out to determine the effects of three types of sugars as the carbon source... more This study was carried out to determine the effects of three types of sugars as the carbon source and potato homogenate on in vitro growth and development of Phalaenopsis gigantea. The stage 3 protocorms derived from in vitro germination were used as explants. They were cultured on XER medium added with combinations of 0.11 moles fructose, sucrose or glucose and 0, 10, 15, 20 or 25% (v/v) potato homogenate (PH). After 150 days of culture, protocorms cultured on media containing either sugar or PH alone grew very well. Protocorms cultured on medium with fructose showed a higher growth index value (537.4 ± 21.7) than those on media with glucose (495.0 ± 10.0) or sucrose (493.3 ± 32.5). In the presence of any concentration of PH without sugar, the growth index obtained was between 466.6 ± 29.5 to 494.4 ± 29.5. In contrast, on media containing both sugar and PH, the growth index values were much lower (310.0 ± 7.1 to 397.0 ± 14.4) and protocorms became stunted and pale during the cultur...
This research was aimed to propagate Paphiopedilum rothschildianum through protocorm like bodies ... more This research was aimed to propagate Paphiopedilum rothschildianum through protocorm like bodies (PLBs) induction from callus and shoot regeneration from PLBs using RITA® Temporary Immersion Systems. Callus were induced from seeds and protocorm explants on half-strength semi-solid MS medium supplemented with 0-22.6 M 2,4-dichlorophenoacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.54 M 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)-urea (TDZ). Approximately 0.5 g callus were inoculated in a 1L RITA® vessel containing 150 ml liquid medium with immersion time of 5 min in every 125 min. Different concentrations (15 and 58 mM) of sucrose were evaluated for PLB formation from callus. The explants produced calli as early as 30 days. The percentages of explant forming callus after 90 days of culture were 77.04.5% and 94.411.0% respectively. Callus proliferation using RITA® system showed 3-fold increase in fresh weight (as compared to that cultured on semi-solid) and 135 PLBs per gram calli were regenerated. Regeneration ca...
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), a green vegetable belongs to the Brassicaceae, contains consi... more Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), a green vegetable belongs to the Brassicaceae, contains considerable amount of vitamins, minerals and secondary metabolites such as glucosinolates (GS). Watercress contains phenyl ethyl glucosinolate (gluconasturtiin), a precursor of phenyl ethyl isothiocyanate, which is widely reported to restrain the growth of cancer cells. The content of secondary metabolites and other compounds in plants is affected by different growth conditions such as pH, temperature, light intensity and nutrient supply. Thus, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the concentration of gluconasturtiin (and other GS) from in vitro grown watercress under non-elicited and elicited plant culture with wild plant of N. officinale. The samples were collected from watercress growing wild in a spring in Kundasang area, Ranau Sabah and subjected to sterilization to establish N. officinale in vitro culture under laboratory condition. The sterilization was done by using Chlorox® s...
This research was aimed to propagate Paphiopedilum rothschildianum through protocorm like bodies ... more This research was aimed to propagate Paphiopedilum rothschildianum through protocorm like bodies (PLBs) induction from callus and shoot regeneration from PLBs using RITA ® Temporary Immersion Systems. Callus were induced from seeds and protocorm explants on half-strength semi-solid MS medium supplemented with 0-22.6 M 2,4-dichlorophenoacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.54 M 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)-urea (TDZ). Approximately 0.5 g callus were inoculated in a 1L RITA ® vessel containing 150 ml liquid medium with immersion time of 5 min in every 125 min. Different concentrations (15 and 58 mM) of sucrose were evaluated for PLB formation from callus. The explants produced calli as early as 30 days. The percentages of explant forming callus after 90 days of culture were 77.04.5% and 94.411.0% respectively. Callus proliferation using RITA ® system showed 3-fold increase in fresh weight (as compared to that cultured on semi-solid) and 135 PLBs per gram calli were regenerated. Regeneration...
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020
Clinacanthus nutans (Acanthaceae) is recognized as a valuable medicinal herb in Southeast Asia. T... more Clinacanthus nutans (Acanthaceae) is recognized as a valuable medicinal herb in Southeast Asia. The fresh leaves of C. nutans have long been used to treat venomous bites, varicella zoster virus infection, and skin rashes from measles in Thailand (Zulkipli et al., 2017). Meanwhile, in Malaysia, the leaves of C. nutans are freshly eaten or blended with apple and consume as juice because of its nourishing and antioxidant properties (Shim et al., 2013). The species has also been used as traditional remedy to treat sore throat, kidney problems, gout, prostate inflammation and skin problems like shingles (Yusmazura et al., 2017). In Indonesia, the aqueous decoction of fresh leaves is prescribed to treat gastrointestinal problems, dysentery, dysuria, and a hyperglycemia (Hariana et al., 2013; Zulkipli et al., 2017). In China, different parts of C. nutans are consume on its own or in combination with other medicinal plants to treat ailments such as inflammation, strains, International Journ...
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), a green vegetable belongs to Brassicaceae, is a rich source o... more Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), a green vegetable belongs to Brassicaceae, is a rich source of phenyl ethyl glucosinolate (PEGSL) and benzyl glucosinolate (BGSL) i.e. the precursors of phenyl ethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), which are widely reported to restrain the growth of the cancer cells. The content of secondary metabolites and other compounds in plants are affected by different growth conditions such as pH, temperature, light intensity and nutrient supply. Thus, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the concentration of PEGSL and BGSL from in vitro grown watercress under nonelicited and elicited as well wild plant of watercress. The samples were collected from watercress wild growing in Kundasang area, Ranau, Sabah and subjected to sterilization to establish sterile in vitro culture. All plant cultures were kept inside growth chamber at 25°C under 16 hours photoperiod for thirty days before sub-cultured into fresh medium containing elic...
Application of biotechnology in upland rice improvement programmes depends on the availability of... more Application of biotechnology in upland rice improvement programmes depends on the availability of efficient regeneration protocols. Although protocols for shoot regeneration of upland rice are available, none has been reported for pigmented cultivars. This study reports on a protocol for callus induction and regeneration of Tadong, a pigmented upland rice cultivar from Sabah. For callus induction, immature embryos were cultured on media containing 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) at various concentrations (0 – 2.5 mg/L) and on different types of media (MS; MSB5; N6B5; N6). To induce shoot regeneration, callus explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with combinations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) at various concentrations (0 – 3.0 mg/L) and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 1.0 mg/L. To induce shoot development, callus explants were pre-treated with Thidiazuron (TDZ) at various concentrations (0-1.0 mg/l) and exposed to different desiccation period (0 – 72 hours). 2,4-Dichlo...
Clinacanthus nutans L. (locally known as ‘Sabah Snake Grass’) has been used traditionally to trea... more Clinacanthus nutans L. (locally known as ‘Sabah Snake Grass’) has been used traditionally to treat chronic diseases. However, there is insufficient information regarding the nutritional quality of the herbal. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional properties and trace elements contents of unfermented and fermented herbal teas developed from C. nutans leaves using different drying techniques (microwaveoven dried and freeze dried) in different infusion time (1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min). The proximate analysis were conducted according to AOAC’s standard methods, while, the colorimetric color of infusions were determined using HunterLab Color Meter. The trace elements in infusions were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrophotometric (ICP-OES) analysis. Among the C. nutans herbal teas, the freeze dried of unfermented herbal tea showed high ash (12.39 ± 0.39%) and fat (2.23 ± 0.10%) content, while, protein content was showed high in freeze dri...
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