Associate professor of clinical psychology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology. Director of Institute for Integrative Psychotherapy and Counselling, Ljubljana
In the article author presents the development of psychoanalytic theory of addiction from early w... more In the article author presents the development of psychoanalytic theory of addiction from early writings to contemporary ego, self psychological and theories of object relations. Classical psychoanalysis understood addiction as a regressive gratification of libidinal drives, whereas contemporary authors understand it as an attempt of adaptation to certain problems and worries. The neurotic conflict is not anymore in the foreground, but disturbances in ego, self and object relations. On the basis of a review of contemporary psychoanalytical theories, the author concludes that individuals prone to addiction have a disturbance in self-regulation. Because of that, they have problems in tolerating and coping with certain emotions. With the help of outer means they tend to re-establish internal balance, which they can't manage alone. This outer 'help' can be seen in various forms of addiction (drugs, food, relationships, sex ...). So, the core problem of addicted people is a deficit of self-regulation, which is a consequence of a lack of internalisaton of regulatory functions of primary object. Contemporary psychoanalytical theories of addiction bring us greater insight in personality factors which influence the formation of addiction, thus giving us guidelines for adequate psychotherapy of addiction.
... Osebam, odvisnim od drog, so primanjkovala doivetja zlivanja ali pa so bila le-ta teko mote... more ... Osebam, odvisnim od drog, so primanjkovala doivetja zlivanja ali pa so bila le-ta teko motena. Izkunje ... Osebe, odvisne od drog, pa zaradi travmatične izgube idealiziranega selfobjekta niso pridobile ustrezne notranje strukture. Zaradi ...
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Relational N... more Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Relational Needs Satisfaction Scale (RNSS) in Turkish, an inventory that was developed based on Erskines Relational Needs Model. Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 561 people, which consisted of students from faculties of Medicine, Engineering, Law, Fine Arts, Health Sciences and Sports Sciences as well as employees from Faculty of Medicine in Kocaeli University. Reliability and validity analyses were conducted after analysis of the linguistic equivalence of the scale. The construct validity of the scale was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), Scale of Dimensions of Interpersonal Relationships (SDIR) and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) were utilized to test convergent validity. To evaluate the reliability of the scale, test-retest correlation, Cronbach alfa and total item correlation were calculated. Findings: The five-factor structure and the hierarchical model was confirmed via CFA. Levels of fit indices were sufficient and acceptable for both the five-factor model (χ2/df=2.03, RMSEA=0.048, CFI=0.928, TLI=0.914, NFI=0.911, IFI=0.921, AIC=464.211) and the hierarchical model (corrected) (χ2/df=2.05, RMSEA=0.048, CFI=0.924, TLI=0.912, IFI=0.925, AIC=468.610). Cron-bachs alpha reliability score was found to be 0.83, indicating that the internal consistency of the scale was high. The Turkish version of the scale contains 20 items just like the original one. Comparison of RNSS with ECR-R, SDIR and SCS revealed that convergent validity was ensured. Conclusion: In light of the findings, the Turkish version of the RNSS was concluded to be a reliable and valid measurement tool and it is suggested that it can be utilized in future research.
ABSTRACT The author integrates relational schemas theory (Žvelc, 2009) with central concepts in t... more ABSTRACT The author integrates relational schemas theory (Žvelc, 2009) with central concepts in transactional analysis, including ego states, script, and games theory. Relational schemas derive from relational experiences that give rise to different ego states. Defensive relational schemas manifest in Child and Parent ego states, whereas the Adult ego state is influenced by adaptive relational schemas, which are constantly changing and transforming. Transference involves activation of defensive relational schemas, and life script corresponds with networks of defensive relational schemas. The author explores the concept of the relational unconscious and similarities between games and enactments. He proposes that games are relational enactments of defensive schemas and can lead to reinforcement of script. The author also proposes a new concept—the mindful Adult ego state—to describe a state of presence and acceptance of the present moment. Such a stance can promote awareness and change in defensive relational schemas. Relational schema theory is supported by scientific evidence from neuroscience and research in psychology.
In the article author presents the development of psychoanalytic theory of addiction from early w... more In the article author presents the development of psychoanalytic theory of addiction from early writings to contemporary ego, self psychological and theories of object relations. Classical psychoanalysis understood addiction as a regressive gratification of libidinal drives, whereas contemporary authors understand it as an attempt of adaptation to certain problems and worries. The neurotic conflict is not anymore in the foreground, but disturbances in ego, self and object relations. On the basis of a review of contemporary psychoanalytical theories, the author concludes that individuals prone to addiction have a disturbance in self-regulation. Because of that, they have problems in tolerating and coping with certain emotions. With the help of outer means they tend to re-establish internal balance, which they can't manage alone. This outer 'help' can be seen in various forms of addiction (drugs, food, relationships, sex ...). So, the core problem of addicted people is a deficit of self-regulation, which is a consequence of a lack of internalisaton of regulatory functions of primary object. Contemporary psychoanalytical theories of addiction bring us greater insight in personality factors which influence the formation of addiction, thus giving us guidelines for adequate psychotherapy of addiction.
... Osebam, odvisnim od drog, so primanjkovala doivetja zlivanja ali pa so bila le-ta teko mote... more ... Osebam, odvisnim od drog, so primanjkovala doivetja zlivanja ali pa so bila le-ta teko motena. Izkunje ... Osebe, odvisne od drog, pa zaradi travmatične izgube idealiziranega selfobjekta niso pridobile ustrezne notranje strukture. Zaradi ...
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Relational N... more Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Relational Needs Satisfaction Scale (RNSS) in Turkish, an inventory that was developed based on Erskines Relational Needs Model. Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 561 people, which consisted of students from faculties of Medicine, Engineering, Law, Fine Arts, Health Sciences and Sports Sciences as well as employees from Faculty of Medicine in Kocaeli University. Reliability and validity analyses were conducted after analysis of the linguistic equivalence of the scale. The construct validity of the scale was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), Scale of Dimensions of Interpersonal Relationships (SDIR) and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) were utilized to test convergent validity. To evaluate the reliability of the scale, test-retest correlation, Cronbach alfa and total item correlation were calculated. Findings: The five-factor structure and the hierarchical model was confirmed via CFA. Levels of fit indices were sufficient and acceptable for both the five-factor model (χ2/df=2.03, RMSEA=0.048, CFI=0.928, TLI=0.914, NFI=0.911, IFI=0.921, AIC=464.211) and the hierarchical model (corrected) (χ2/df=2.05, RMSEA=0.048, CFI=0.924, TLI=0.912, IFI=0.925, AIC=468.610). Cron-bachs alpha reliability score was found to be 0.83, indicating that the internal consistency of the scale was high. The Turkish version of the scale contains 20 items just like the original one. Comparison of RNSS with ECR-R, SDIR and SCS revealed that convergent validity was ensured. Conclusion: In light of the findings, the Turkish version of the RNSS was concluded to be a reliable and valid measurement tool and it is suggested that it can be utilized in future research.
ABSTRACT The author integrates relational schemas theory (Žvelc, 2009) with central concepts in t... more ABSTRACT The author integrates relational schemas theory (Žvelc, 2009) with central concepts in transactional analysis, including ego states, script, and games theory. Relational schemas derive from relational experiences that give rise to different ego states. Defensive relational schemas manifest in Child and Parent ego states, whereas the Adult ego state is influenced by adaptive relational schemas, which are constantly changing and transforming. Transference involves activation of defensive relational schemas, and life script corresponds with networks of defensive relational schemas. The author explores the concept of the relational unconscious and similarities between games and enactments. He proposes that games are relational enactments of defensive schemas and can lead to reinforcement of script. The author also proposes a new concept—the mindful Adult ego state—to describe a state of presence and acceptance of the present moment. Such a stance can promote awareness and change in defensive relational schemas. Relational schema theory is supported by scientific evidence from neuroscience and research in psychology.
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Papers by Gregor Žvelc