In 1987–89 the CATIE-GTZ Agroforestry Project set up experiments with five timber tree species pl... more In 1987–89 the CATIE-GTZ Agroforestry Project set up experiments with five timber tree species planted in single lines on twelve farm boundaries in cooperation with local farmers. When the trees were five years old, their height, diameter and total stem volume were: Acacia mangium 17 m, 19 cm and 67 m3 km–1, Cordia alliodora 14 m, 20 cm and 46
11 tab. 13 ref. Tambi?n como: Serie Generaci?n y Transferencia de Tecnolog?a no. 20Este trabajo p... more 11 tab. 13 ref. Tambi?n como: Serie Generaci?n y Transferencia de Tecnolog?a no. 20Este trabajo presenta los resultados del establecimiento de tres ensayos con ?rboles maderables en linderos en tres fincas privadas del distrito de Changuinola, provincia de Bocas del Toro, Panam?. Dos de los linderos se encuentran en la comunidad de Guabito y uno en El Silencio. En los ensayos se utilizaron tres especies maderables: teca (Tectona grandis), roble marfil (Terminalia ivorensis) y mangium (Acacia mangium). Con este trabajo se desea divulgar la experiencia del Proyecto Agroforestal CATIE/GTZ en relaci?n con la Producci?n de madera para aserr?o por medio del establecimiento de ?rboles en linderos. Adem?s se pretende contribuir al conocimiento del manejo de los ?rboles en este tipo de plantaci?n y fomentar su utilizaci?n entre los peque?os y medianos productores de la regi?
According to FAO figures, over 129 million hectares of forests have been lost globally since the ... more According to FAO figures, over 129 million hectares of forests have been lost globally since the 1990s, mainly in the tropical Global South, where agriculture acts as the main driver of forest conversion. International commitments, such as the Bonn Challenge, aim to reverse this trend through the application of forest landscape restoration (FLR) as an integrated and inclusive restoration approach. Beyond the discourse level, however, FLR implementation lags behind expectations due to insufficient funding and a disconnection with local implementation. We argue that, instead of relying on public resources for conservation-driven restoration, increased private sector engagement may point the way out of the funding impasse. However, this requires a shift towards production-driven FLR, which includes the livelihood needs of communities and smallholders as agents of landscape transition. For achieving the dual purpose of connecting landscapes with markets and promoting sustainable landsca...
This data set describes a survey in which 150 smallholder farming households participated in Kara... more This data set describes a survey in which 150 smallholder farming households participated in Karagwe and Kyerwa districts, Kagera region, Tanzania at the beginning of the rainy season between September and November 2017. The survey aimed to identify current uses of farm waste (including crop residues, food and kitchen waste, livestock manure and urine, cooking ash, animal bones, and human urine and faeces) and relate them to the agricultural production. Besides, this holistic survey encompasses gender-based household data. The data refers to two cropping seasons from September 2016 to August 2017 (12 months). The households have been selected after discussion with eight agricultural experts from Tanzania. All households were smallholder farming families in banana-coffee-based farming systems. All farms were affected by the degradation of vegetation and soil resources. They all reported that the productivity of their soils had been declined since they had started farming. None of the...
Tambien como: Serie Generacion y Transferencia de Tecnologia - CATIE. Proyecto Agroforestal/GTZ n... more Tambien como: Serie Generacion y Transferencia de Tecnologia - CATIE. Proyecto Agroforestal/GTZ no. 7
The data was collected in the Karagwe and Kyerwa districts of the Kagera region in north-west Tan... more The data was collected in the Karagwe and Kyerwa districts of the Kagera region in north-west Tanzania. It encompasses 150 smallholder farming households, which were interviewed on the composition of their household, agricultural production and use of organic farm waste. The data covers the two previous rainy seasons and the associated vegetation periods between September 2016 and August 2017. The knowledge of experts from the following institutions was included in the discussion on the selection criteria: two local non-profit organisations, i.e., WOMEDA and the MAVUNO Project; the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA); and the National Land Use Planning Commission (NLUPC). Households were selected for inclusion if all of the following applied to them: 1) less than 10 acres of land (4.7 ha) registered in the village offices, 2) no agricultural training, and 3) decline in the fertility of their land since they started farming (self-reported). We selected 150 smallhol...
Resumen Los kichwa son una de las 14 nacionalidades del Ecuador con mayor poblacion indigena en e... more Resumen Los kichwa son una de las 14 nacionalidades del Ecuador con mayor poblacion indigena en el pais, especificamente localizados en las regiones Andina y Amazonica. En esta ultima, se encuentran asentados con mayor proporcion en las provincias de Napo, Orellana y Pastaza. La presente investigacion analiza las interacciones entre los sistemas socio-ecologicos y productivos en la comunidad kichwa de Shiwakucha, caracterizada por ser una comunidad de facil y constante acceso por su localizacion a solo 12,8 km con respecto al centro urbano del canton Arajuno, provincia de Pastaza. La mayoria de los miembros de Shiwakucha pertenecen al mismo grupo etnico y manejan su territorio de manera colectiva y bajo la proteccion de la Asociacion de lideres indigenas ACIA. La fase de campo se desarrollo en dos meses de trabajo con metodos cualitativos (entrevistas semi estructuradas), cartografia social con caminatas geo-referenciadas, dialogo y observacion participante, tambien se uso metodos c...
Abstract This study examines how smallholder farmers operate degraded banana-coffee-based farming... more Abstract This study examines how smallholder farmers operate degraded banana-coffee-based farming systems and apply organic farm waste. We surveyed 150 farm households in two districts of the Kagera region in north-west Tanzania (Karagwe and Kyerwa districts). An expert-based typology revealed three groups of farm households that differ in biomass production (high, moderate, low). Households producing high amounts of biomass have integrated a sophisticated farm waste management system, but do not exploit the full potential of organic farm waste as a soil fertiliser and conditioner. The integration of farm waste management decreases in farm households with medium and low biomass production. None of the households is food secure, as they experience seasonality in food production and lack food storage technologies. In farm households with high and medium biomass production, the optimised use of organic farm waste could potentially lead to food security if food storage capacities were also improved. However, farm households with low biomass production will not become food secure with the introduction of organic farm waste management alone, as the land size is too small, and the socio-economic basis for it is lacking. Limited labour remains a major restriction to improving farm waste management. In the future, the safe use of human excreta needs to be fostered in engineering and research, holistic material flow analyses integrating (low-tech) agricultural solutions and concepts investigated, e.g., biochar production, safe use of mineral fertiliser and climate-smart agriculture, and the socio-economic status of female-headed households strengthened, e.g., in farmer field schools and governmental programmes.
Peruvian national and regional plans promoting oil palm have prompted a rapid expansion of the cr... more Peruvian national and regional plans promoting oil palm have prompted a rapid expansion of the crop in the Amazonian region. This expansion has taken place primarily at the expense of forest, both undisturbed and disturbed. Assessments of carbon emissions from forest-to-oil palm conversion have essentially been confined to Southeast Asia, and research on Peruvian Amazonian forests has mainly targeted undisturbed sites. This study characterizes the vegetation structure and composition of disturbed forests and smallholder oil palm plantations and evaluates the change in ecosystem (that is, phytomass and soil) carbon stocks associated with forest-to-oil palm conversion. Inventories were conducted in four degraded forest sites neighboring six oil palm plantation sites in Ucayali. Time-averaged carbon stocks over the 30-year oil palm rotation were computed from models developed upon the sampled chronosequence (1 to 28 years old). Disturbed forests harbored species typical of primary fore...
In our research, we have studied smallholder farmers in degraded farming systems in Northwest Tan... more In our research, we have studied smallholder farmers in degraded farming systems in Northwest Tanzania and have compared them with farm households who were trained in sustainable land management by a local Farmer Field School. Both groups of farmers were affected by severe environmental degradation and poor soil fertility, but trained farmers have transformed degraded farmland into fertile, multi-functional land use systems. In this presentation, we discuss the successes and failures of both groups of farmers and draw conclusions towards restoring degraded land use systems. Farmers without training cannot restore degraded farmland with traditional agricultural management alone and fail to produce enough food, fodder, biofuel, and timber to support the whole family. The reasons for their failure are manifold and include environmental and socio-economic dimensions, e.g., poor management of soils and farm waste, lacking adaptation to climate change, traditional gender roles, and the lo...
Climate adaptation efforts are recurrent in the science and policy spheres, especially in the con... more Climate adaptation efforts are recurrent in the science and policy spheres, especially in the context of the adaptation of community-driven, small-scale farming systems. One such is subsistence farming, which constitutes the backbone of most rural sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies, including Cameroon. Significant research and policy efforts have been directed towards overcoming barriers to climate adaptation. Such efforts have tackled a range of socio-economic and exogenous institutional constraints. However, knowledge gaps exist in the climate adaptation literature, particularly with regards to the extent to which endogenous cultural institutions (customary rules) in SSA shape gender (in)equality in access to productive resources like land. Based on a representative survey of 87 female-headed households in rural Cameroon, we contribute to bridge this gap by determining endogenous cultural institutional constraints to rural women’s climate adaptation, specifically with regards to ...
Agroforestry and small scale farm forestry systems in Central America as forms of a potentially s... more Agroforestry and small scale farm forestry systems in Central America as forms of a potentially sustainable land use: Extended deforestation has caused severe ecological and wood supply problems in Central America. Examples of natural forest management, plantation forestry, tree lines, live fences, shade trees for cocoa and coffee and silvopastoral systems are presented from Costa Rica and Panama. Information and data highlight the important economical and ecological functions of timber trees as an integral part of farm economies as well as the presently wide and growing use of such trees
In 1987–89 the CATIE-GTZ Agroforestry Project set up experiments with five timber tree species pl... more In 1987–89 the CATIE-GTZ Agroforestry Project set up experiments with five timber tree species planted in single lines on twelve farm boundaries in cooperation with local farmers. When the trees were five years old, their height, diameter and total stem volume were: Acacia mangium 17 m, 19 cm and 67 m3 km–1, Cordia alliodora 14 m, 20 cm and 46
11 tab. 13 ref. Tambi?n como: Serie Generaci?n y Transferencia de Tecnolog?a no. 20Este trabajo p... more 11 tab. 13 ref. Tambi?n como: Serie Generaci?n y Transferencia de Tecnolog?a no. 20Este trabajo presenta los resultados del establecimiento de tres ensayos con ?rboles maderables en linderos en tres fincas privadas del distrito de Changuinola, provincia de Bocas del Toro, Panam?. Dos de los linderos se encuentran en la comunidad de Guabito y uno en El Silencio. En los ensayos se utilizaron tres especies maderables: teca (Tectona grandis), roble marfil (Terminalia ivorensis) y mangium (Acacia mangium). Con este trabajo se desea divulgar la experiencia del Proyecto Agroforestal CATIE/GTZ en relaci?n con la Producci?n de madera para aserr?o por medio del establecimiento de ?rboles en linderos. Adem?s se pretende contribuir al conocimiento del manejo de los ?rboles en este tipo de plantaci?n y fomentar su utilizaci?n entre los peque?os y medianos productores de la regi?
According to FAO figures, over 129 million hectares of forests have been lost globally since the ... more According to FAO figures, over 129 million hectares of forests have been lost globally since the 1990s, mainly in the tropical Global South, where agriculture acts as the main driver of forest conversion. International commitments, such as the Bonn Challenge, aim to reverse this trend through the application of forest landscape restoration (FLR) as an integrated and inclusive restoration approach. Beyond the discourse level, however, FLR implementation lags behind expectations due to insufficient funding and a disconnection with local implementation. We argue that, instead of relying on public resources for conservation-driven restoration, increased private sector engagement may point the way out of the funding impasse. However, this requires a shift towards production-driven FLR, which includes the livelihood needs of communities and smallholders as agents of landscape transition. For achieving the dual purpose of connecting landscapes with markets and promoting sustainable landsca...
This data set describes a survey in which 150 smallholder farming households participated in Kara... more This data set describes a survey in which 150 smallholder farming households participated in Karagwe and Kyerwa districts, Kagera region, Tanzania at the beginning of the rainy season between September and November 2017. The survey aimed to identify current uses of farm waste (including crop residues, food and kitchen waste, livestock manure and urine, cooking ash, animal bones, and human urine and faeces) and relate them to the agricultural production. Besides, this holistic survey encompasses gender-based household data. The data refers to two cropping seasons from September 2016 to August 2017 (12 months). The households have been selected after discussion with eight agricultural experts from Tanzania. All households were smallholder farming families in banana-coffee-based farming systems. All farms were affected by the degradation of vegetation and soil resources. They all reported that the productivity of their soils had been declined since they had started farming. None of the...
Tambien como: Serie Generacion y Transferencia de Tecnologia - CATIE. Proyecto Agroforestal/GTZ n... more Tambien como: Serie Generacion y Transferencia de Tecnologia - CATIE. Proyecto Agroforestal/GTZ no. 7
The data was collected in the Karagwe and Kyerwa districts of the Kagera region in north-west Tan... more The data was collected in the Karagwe and Kyerwa districts of the Kagera region in north-west Tanzania. It encompasses 150 smallholder farming households, which were interviewed on the composition of their household, agricultural production and use of organic farm waste. The data covers the two previous rainy seasons and the associated vegetation periods between September 2016 and August 2017. The knowledge of experts from the following institutions was included in the discussion on the selection criteria: two local non-profit organisations, i.e., WOMEDA and the MAVUNO Project; the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA); and the National Land Use Planning Commission (NLUPC). Households were selected for inclusion if all of the following applied to them: 1) less than 10 acres of land (4.7 ha) registered in the village offices, 2) no agricultural training, and 3) decline in the fertility of their land since they started farming (self-reported). We selected 150 smallhol...
Resumen Los kichwa son una de las 14 nacionalidades del Ecuador con mayor poblacion indigena en e... more Resumen Los kichwa son una de las 14 nacionalidades del Ecuador con mayor poblacion indigena en el pais, especificamente localizados en las regiones Andina y Amazonica. En esta ultima, se encuentran asentados con mayor proporcion en las provincias de Napo, Orellana y Pastaza. La presente investigacion analiza las interacciones entre los sistemas socio-ecologicos y productivos en la comunidad kichwa de Shiwakucha, caracterizada por ser una comunidad de facil y constante acceso por su localizacion a solo 12,8 km con respecto al centro urbano del canton Arajuno, provincia de Pastaza. La mayoria de los miembros de Shiwakucha pertenecen al mismo grupo etnico y manejan su territorio de manera colectiva y bajo la proteccion de la Asociacion de lideres indigenas ACIA. La fase de campo se desarrollo en dos meses de trabajo con metodos cualitativos (entrevistas semi estructuradas), cartografia social con caminatas geo-referenciadas, dialogo y observacion participante, tambien se uso metodos c...
Abstract This study examines how smallholder farmers operate degraded banana-coffee-based farming... more Abstract This study examines how smallholder farmers operate degraded banana-coffee-based farming systems and apply organic farm waste. We surveyed 150 farm households in two districts of the Kagera region in north-west Tanzania (Karagwe and Kyerwa districts). An expert-based typology revealed three groups of farm households that differ in biomass production (high, moderate, low). Households producing high amounts of biomass have integrated a sophisticated farm waste management system, but do not exploit the full potential of organic farm waste as a soil fertiliser and conditioner. The integration of farm waste management decreases in farm households with medium and low biomass production. None of the households is food secure, as they experience seasonality in food production and lack food storage technologies. In farm households with high and medium biomass production, the optimised use of organic farm waste could potentially lead to food security if food storage capacities were also improved. However, farm households with low biomass production will not become food secure with the introduction of organic farm waste management alone, as the land size is too small, and the socio-economic basis for it is lacking. Limited labour remains a major restriction to improving farm waste management. In the future, the safe use of human excreta needs to be fostered in engineering and research, holistic material flow analyses integrating (low-tech) agricultural solutions and concepts investigated, e.g., biochar production, safe use of mineral fertiliser and climate-smart agriculture, and the socio-economic status of female-headed households strengthened, e.g., in farmer field schools and governmental programmes.
Peruvian national and regional plans promoting oil palm have prompted a rapid expansion of the cr... more Peruvian national and regional plans promoting oil palm have prompted a rapid expansion of the crop in the Amazonian region. This expansion has taken place primarily at the expense of forest, both undisturbed and disturbed. Assessments of carbon emissions from forest-to-oil palm conversion have essentially been confined to Southeast Asia, and research on Peruvian Amazonian forests has mainly targeted undisturbed sites. This study characterizes the vegetation structure and composition of disturbed forests and smallholder oil palm plantations and evaluates the change in ecosystem (that is, phytomass and soil) carbon stocks associated with forest-to-oil palm conversion. Inventories were conducted in four degraded forest sites neighboring six oil palm plantation sites in Ucayali. Time-averaged carbon stocks over the 30-year oil palm rotation were computed from models developed upon the sampled chronosequence (1 to 28 years old). Disturbed forests harbored species typical of primary fore...
In our research, we have studied smallholder farmers in degraded farming systems in Northwest Tan... more In our research, we have studied smallholder farmers in degraded farming systems in Northwest Tanzania and have compared them with farm households who were trained in sustainable land management by a local Farmer Field School. Both groups of farmers were affected by severe environmental degradation and poor soil fertility, but trained farmers have transformed degraded farmland into fertile, multi-functional land use systems. In this presentation, we discuss the successes and failures of both groups of farmers and draw conclusions towards restoring degraded land use systems. Farmers without training cannot restore degraded farmland with traditional agricultural management alone and fail to produce enough food, fodder, biofuel, and timber to support the whole family. The reasons for their failure are manifold and include environmental and socio-economic dimensions, e.g., poor management of soils and farm waste, lacking adaptation to climate change, traditional gender roles, and the lo...
Climate adaptation efforts are recurrent in the science and policy spheres, especially in the con... more Climate adaptation efforts are recurrent in the science and policy spheres, especially in the context of the adaptation of community-driven, small-scale farming systems. One such is subsistence farming, which constitutes the backbone of most rural sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies, including Cameroon. Significant research and policy efforts have been directed towards overcoming barriers to climate adaptation. Such efforts have tackled a range of socio-economic and exogenous institutional constraints. However, knowledge gaps exist in the climate adaptation literature, particularly with regards to the extent to which endogenous cultural institutions (customary rules) in SSA shape gender (in)equality in access to productive resources like land. Based on a representative survey of 87 female-headed households in rural Cameroon, we contribute to bridge this gap by determining endogenous cultural institutional constraints to rural women’s climate adaptation, specifically with regards to ...
Agroforestry and small scale farm forestry systems in Central America as forms of a potentially s... more Agroforestry and small scale farm forestry systems in Central America as forms of a potentially sustainable land use: Extended deforestation has caused severe ecological and wood supply problems in Central America. Examples of natural forest management, plantation forestry, tree lines, live fences, shade trees for cocoa and coffee and silvopastoral systems are presented from Costa Rica and Panama. Information and data highlight the important economical and ecological functions of timber trees as an integral part of farm economies as well as the presently wide and growing use of such trees
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