Objective To examine the association between marital status and dementia, and to assess gender di... more Objective To examine the association between marital status and dementia, and to assess gender differences in the effect of marital status on dementia. Design Prospective population-based study with follow-up time of up to ten years. Setting Swedish national register-based study. Participants 1,996,296 individuals, aged 50-70 years, without prior dementia diagnosis at baseline. Dementia was identified using the Swedish National Patient Register and the Cause of Death Register. Main outcome measures The influence of marital status on dementia was analysed using Cox proportional hazards models, step-wise adjusted for multiple covariates (Model 1 adjusted for age; and Model 2 adjusted for age, gender, children, education, income, and prior cardiovascular disease). Results During follow-up, 16,772 individuals were identified as demented (based on either patient or death cause register). Cox regression showed each non-married subcategory to be associated with significantly higher risk of dementia than the group of married (Model 1), with the highest risk observed for the divorced group (HR 1.708, 95% CI 1.640, 1.777) and singles (HR not significantly different from the divorced). In the fully adjusted model (Model 2) a benefit of marriage was still found relative to all non-married groups, again the highest hazard ratios were observed for the divorced group (HR 1.674, 95% CI 1.608,1.743), and for singles with HR not significantly different from the divorced. Analyses stratified by gender showed gender differences when adjusting for age only (Model 1), with indications of unmarried men having higher relative risk compared to unmarried women. However, in the fully adjusted model these gender differences were no longer observed. The estimated HR for widowed where smaller but still indicated a statistically significant increase risk for this group in the full sample results but not for men in the gender-specific samples. Overall, the increased risk associated with each non-married category was not statistically different between men and women when adjusting for socioeconomic confounders (men: HR from 1.066 to 1.731; women: HR from 1.089 to 1.622). Conclusion Married people had a lower risk of incident dementia, compared to non-married. The protective effect of marriage on dementia was evident for both men and women and did not differ by gender. Although more research is needed to understand the underlying mechanism by which marital status is associated with dementia, health care providers should be particularly attentive to unmarried elderly and provide them with extra support to reduce social isolation and loneliness.
The stationarity conditions for a spatial first-order and serial second-order model in the presen... more The stationarity conditions for a spatial first-order and serial second-order model in the presence of time-lagged spatial interactions are discussed. The stationarity conditions for serial autoregressive parameters were found on the basis of the structural vector autoregression form of the model. The temporal stationarity was a function of the spatial autoregressive parameters. The value of the time-lagged spatial autoregressive parameter defined the shift of the interval for the first-order serial parameter. However, the sizes of intervals for the values of both serial parameters depended only on the value of the simultaneous autoregressive parameter.
Russian northern territories are characterized by extreme
climatic conditions and that is why the... more Russian northern territories are characterized by extreme climatic conditions and that is why these territories are una! ractive for living. Nevertheless more than 10 million people are living in the North. This can be traced to historical, political, and economic peculiarities of development during the Soviet period. Economy in the North is not balanced, which is why northern inhabitants’ living standards strongly depend on state guarantees. We can estimate the infl uence of well-being on human development in the Russian northern regions in comparison with others due to results of the process of transition in the 90s in Russia. In this paper we consider main indicators of human development such as birth rates and mortality rates of population.
Russian northern territories are characterized by extreme
climatic conditions which is why these ... more Russian northern territories are characterized by extreme climatic conditions which is why these territories are unattractive for living. Nevertheless more than 10 million people are living in the North. This can be traced to historical, political, and economic peculiarities of development during the Soviet period. Economy in the North is not balanced. Standard of living of families in the North strongly depends on state guarantees (social policies), because a long distance between settlements is an obstacle to resource reallocation and regional economic development. The transitional process from an administrative to a market economy in Russia is a source of problems; how is it possible to accumulate and use regional human capital for the economic development of the North? We can estimate the effect of both state policies on regional economic growth and the interrelations between human development and economic growth in the Russian northern regions in comparison with others due to the results of “largescale experiment” of the 90s.
The paper studies how commuting as a demographic, social and economic process is linked to fertil... more The paper studies how commuting as a demographic, social and economic process is linked to fertility. The analysis is conducted by estimation of bivariate models where commuting and fertility are tested as seemingly unrelated processes. This is done on individual data representing working women of 19-32 years old in the period 1992-2006. The results provide evidence that social and demographic changes caused by daily mobility might be associated with the probability of first birth, as women tend to stay childless predominantly interacting with single co-workers, friends, and acquaintances. Commuting as an economic process affects objective and subjective well-being, i.e. opportunity costs of raising a child, through comparison of individual earnings with their previous levels, and also with the average levels in places of residence and work. The analysis reveals that higher individual earnings are linked to greater probability of first birth, while subjective well-being is associated with decrease in the probability for non-commuters and increase for commuters.
This paper studies earnings and labor force participation of native Swedes and recent immigrants ... more This paper studies earnings and labor force participation of native Swedes and recent immigrants in Sweden in response to the childcare reforms of 2001 and 2002 using a difference-in-differences approach and register-based data for the period of 1995-2009. Immigrant and native Swedish mothers are distinguished in order to study if increased accessibility to childcare might be particularly beneficial for groups facing obstacles in entering the labor market. The results show that the reforms had a positive effect on earnings and labor force participation among native mothers with preschool children. The group of immigrant mothers studied did not experience any gain in labor market outcomes as a response to the reform.
This paper examines the earnings development and labour force participation of female immigrants ... more This paper examines the earnings development and labour force participation of female immigrants compared to Swedish-born women in Västerbotten and Norrbotten (Sweden). A total of 10% of the women residing in these two counties have a foreign background. Female immigrants, mostly originating from Finland, Norway, Thailand, Iraq, and the former Soviet Union, vary greatly in their cultural and family values, education, and job experiences. Ethnic and geographical differences in labour market outcomes are hypothesized in the paper. The study is based on panel data analysis of registered individual data for the period 1995–2009. The data presented here show that differences in earnings and labour force participation can be explained by individual characteristics such as age, education, civil status, and years since migration. Ethnic differences diminish with integration period, though not in each group of immigrants. Gaps in labour outcomes are less evident for skilled immigrants. The ethnic differences are also less pronounced for female labour immigrants compared to women who immigrated for other reasons. There is a slight geographical variation in labour market outcomes, but no obvious trends are seen in the spatial distribution of them.
The study contributes in analytical description of spatial diffusion of fertility, in particular,... more The study contributes in analytical description of spatial diffusion of fertility, in particular, influenced by labour movements of people between places of residence and work. It is assumed that the labour market has externality on the marriage market due to commuting, which, in turn, affects fertility. The analytical model, decomposing spatial interaction of fertility and commuting, is constructed on the base of a model of the demand for children, spatial stock-flow model, and a matching model of a marriage market with a sex ratio as the probability of matching. Empirical evidence on municipal Swedish data for the period 1994-2008 does not provide any strong evidence of spatial diffusion of fertility. However, externalities of labour mobility on fertility due to changes of gender structure of population are not rejected.
Большую часть России составляют северные регионы, которые в стратегических планах становятся прио... more Большую часть России составляют северные регионы, которые в стратегических планах становятся приоритетной зоной экономического освоения. В связи с этим очевидна необходимость системной оценки человеческого потенциала Российского Севера, а также разработки мер по управлению его развитием. Формирование рыночной экономики, перераспределение прав собственности, трансформация форм и методов хозяйствования, преобразующие социально-экономические отношения, привели к резкому усилению региональных и внутрирегиональных диспропорций, как, в экономическом развитии, так и условиях жизни. Институциональная структура социальной политики существенно усложнилась в свете рыночных отношений, изменений собственности. Ее полноправными субъектами, инвесторами в развитие человеческого потенциала, наравне с домохозяйствами и государством, стали корпорации, ведущие деятельность на Севере, а также местные сообщества, общественные объединения. Федеральное, региональное и муниципальное управление развитием человеческого потенциала существенно расширилось в объеме используемых инструментов. Целью диссертационного исследования является научное обоснование совершенствования управления развитием человеческого потенциала Российского Севера в свете стратегических ориентиров социально-экономической политики Российской Федерации.
Успех развития рыночной экономики в России во многом зависит от рациональности использования глав... more Успех развития рыночной экономики в России во многом зависит от рациональности использования главной производительной силы общества - трудовых ресурсов. Перестройка российского общества ведет к изменению критериев оценки общественного производства, смене способов построения управленческой деятельности. На первый план выходит ценность управленческой деятельности с точки зрения удовлетворения запросов общества. В то же время в связи с отказом от централизованных, плановых форм управления процесс формирования, использования, воспроизводства человеческих ресурсов стал во многом хаотичен и привел к негативным последствиям в социально-экономической сфере. В частности, в Республике Коми при весьма высоком уровне безработицы (4,19% на конец 1999 г.) и постоянном росте напряженности на рынке труда, наблюдается острая нехватка квалифицированных кадров во многих отраслях промышленности, сельском хозяйстве, сфере услуг. Это обуславливает поиск новых подходов к регулированию занятости. Степень удовлетворенности человека от жизнедеятельности, выбор линии экономического поведения зависят не столько от экономических и исторических условий, сколько от сравнения собственных успехов с успехами окружающих. Членам общества свойственно конкурировать в попытке наиболее успешного применения своих способностей, достижения лучших условий жизни, более высокого социального статуса при равных исходных условиях. Это соображение приводит к выводу о важности использования теории поведения субъектов в условиях конкуренции, как модели для наиболее эффективного управления рынком труда. Управление рынком труда на базе изучения и формирования спроса на труд позволяет выявить как наиболее важные задачи в регулировании спроса и предложения труда, так и дает возможность описания сложных социально-экономических явлений в этой сфере. Автором доказано, что маркетинговый подход является закономерным следствием современных тенденций в сфере занятости, таких как гуманизация труда и децентрализация управления рынком труда, так как он базируется на приоритетности экономической свободы субъектов рынка и возможности их самоопределения.
Objective To examine the association between marital status and dementia, and to assess gender di... more Objective To examine the association between marital status and dementia, and to assess gender differences in the effect of marital status on dementia. Design Prospective population-based study with follow-up time of up to ten years. Setting Swedish national register-based study. Participants 1,996,296 individuals, aged 50-70 years, without prior dementia diagnosis at baseline. Dementia was identified using the Swedish National Patient Register and the Cause of Death Register. Main outcome measures The influence of marital status on dementia was analysed using Cox proportional hazards models, step-wise adjusted for multiple covariates (Model 1 adjusted for age; and Model 2 adjusted for age, gender, children, education, income, and prior cardiovascular disease). Results During follow-up, 16,772 individuals were identified as demented (based on either patient or death cause register). Cox regression showed each non-married subcategory to be associated with significantly higher risk of dementia than the group of married (Model 1), with the highest risk observed for the divorced group (HR 1.708, 95% CI 1.640, 1.777) and singles (HR not significantly different from the divorced). In the fully adjusted model (Model 2) a benefit of marriage was still found relative to all non-married groups, again the highest hazard ratios were observed for the divorced group (HR 1.674, 95% CI 1.608,1.743), and for singles with HR not significantly different from the divorced. Analyses stratified by gender showed gender differences when adjusting for age only (Model 1), with indications of unmarried men having higher relative risk compared to unmarried women. However, in the fully adjusted model these gender differences were no longer observed. The estimated HR for widowed where smaller but still indicated a statistically significant increase risk for this group in the full sample results but not for men in the gender-specific samples. Overall, the increased risk associated with each non-married category was not statistically different between men and women when adjusting for socioeconomic confounders (men: HR from 1.066 to 1.731; women: HR from 1.089 to 1.622). Conclusion Married people had a lower risk of incident dementia, compared to non-married. The protective effect of marriage on dementia was evident for both men and women and did not differ by gender. Although more research is needed to understand the underlying mechanism by which marital status is associated with dementia, health care providers should be particularly attentive to unmarried elderly and provide them with extra support to reduce social isolation and loneliness.
The stationarity conditions for a spatial first-order and serial second-order model in the presen... more The stationarity conditions for a spatial first-order and serial second-order model in the presence of time-lagged spatial interactions are discussed. The stationarity conditions for serial autoregressive parameters were found on the basis of the structural vector autoregression form of the model. The temporal stationarity was a function of the spatial autoregressive parameters. The value of the time-lagged spatial autoregressive parameter defined the shift of the interval for the first-order serial parameter. However, the sizes of intervals for the values of both serial parameters depended only on the value of the simultaneous autoregressive parameter.
Russian northern territories are characterized by extreme
climatic conditions and that is why the... more Russian northern territories are characterized by extreme climatic conditions and that is why these territories are una! ractive for living. Nevertheless more than 10 million people are living in the North. This can be traced to historical, political, and economic peculiarities of development during the Soviet period. Economy in the North is not balanced, which is why northern inhabitants’ living standards strongly depend on state guarantees. We can estimate the infl uence of well-being on human development in the Russian northern regions in comparison with others due to results of the process of transition in the 90s in Russia. In this paper we consider main indicators of human development such as birth rates and mortality rates of population.
Russian northern territories are characterized by extreme
climatic conditions which is why these ... more Russian northern territories are characterized by extreme climatic conditions which is why these territories are unattractive for living. Nevertheless more than 10 million people are living in the North. This can be traced to historical, political, and economic peculiarities of development during the Soviet period. Economy in the North is not balanced. Standard of living of families in the North strongly depends on state guarantees (social policies), because a long distance between settlements is an obstacle to resource reallocation and regional economic development. The transitional process from an administrative to a market economy in Russia is a source of problems; how is it possible to accumulate and use regional human capital for the economic development of the North? We can estimate the effect of both state policies on regional economic growth and the interrelations between human development and economic growth in the Russian northern regions in comparison with others due to the results of “largescale experiment” of the 90s.
The paper studies how commuting as a demographic, social and economic process is linked to fertil... more The paper studies how commuting as a demographic, social and economic process is linked to fertility. The analysis is conducted by estimation of bivariate models where commuting and fertility are tested as seemingly unrelated processes. This is done on individual data representing working women of 19-32 years old in the period 1992-2006. The results provide evidence that social and demographic changes caused by daily mobility might be associated with the probability of first birth, as women tend to stay childless predominantly interacting with single co-workers, friends, and acquaintances. Commuting as an economic process affects objective and subjective well-being, i.e. opportunity costs of raising a child, through comparison of individual earnings with their previous levels, and also with the average levels in places of residence and work. The analysis reveals that higher individual earnings are linked to greater probability of first birth, while subjective well-being is associated with decrease in the probability for non-commuters and increase for commuters.
This paper studies earnings and labor force participation of native Swedes and recent immigrants ... more This paper studies earnings and labor force participation of native Swedes and recent immigrants in Sweden in response to the childcare reforms of 2001 and 2002 using a difference-in-differences approach and register-based data for the period of 1995-2009. Immigrant and native Swedish mothers are distinguished in order to study if increased accessibility to childcare might be particularly beneficial for groups facing obstacles in entering the labor market. The results show that the reforms had a positive effect on earnings and labor force participation among native mothers with preschool children. The group of immigrant mothers studied did not experience any gain in labor market outcomes as a response to the reform.
This paper examines the earnings development and labour force participation of female immigrants ... more This paper examines the earnings development and labour force participation of female immigrants compared to Swedish-born women in Västerbotten and Norrbotten (Sweden). A total of 10% of the women residing in these two counties have a foreign background. Female immigrants, mostly originating from Finland, Norway, Thailand, Iraq, and the former Soviet Union, vary greatly in their cultural and family values, education, and job experiences. Ethnic and geographical differences in labour market outcomes are hypothesized in the paper. The study is based on panel data analysis of registered individual data for the period 1995–2009. The data presented here show that differences in earnings and labour force participation can be explained by individual characteristics such as age, education, civil status, and years since migration. Ethnic differences diminish with integration period, though not in each group of immigrants. Gaps in labour outcomes are less evident for skilled immigrants. The ethnic differences are also less pronounced for female labour immigrants compared to women who immigrated for other reasons. There is a slight geographical variation in labour market outcomes, but no obvious trends are seen in the spatial distribution of them.
The study contributes in analytical description of spatial diffusion of fertility, in particular,... more The study contributes in analytical description of spatial diffusion of fertility, in particular, influenced by labour movements of people between places of residence and work. It is assumed that the labour market has externality on the marriage market due to commuting, which, in turn, affects fertility. The analytical model, decomposing spatial interaction of fertility and commuting, is constructed on the base of a model of the demand for children, spatial stock-flow model, and a matching model of a marriage market with a sex ratio as the probability of matching. Empirical evidence on municipal Swedish data for the period 1994-2008 does not provide any strong evidence of spatial diffusion of fertility. However, externalities of labour mobility on fertility due to changes of gender structure of population are not rejected.
Большую часть России составляют северные регионы, которые в стратегических планах становятся прио... more Большую часть России составляют северные регионы, которые в стратегических планах становятся приоритетной зоной экономического освоения. В связи с этим очевидна необходимость системной оценки человеческого потенциала Российского Севера, а также разработки мер по управлению его развитием. Формирование рыночной экономики, перераспределение прав собственности, трансформация форм и методов хозяйствования, преобразующие социально-экономические отношения, привели к резкому усилению региональных и внутрирегиональных диспропорций, как, в экономическом развитии, так и условиях жизни. Институциональная структура социальной политики существенно усложнилась в свете рыночных отношений, изменений собственности. Ее полноправными субъектами, инвесторами в развитие человеческого потенциала, наравне с домохозяйствами и государством, стали корпорации, ведущие деятельность на Севере, а также местные сообщества, общественные объединения. Федеральное, региональное и муниципальное управление развитием человеческого потенциала существенно расширилось в объеме используемых инструментов. Целью диссертационного исследования является научное обоснование совершенствования управления развитием человеческого потенциала Российского Севера в свете стратегических ориентиров социально-экономической политики Российской Федерации.
Успех развития рыночной экономики в России во многом зависит от рациональности использования глав... more Успех развития рыночной экономики в России во многом зависит от рациональности использования главной производительной силы общества - трудовых ресурсов. Перестройка российского общества ведет к изменению критериев оценки общественного производства, смене способов построения управленческой деятельности. На первый план выходит ценность управленческой деятельности с точки зрения удовлетворения запросов общества. В то же время в связи с отказом от централизованных, плановых форм управления процесс формирования, использования, воспроизводства человеческих ресурсов стал во многом хаотичен и привел к негативным последствиям в социально-экономической сфере. В частности, в Республике Коми при весьма высоком уровне безработицы (4,19% на конец 1999 г.) и постоянном росте напряженности на рынке труда, наблюдается острая нехватка квалифицированных кадров во многих отраслях промышленности, сельском хозяйстве, сфере услуг. Это обуславливает поиск новых подходов к регулированию занятости. Степень удовлетворенности человека от жизнедеятельности, выбор линии экономического поведения зависят не столько от экономических и исторических условий, сколько от сравнения собственных успехов с успехами окружающих. Членам общества свойственно конкурировать в попытке наиболее успешного применения своих способностей, достижения лучших условий жизни, более высокого социального статуса при равных исходных условиях. Это соображение приводит к выводу о важности использования теории поведения субъектов в условиях конкуренции, как модели для наиболее эффективного управления рынком труда. Управление рынком труда на базе изучения и формирования спроса на труд позволяет выявить как наиболее важные задачи в регулировании спроса и предложения труда, так и дает возможность описания сложных социально-экономических явлений в этой сфере. Автором доказано, что маркетинговый подход является закономерным следствием современных тенденций в сфере занятости, таких как гуманизация труда и децентрализация управления рынком труда, так как он базируется на приоритетности экономической свободы субъектов рынка и возможности их самоопределения.
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Design Prospective population-based study with follow-up time of up to ten years.
Setting Swedish national register-based study.
Participants 1,996,296 individuals, aged 50-70 years, without prior dementia diagnosis at baseline. Dementia was identified using the Swedish National Patient Register and the Cause of Death Register.
Main outcome measures The influence of marital status on dementia was analysed using Cox proportional hazards models, step-wise adjusted for multiple covariates (Model 1 adjusted for age; and Model 2 adjusted for age, gender, children, education, income, and prior cardiovascular disease).
Results During follow-up, 16,772 individuals were identified as demented (based on either patient or death cause register). Cox regression showed each non-married subcategory to be associated with significantly higher risk of dementia than the group of married (Model 1), with the highest risk observed for the divorced group (HR 1.708, 95% CI 1.640, 1.777) and singles (HR not significantly different from the divorced). In the fully adjusted model (Model 2) a benefit of marriage was still found relative to all non-married groups, again the highest hazard ratios were observed for the divorced group (HR 1.674, 95% CI 1.608,1.743), and for singles with HR not significantly different from the divorced. Analyses stratified by gender showed gender differences when adjusting for age only (Model 1), with indications of unmarried men having higher relative risk compared to unmarried women. However, in the fully adjusted model these gender differences were no longer observed. The estimated HR for widowed where smaller but still indicated a statistically significant increase risk for this group in the full sample results but not for men in the gender-specific samples. Overall, the increased risk associated with each non-married category was not statistically different between men and women when adjusting for socioeconomic confounders (men: HR from 1.066 to 1.731; women: HR from 1.089 to 1.622).
Conclusion Married people had a lower risk of incident dementia, compared to non-married. The protective effect of marriage on dementia was evident for both men and women and did not differ by gender. Although more research is needed to understand the underlying mechanism by which marital status is associated with dementia, health care providers should be particularly attentive to unmarried elderly and provide them with extra support to reduce social isolation and loneliness.
climatic conditions and that is why these territories
are una! ractive for living. Nevertheless more than
10 million people are living in the North. This can be
traced to historical, political, and economic peculiarities
of development during the Soviet period. Economy in
the North is not balanced, which is why northern inhabitants’
living standards strongly depend on state guarantees.
We can estimate the infl uence of well-being on
human development in the Russian northern regions in
comparison with others due to results of the process of
transition in the 90s in Russia. In this paper we consider
main indicators of human development such as birth
rates and mortality rates of population.
climatic conditions which is why these territories
are unattractive for living. Nevertheless more than
10 million people are living in the North. This can be
traced to historical, political, and economic peculiarities
of development during the Soviet period. Economy in
the North is not balanced. Standard of living of families
in the North strongly depends on state guarantees
(social policies), because a long distance between settlements
is an obstacle to resource reallocation and regional
economic development. The transitional process
from an administrative to a market economy in Russia
is a source of problems; how is it possible to accumulate
and use regional human capital for the economic
development of the North? We can estimate the effect
of both state policies on regional economic growth and
the interrelations between human development and
economic growth in the Russian northern regions in
comparison with others due to the results of “largescale
experiment” of the 90s.
Формирование рыночной экономики, перераспределение прав собственности, трансформация форм и методов хозяйствования, преобразующие социально-экономические отношения, привели к резкому усилению региональных и внутрирегиональных диспропорций, как, в экономическом развитии, так и условиях жизни. Институциональная структура социальной политики существенно усложнилась в свете рыночных отношений, изменений собственности. Ее полноправными субъектами, инвесторами в развитие человеческого потенциала, наравне с домохозяйствами и государством, стали корпорации, ведущие деятельность на Севере, а также местные сообщества, общественные объединения. Федеральное, региональное и муниципальное управление развитием человеческого потенциала существенно расширилось в объеме используемых инструментов.
Целью диссертационного исследования является научное обоснование совершенствования управления развитием человеческого потенциала Российского Севера в свете стратегических ориентиров социально-экономической политики Российской Федерации.
Степень удовлетворенности человека от жизнедеятельности, выбор линии экономического поведения зависят не столько от экономических и исторических условий, сколько от сравнения собственных успехов с успехами окружающих. Членам общества свойственно конкурировать в попытке наиболее успешного применения своих способностей, достижения лучших условий жизни, более высокого социального статуса при равных исходных условиях. Это соображение приводит к выводу о важности использования теории поведения субъектов в условиях конкуренции, как модели для наиболее эффективного управления рынком труда.
Управление рынком труда на базе изучения и формирования спроса на труд позволяет выявить как наиболее важные задачи в регулировании спроса и предложения труда, так и дает возможность описания сложных социально-экономических явлений в этой сфере. Автором доказано, что маркетинговый подход является закономерным следствием современных тенденций в сфере занятости, таких как гуманизация труда и децентрализация управления рынком труда, так как он базируется на приоритетности экономической свободы субъектов рынка и возможности их самоопределения.
Design Prospective population-based study with follow-up time of up to ten years.
Setting Swedish national register-based study.
Participants 1,996,296 individuals, aged 50-70 years, without prior dementia diagnosis at baseline. Dementia was identified using the Swedish National Patient Register and the Cause of Death Register.
Main outcome measures The influence of marital status on dementia was analysed using Cox proportional hazards models, step-wise adjusted for multiple covariates (Model 1 adjusted for age; and Model 2 adjusted for age, gender, children, education, income, and prior cardiovascular disease).
Results During follow-up, 16,772 individuals were identified as demented (based on either patient or death cause register). Cox regression showed each non-married subcategory to be associated with significantly higher risk of dementia than the group of married (Model 1), with the highest risk observed for the divorced group (HR 1.708, 95% CI 1.640, 1.777) and singles (HR not significantly different from the divorced). In the fully adjusted model (Model 2) a benefit of marriage was still found relative to all non-married groups, again the highest hazard ratios were observed for the divorced group (HR 1.674, 95% CI 1.608,1.743), and for singles with HR not significantly different from the divorced. Analyses stratified by gender showed gender differences when adjusting for age only (Model 1), with indications of unmarried men having higher relative risk compared to unmarried women. However, in the fully adjusted model these gender differences were no longer observed. The estimated HR for widowed where smaller but still indicated a statistically significant increase risk for this group in the full sample results but not for men in the gender-specific samples. Overall, the increased risk associated with each non-married category was not statistically different between men and women when adjusting for socioeconomic confounders (men: HR from 1.066 to 1.731; women: HR from 1.089 to 1.622).
Conclusion Married people had a lower risk of incident dementia, compared to non-married. The protective effect of marriage on dementia was evident for both men and women and did not differ by gender. Although more research is needed to understand the underlying mechanism by which marital status is associated with dementia, health care providers should be particularly attentive to unmarried elderly and provide them with extra support to reduce social isolation and loneliness.
climatic conditions and that is why these territories
are una! ractive for living. Nevertheless more than
10 million people are living in the North. This can be
traced to historical, political, and economic peculiarities
of development during the Soviet period. Economy in
the North is not balanced, which is why northern inhabitants’
living standards strongly depend on state guarantees.
We can estimate the infl uence of well-being on
human development in the Russian northern regions in
comparison with others due to results of the process of
transition in the 90s in Russia. In this paper we consider
main indicators of human development such as birth
rates and mortality rates of population.
climatic conditions which is why these territories
are unattractive for living. Nevertheless more than
10 million people are living in the North. This can be
traced to historical, political, and economic peculiarities
of development during the Soviet period. Economy in
the North is not balanced. Standard of living of families
in the North strongly depends on state guarantees
(social policies), because a long distance between settlements
is an obstacle to resource reallocation and regional
economic development. The transitional process
from an administrative to a market economy in Russia
is a source of problems; how is it possible to accumulate
and use regional human capital for the economic
development of the North? We can estimate the effect
of both state policies on regional economic growth and
the interrelations between human development and
economic growth in the Russian northern regions in
comparison with others due to the results of “largescale
experiment” of the 90s.
Формирование рыночной экономики, перераспределение прав собственности, трансформация форм и методов хозяйствования, преобразующие социально-экономические отношения, привели к резкому усилению региональных и внутрирегиональных диспропорций, как, в экономическом развитии, так и условиях жизни. Институциональная структура социальной политики существенно усложнилась в свете рыночных отношений, изменений собственности. Ее полноправными субъектами, инвесторами в развитие человеческого потенциала, наравне с домохозяйствами и государством, стали корпорации, ведущие деятельность на Севере, а также местные сообщества, общественные объединения. Федеральное, региональное и муниципальное управление развитием человеческого потенциала существенно расширилось в объеме используемых инструментов.
Целью диссертационного исследования является научное обоснование совершенствования управления развитием человеческого потенциала Российского Севера в свете стратегических ориентиров социально-экономической политики Российской Федерации.
Степень удовлетворенности человека от жизнедеятельности, выбор линии экономического поведения зависят не столько от экономических и исторических условий, сколько от сравнения собственных успехов с успехами окружающих. Членам общества свойственно конкурировать в попытке наиболее успешного применения своих способностей, достижения лучших условий жизни, более высокого социального статуса при равных исходных условиях. Это соображение приводит к выводу о важности использования теории поведения субъектов в условиях конкуренции, как модели для наиболее эффективного управления рынком труда.
Управление рынком труда на базе изучения и формирования спроса на труд позволяет выявить как наиболее важные задачи в регулировании спроса и предложения труда, так и дает возможность описания сложных социально-экономических явлений в этой сфере. Автором доказано, что маркетинговый подход является закономерным следствием современных тенденций в сфере занятости, таких как гуманизация труда и децентрализация управления рынком труда, так как он базируется на приоритетности экономической свободы субъектов рынка и возможности их самоопределения.