Bin Li is the initiator of "Algorithmical" Economics & Social Science & Philosophy, proposing the concept of Grand Synthesis of knowledge systems, and authoring 4 books, 2 of them bilingual. A former independent scholar and a columnist in China. Currently a visiting scholar of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Address: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bin_Li197 https://binli.academia.edu/ http://blog.sina.com.cn/libinw (in Chinese)
This paper as the introduction part of the forthcoming namesake book introduces how the Algorithm... more This paper as the introduction part of the forthcoming namesake book introduces how the Algorithmic Thinking Theory, a theory of human minds, can be used to solve many philosophical puzzles and therefore form a “grand synthesis” or unification of existing various philosophies. Innate discrete thinking tools process information or data from the external world serially, selectively, repetitively, roundaboutly, and economically, leading to consequences such as “Mental Distortion”, knowledge solidification, and combinatorial explosion, thereby forming a dynamic, pluralistic, embracive, and expansive knowledge system where “being” and “opinions”, ontology and epistemology, rationality and irrationality are all synthesized. Thoughtful entities exist, move, change, combine, interact, and grow to make social phenomena as the “independent third party” between human and the world, which implies both the differences and compatibility between natural and social sciences. Democracy, freedom, market, institutions, and organizational power are explained unprecedently logically. All major philosophical branches, schools, and scholars are included in this concise panorama that stems just from this formula: thinking = computation = (Instruction + information) × speed × time. This highly original approach was inspired by computer science and customized just for the making of principles of humanities and social sciences.
Originally, "Algorithmic Economics" refers to the economic analysis of the design of a specific c... more Originally, "Algorithmic Economics" refers to the economic analysis of the design of a specific computer system by computer experts. Bin Li, an independent Chinese scholar, alleges that the ideas and principles in it can be expanded into, or re-interpreted as, the basic principles of a unified economics -- and a unified social science. The relevant books and papers of Bin Li have published in Chinese or English, see the "Webpages and References" section of this entry.
Philosopher Ernst Mach once proposed that human thinking should be viewed from an economic perspe... more Philosopher Ernst Mach once proposed that human thinking should be viewed from an economic perspective. This idea has been neglected for a long time, this may be due to the lack of a basic theory on how a person thinks, so that economists cannot analyze thinking as physical production. Computer science indicates that thinking means the processes in which a finite number of innate "Instructions" act serially, alternately and selectively on the pieces of information. This Kantian principle gives the roundabout method of production of thoughts, which consumes resources and time, and which requires and produces knowledge stocks. Optimizing the computing economy and the decision-making timeliness, human computations must frequently adopt various methods other than deductive reasoning, thus leading to the "subjective turn" or "Mental Distortions", and then the occurrence of innovations. The "combinational explosion" effect between Instructions and data can prove and foresee that the socioeconomic world is a one-way and explosive evolution similar to the "Big Bang". This brings the synthesis or unification of various economics.
This paper introduces a highly original theory. What is human capital or knowledge theoretically?... more This paper introduces a highly original theory. What is human capital or knowledge theoretically? How do innovations happen? How could microeconomics integrate with macroeconomics? Where do institutions & organizations come from? How to define and endogenize money? How to synthesize irrationalities into rationalities? How to coordinate dynamics with statics (or equilibria)? Etc. All of the answers lie in the principles of computer science, which are interpreted in a distinct way transcendentally in this paper, and then reformed into a concise theory on how a person thinks. This is called the Algorithm Framework Theory, which implies the method of roundabout production of thoughts, consisting of the factors of dualism, time or speed, flows and stocks, etc. Reasoned economically, the theory surprisingly leads to pluralism, conflicts, subjectivities, irrationalities, innovations, developments, the Combinatorial Explosions and eventually an embracive paradigm of the society. This means that a unified social science and a unified economics takes shape. Also methodological synthesis is included briefly.
This paper is a complementary explanation of the World Economics Association (WEA) 2019 Going Onl... more This paper is a complementary explanation of the World Economics Association (WEA) 2019 Going Online conference paper "How Could Cognitive Revolution Happen To Economics? An Introduction to the Algorithm Framework Theory"
The paper outlines an original thinking theory and its applications to economics. The author attr... more The paper outlines an original thinking theory and its applications to economics. The author attributes the flaws and divisiveness of economics mainly to the lack of a proper theory on how a person thinks. Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be behaviors, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be Kantianly and dually interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. Conditioning with Operational speed, time, space and computing economy, the architecture reasonably leads to the results of knowledge stocks, Combinatorial Explosions, subjectivities, pluralities, conflicts, innovations, developments, “Semi-internalization”, convergences, divergences, “High-order Consistency”, etc., and hence a great deal of theoretical socio-economic puzzles are basically solved, including institutions, organizations, money, capital, Invisible Hands, business cycles, crises, powers, governments, etc. This explosive framework could be a decisive breakthrough and a deconstruction of the mainstream equilibrium paradigm, and hence a grand synthesis or unification and a new comprehensive research program of economics.
This paper introduces a thinking theory which can be used deductively to explain why and how the ... more This paper introduces a thinking theory which can be used deductively to explain why and how the "aliveness", spirituality, or subjectivity of human is endogenized in it. Although it is borrowed from computer science, the model is reformatively assumed to run in human brains with computational economic logic, thereby surprisingly proving that various humanistic phenomena are actually rational. This finding can bridge or synthesize sciences and humanities, into a global framework.
A new concept of equilibrium, attempting to overwrite general equilibrium, into a new unified or ... more A new concept of equilibrium, attempting to overwrite general equilibrium, into a new unified or general framework of economic theory.
Through the original and unique Algorithmic Thinking Theory, the Algorithmic reasoning, and the r... more Through the original and unique Algorithmic Thinking Theory, the Algorithmic reasoning, and the resultant Algorithmic Principles, the author finds out that running of a thinking system leads, rationally, to consequences of even all psychological phenomena, thus a theoretical wholeness is formed up, and integrated into the general social science
proposed by the author.
Theoretically and Algorithmically explaining why and how mixedness of the market and the governme... more Theoretically and Algorithmically explaining why and how mixedness of the market and the government facilitates prosperity.
A synthesis or unification of economics has been deemed impossible as pluralism rose over the las... more A synthesis or unification of economics has been deemed impossible as pluralism rose over the last decades. However, a solution might have been found out, which could be used to surprisingly bridge all existing schools of economics while pluralities remaining (hence the "High-order Consistency"). The solution was inspired by computer science, but differs significantly from any current approach in relevant literature. It allows theorists to rebuild theoretical principles without involving into any mathematical or digital details. The solution is deductive, with succinct and clear forms, thus it can be introduced briefly in this essay.
This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theore... more This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theoretical analyses, resulting in the Grand Synthesis or unification both of economics and social sciences. Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically.
Translation of my Chinese published book "Algorithm Framework Theory: A Basis for Unification of ... more Translation of my Chinese published book "Algorithm Framework Theory: A Basis for Unification of Social Sciences" into English, uploaded concurrently with progress, and serially by chapters.
This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theoretical analyses, resulting in the Grand Synthesis or unification both of economics and social sciences. Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically. Any comments or feedback are very welcome!
Translation of my Chinese published book "A Theory for Unification of Social Sciences: Algorithm ... more Translation of my Chinese published book "A Theory for Unification of Social Sciences: Algorithm Framework Theory" into English, uploaded concurrently with progress, and serially by chapters.
This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theoretical analyses, resulting in the Grand Synthesis or unification both of economics and social sciences. Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically. Any comments or feedback are very welcome!
This paper as the introduction part of the forthcoming namesake book introduces how the Algorithm... more This paper as the introduction part of the forthcoming namesake book introduces how the Algorithmic Thinking Theory, a theory of human minds, can be used to solve many philosophical puzzles and therefore form a “grand synthesis” or unification of existing various philosophies. Innate discrete thinking tools process information or data from the external world serially, selectively, repetitively, roundaboutly, and economically, leading to consequences such as “Mental Distortion”, knowledge solidification, and combinatorial explosion, thereby forming a dynamic, pluralistic, embracive, and expansive knowledge system where “being” and “opinions”, ontology and epistemology, rationality and irrationality are all synthesized. Thoughtful entities exist, move, change, combine, interact, and grow to make social phenomena as the “independent third party” between human and the world, which implies both the differences and compatibility between natural and social sciences. Democracy, freedom, market, institutions, and organizational power are explained unprecedently logically. All major philosophical branches, schools, and scholars are included in this concise panorama that stems just from this formula: thinking = computation = (Instruction + information) × speed × time. This highly original approach was inspired by computer science and customized just for the making of principles of humanities and social sciences.
Originally, "Algorithmic Economics" refers to the economic analysis of the design of a specific c... more Originally, "Algorithmic Economics" refers to the economic analysis of the design of a specific computer system by computer experts. Bin Li, an independent Chinese scholar, alleges that the ideas and principles in it can be expanded into, or re-interpreted as, the basic principles of a unified economics -- and a unified social science. The relevant books and papers of Bin Li have published in Chinese or English, see the "Webpages and References" section of this entry.
Philosopher Ernst Mach once proposed that human thinking should be viewed from an economic perspe... more Philosopher Ernst Mach once proposed that human thinking should be viewed from an economic perspective. This idea has been neglected for a long time, this may be due to the lack of a basic theory on how a person thinks, so that economists cannot analyze thinking as physical production. Computer science indicates that thinking means the processes in which a finite number of innate "Instructions" act serially, alternately and selectively on the pieces of information. This Kantian principle gives the roundabout method of production of thoughts, which consumes resources and time, and which requires and produces knowledge stocks. Optimizing the computing economy and the decision-making timeliness, human computations must frequently adopt various methods other than deductive reasoning, thus leading to the "subjective turn" or "Mental Distortions", and then the occurrence of innovations. The "combinational explosion" effect between Instructions and data can prove and foresee that the socioeconomic world is a one-way and explosive evolution similar to the "Big Bang". This brings the synthesis or unification of various economics.
This paper introduces a highly original theory. What is human capital or knowledge theoretically?... more This paper introduces a highly original theory. What is human capital or knowledge theoretically? How do innovations happen? How could microeconomics integrate with macroeconomics? Where do institutions & organizations come from? How to define and endogenize money? How to synthesize irrationalities into rationalities? How to coordinate dynamics with statics (or equilibria)? Etc. All of the answers lie in the principles of computer science, which are interpreted in a distinct way transcendentally in this paper, and then reformed into a concise theory on how a person thinks. This is called the Algorithm Framework Theory, which implies the method of roundabout production of thoughts, consisting of the factors of dualism, time or speed, flows and stocks, etc. Reasoned economically, the theory surprisingly leads to pluralism, conflicts, subjectivities, irrationalities, innovations, developments, the Combinatorial Explosions and eventually an embracive paradigm of the society. This means that a unified social science and a unified economics takes shape. Also methodological synthesis is included briefly.
This paper is a complementary explanation of the World Economics Association (WEA) 2019 Going Onl... more This paper is a complementary explanation of the World Economics Association (WEA) 2019 Going Online conference paper "How Could Cognitive Revolution Happen To Economics? An Introduction to the Algorithm Framework Theory"
The paper outlines an original thinking theory and its applications to economics. The author attr... more The paper outlines an original thinking theory and its applications to economics. The author attributes the flaws and divisiveness of economics mainly to the lack of a proper theory on how a person thinks. Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be behaviors, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be Kantianly and dually interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. Conditioning with Operational speed, time, space and computing economy, the architecture reasonably leads to the results of knowledge stocks, Combinatorial Explosions, subjectivities, pluralities, conflicts, innovations, developments, “Semi-internalization”, convergences, divergences, “High-order Consistency”, etc., and hence a great deal of theoretical socio-economic puzzles are basically solved, including institutions, organizations, money, capital, Invisible Hands, business cycles, crises, powers, governments, etc. This explosive framework could be a decisive breakthrough and a deconstruction of the mainstream equilibrium paradigm, and hence a grand synthesis or unification and a new comprehensive research program of economics.
This paper introduces a thinking theory which can be used deductively to explain why and how the ... more This paper introduces a thinking theory which can be used deductively to explain why and how the "aliveness", spirituality, or subjectivity of human is endogenized in it. Although it is borrowed from computer science, the model is reformatively assumed to run in human brains with computational economic logic, thereby surprisingly proving that various humanistic phenomena are actually rational. This finding can bridge or synthesize sciences and humanities, into a global framework.
A new concept of equilibrium, attempting to overwrite general equilibrium, into a new unified or ... more A new concept of equilibrium, attempting to overwrite general equilibrium, into a new unified or general framework of economic theory.
Through the original and unique Algorithmic Thinking Theory, the Algorithmic reasoning, and the r... more Through the original and unique Algorithmic Thinking Theory, the Algorithmic reasoning, and the resultant Algorithmic Principles, the author finds out that running of a thinking system leads, rationally, to consequences of even all psychological phenomena, thus a theoretical wholeness is formed up, and integrated into the general social science
proposed by the author.
Theoretically and Algorithmically explaining why and how mixedness of the market and the governme... more Theoretically and Algorithmically explaining why and how mixedness of the market and the government facilitates prosperity.
A synthesis or unification of economics has been deemed impossible as pluralism rose over the las... more A synthesis or unification of economics has been deemed impossible as pluralism rose over the last decades. However, a solution might have been found out, which could be used to surprisingly bridge all existing schools of economics while pluralities remaining (hence the "High-order Consistency"). The solution was inspired by computer science, but differs significantly from any current approach in relevant literature. It allows theorists to rebuild theoretical principles without involving into any mathematical or digital details. The solution is deductive, with succinct and clear forms, thus it can be introduced briefly in this essay.
This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theore... more This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theoretical analyses, resulting in the Grand Synthesis or unification both of economics and social sciences. Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically.
Translation of my Chinese published book "Algorithm Framework Theory: A Basis for Unification of ... more Translation of my Chinese published book "Algorithm Framework Theory: A Basis for Unification of Social Sciences" into English, uploaded concurrently with progress, and serially by chapters.
This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theoretical analyses, resulting in the Grand Synthesis or unification both of economics and social sciences. Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically. Any comments or feedback are very welcome!
Translation of my Chinese published book "A Theory for Unification of Social Sciences: Algorithm ... more Translation of my Chinese published book "A Theory for Unification of Social Sciences: Algorithm Framework Theory" into English, uploaded concurrently with progress, and serially by chapters.
This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theoretical analyses, resulting in the Grand Synthesis or unification both of economics and social sciences. Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically. Any comments or feedback are very welcome!
"A Theory for Unification of Social Sciences: Algorithmic Framework Theory" is a Chinese book pub... more "A Theory for Unification of Social Sciences: Algorithmic Framework Theory" is a Chinese book published by China Renmin University Press in 2009, authored by Bin Li, an independent scholar, a columnist and an initial WEA member. The book is currently being translated into English, and this essay is its section 1.4.
Translation of my Chinese published book "A Theory for Unification of Social Sciences: Algorithm ... more Translation of my Chinese published book "A Theory for Unification of Social Sciences: Algorithm Framework Theory" into English, uploaded concurrently with progress, and serially by chapters.
This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theoretical analyses, resulting in the Grand Synthesis or unification both of economics and social sciences. Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically. Any comments or feedback are very welcome!
Translation of my Chinese book "A Preliminary Inquiry into Principles of General Social Science -... more Translation of my Chinese book "A Preliminary Inquiry into Principles of General Social Science - the Algorithmic Approach" (Beijing: China Renmin University Press, ,2012) into English, released synchronously with the progresses of the work.
A glossary of Algorithmic Theory (or “Algorithm Framework Theory”) is provided here, which also i... more A glossary of Algorithmic Theory (or “Algorithm Framework Theory”) is provided here, which also includes the author’s re-interpretation or comments on some traditional theoretical terms or topics. A few contents have not yet appeared in the text of Book I or this book, but in the subsequent Algorithmic writings.
Full transcription of the ten lectures on Algorithmic Economics that were held during June 26 ~ S... more Full transcription of the ten lectures on Algorithmic Economics that were held during June 26 ~ Sep. 1 2019 at multiple Wechat Groups of alumni of Peking University, in Chinese. Totally free for downloading and circulation.
“A Theory for A Theory for Unification of Social Sciences: Algorithm Framework Theory” (Li Bin, C... more “A Theory for A Theory for Unification of Social Sciences: Algorithm Framework Theory” (Li Bin, China Renmin University Press, 2009) is an original book, which proposes a theoretical scheme to synthesize the existing economics and social sciences, and to underlie a unified social science for the future. This book is a sequel to it, aiming to present the latest results of the Algorithmic study in the economics, social sciences and humanities. The author first discusses the philosophical significance of Algorithmic Theory, putting forward the surprising point that Algorithmic Theory can be used to synthesize the various schools of modern philosophy. The core of this book is to discuss the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity, rationality and irrationality, and to explore the necessity and meanings of the “subjective turn”. Society and its development cannot be effectively discussed until the concepts of “individual” and “behavior” are Algorithmically, and hence appropriately, defined. Finally, the author outlines a refutation of the mainstream economics and further explores its Algorithmic meanings in the embracive framework. Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Science, Algorithms, Economics, Social Sciences, Research Methodology, Emotional intelligence, Cultural Evolution, Behavioral Economics, Bounded Rationality, Irrationality, Subjectivity, Modern Philosophy, Computer Simulation, Computational Economics Social Sciences, New thinking in economics, Consciousness and Creativity, Unification of the Social Sciences, philosophical synthesis, combinatorial explosion
“A Theory for A Theory for Unification of Social Sciences: Algorithm Framework Theory” (Li Bin, C... more “A Theory for A Theory for Unification of Social Sciences: Algorithm Framework Theory” (Li Bin, China Renmin University Press, 2009) is an original book, which proposes a theoretical scheme to synthesize the existing economics and social sciences, and to underlie a unified social science for the future. Its sequel, "A Preliminary Exploration of Principles of General Social Science" ((Li Bin, China Renmin University Press, 2012), aiming to present the subsequent and applicative results of the Algorithmic study in the economics, social sciences and humanities. The author first discusses the philosophical significance of Algorithmic Theory, putting forward the surprising point that Algorithmic Theory can be used to synthesize the various schools of modern philosophy. The core of this book is to discuss the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity, rationality and irrationality, and to explore the necessity and meanings of the “subjective turn”. Society and its development cannot be effectively discussed until the concepts of “individual” and “behavior” are Algorithmically, and hence appropriately, defined. Finally, the author outlines a refutation of the mainstream economics and further explores its Algorithmic meanings in the embracive framework.
The solution to the integration of various economics and social sciences lies in the manner how a... more The solution to the integration of various economics and social sciences lies in the manner how a person thinks, which, illuminated by computer principles, can be interpreted dualistically and transcendentally as “thinking = computation = (Instruction + information) × speed × time”. “Instructions” are assumed the innate and universal thinking tools that are defined definitely in computer science and numbered finitely. For example, “+”, “-“, “×”, “And”, “Or”, “Not”, “Copy”, “Compare”, “Move” are all Instructions. Different Instructions alternately and repetitively process different information or data from the spatiotemporal environment. One Instruction processes no more than two data, getting no more than one result (as “knowledge”), this is called “one operation”. Only one operation can be done in the brain at any moment, so operations have to be connected sequentially or “serially” to compute or think, and only finite number of operations can be carried out within a unit time (“limited speed”). This is called “Algorithm Framework Theory” (AFT).
Social scientists can infer under this framework without knowing well of computer science or technological details. As the ability of an operation is so tiny, thinking or computation has to be undertaken “roundaboutly”, thereby endogenizing thinking stocks or knowledges, which both support and constrain operations, and evolve and develop qualitatively and quantitatively. Since the operations accomplished hitherto, and hence the knowledges acquired, must be limited, actors have to make decisions with the “bounded rationality”. Time and resources elapse, but the demands need to be satisfied in time, hence the decisive computations have to finish timely. This is why the tedious deductions are often “reasonably” forsaken and the actors “deductively” turn to various non-deductive methods (“Algorithms”), thereby subjectivities or “irrationalities” rationally and optimally happen. The world is pluralistic in actors’ eyes before computations, and the pluralities, via computations, diminish and converge toward consistency and equilibrium; meanwhile, with the establishment of some equilibria, human computational power is saved and therefore can be re-invest in new areas; thus, computations will return active and the world will still be pluralistic or “mixed”, where any order or regularity exists just partly. Accumulation of computational results leads to continuous knowledge expansion, innovation and development, and the mathematical principle of “Combinatorial Explosion” ensure the development would be explosive and endless, thus, the mainstream equilibrium paradigm is deconstructed, re-absorbed and broken through.
Money arises from saving the costs of price conversion, so it is an Algorithmic consequence. Computing economy makes knowledge stocks quite rigid, which causes the endogeny of institutions as a kind of rigid knowledges. The pervasive conflicts incur waste and losses, where an organization can be built up, through buying the interpersonal obedience and concordance, to pursue the additional benefits. Governments as a kind of organization can be bred in various Algorithmic ways. Bounded rationality entails the distinction, symbiosis and overlap between intentions and consequences, which explains “Invisible Hand” as an externality. Bounded rationality also emanates that transactional opportunities are local, and then other non-transactional behaviors emerge, including the governmental and social ones.
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proposed by the author.
Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically.
This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theoretical analyses, resulting in the Grand Synthesis or unification both of economics and social sciences.
Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically. Any comments or feedback are very welcome!
This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theoretical analyses, resulting in the Grand Synthesis or unification both of economics and social sciences.
Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically. Any comments or feedback are very welcome!
proposed by the author.
Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically.
This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theoretical analyses, resulting in the Grand Synthesis or unification both of economics and social sciences.
Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically. Any comments or feedback are very welcome!
This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theoretical analyses, resulting in the Grand Synthesis or unification both of economics and social sciences.
Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically. Any comments or feedback are very welcome!
This book originates an economic theory on how a person thinks, which can be used to frame theoretical analyses, resulting in the Grand Synthesis or unification both of economics and social sciences.
Human thoughts shall be entities, and thinking shall be actions, both featured spatiotemporally. Simulating a computer, human thinking can be interpreted as computational Operations which mean that Instructions, as the innate and general thinking tools, process information or data selectively, serially, and “roundaboutly”. A great deal of consequences are thereby reasoned, such as knowledges (human capital), bounded rationalities, subjectivities, dynamics & infinite developments, pluralities, patterns, externalities, innovations, convergences & divergences, economic men, money, institutions & organizations, psychologies, etc. The Algorithmic principles are applied illustratively in turn to economics, politics, laws, sociology, history, psychology, etc., both ontologically and methodologically. Any comments or feedback are very welcome!
Cognitive Psychology,
Cognitive Science,
Algorithms,
Economics,
Social Sciences,
Research Methodology,
Emotional intelligence,
Cultural Evolution,
Behavioral Economics,
Bounded Rationality,
Irrationality,
Subjectivity,
Modern Philosophy,
Computer Simulation,
Computational Economics Social Sciences,
New thinking in economics,
Consciousness and Creativity,
Unification of the Social Sciences,
philosophical synthesis,
combinatorial explosion
Social scientists can infer under this framework without knowing well of computer science or technological details. As the ability of an operation is so tiny, thinking or computation has to be undertaken “roundaboutly”, thereby endogenizing thinking stocks or knowledges, which both support and constrain operations, and evolve and develop qualitatively and quantitatively. Since the operations accomplished hitherto, and hence the knowledges acquired, must be limited, actors have to make decisions with the “bounded rationality”. Time and resources elapse, but the demands need to be satisfied in time, hence the decisive computations have to finish timely. This is why the tedious deductions are often “reasonably” forsaken and the actors “deductively” turn to various non-deductive methods (“Algorithms”), thereby subjectivities or “irrationalities” rationally and optimally happen. The world is pluralistic in actors’ eyes before computations, and the pluralities, via computations, diminish and converge toward consistency and equilibrium; meanwhile, with the establishment of some equilibria, human computational power is saved and therefore can be re-invest in new areas; thus, computations will return active and the world will still be pluralistic or “mixed”, where any order or regularity exists just partly. Accumulation of computational results leads to continuous knowledge expansion, innovation and development, and the mathematical principle of “Combinatorial Explosion” ensure the development would be explosive and endless, thus, the mainstream equilibrium paradigm is deconstructed, re-absorbed and broken through.
Money arises from saving the costs of price conversion, so it is an Algorithmic consequence. Computing economy makes knowledge stocks quite rigid, which causes the endogeny of institutions as a kind of rigid knowledges. The pervasive conflicts incur waste and losses, where an organization can be built up, through buying the interpersonal obedience and concordance, to pursue the additional benefits. Governments as a kind of organization can be bred in various Algorithmic ways. Bounded rationality entails the distinction, symbiosis and overlap between intentions and consequences, which explains “Invisible Hand” as an externality. Bounded rationality also emanates that transactional opportunities are local, and then other non-transactional behaviors emerge, including the governmental and social ones.