Stefan G. Hofmann, Ph.D. is the Alexander von Humboldt Professor at Philipps University of Marburg (Germany) where he holds the LOEWE Spitzenprofessur for Translational Clinical Psychology (Germany). He is a leading expert in researching and treating anxiety disorders, with a focus in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. He has been the editor of Cognitive Therapy and Research and has been named a Highly Cited Researcher every year since 2015. He has received many awards, including the Aaron T. Beck Award and the ABCT Lifetime Achievement Award. He has published more than 500 peer-reviewed scientific articles and 20 books. His studies led to insights into the mechanism of treatment change, translating discoveries from neuroscience into clinical applications, emotion regulation, and cultural expressions of psychopathology. Phone: +491724892245 Address: Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany Schulstrasse 12, 35037 Marburg/Lahn, Germany
To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR... more To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR) based on a large sample recruited from 16 Latin American countries, Spain, and Portugal. Methods: Two groups of participants were included: a non-clinical sample involving 31,243 community subjects and a clinical sample comprising 529 patients with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used in order to determine the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR. Results: EFA identified five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.00 explaining 50.78% of the cumulative variance. CFA and ESEM supported this 5-factor structure of the LSAS-SR. The factors included: 1) speaking in public; 2) eating/drinking in front of other people; 3) assertive behaviors; 4) working/writing while being observed; and 5) interactions with strangers. Other psychometric properties such as interfactor correlations, invariance, reliability, and validity of the scale were also found. Conclusion: Psychometric data support the internal consistency and convergent validity of the LSAS-SR. It seems to be a valid and reliable measure of global social anxiety for Spanish and Portuguesespeaking countries, although when considering a multidimensional approach (factor-based assessment) it seems to be lacking some relevant social situations that are feared in those countries.
SummarySleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (G... more SummarySleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Although both Kundalini yoga (KY) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are effective treatment options for GAD, little is known about how these treatments compare in improving sleep for GAD and what drives these changes. Accordingly, we examined the effects of CBT, KY, and stress education (SEdu; an attention control condition) on subjective sleep quality (as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] and Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]) in a randomised controlled trial of 226 adults with GAD (mean age 33.37 years; 70% female; 79% White). We hypothesised that both CBT and KY would outperform SEdu in improving sleep disturbances. Three potential mediators of sleep improvement (worry, mindfulness, perceived stress) were also examined. In line with hypotheses, PSQI and ISI scores significantly improved from pre‐ to post‐treatment for all three treatment groups (all p < 0...
To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR... more To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR) based on a large sample recruited from 16 Latin American countries, Spain, and Portugal. Methods: Two groups of participants were included: a non-clinical sample involving 31,243 community subjects and a clinical sample comprising 529 patients with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used in order to determine the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR. Results: EFA identified five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.00 explaining 50.78% of the cumulative variance. CFA and ESEM supported this 5-factor structure of the LSAS-SR. The factors included: 1) speaking in public; 2) eating/drinking in front of other people; 3) assertive behaviors; 4) working/writing while being observed; and 5) interactions with strangers. Other psychometric properties such as interfactor correlations, invariance, reliability, and validity of the scale were also found. Conclusion: Psychometric data support the internal consistency and convergent validity of the LSAS-SR. It seems to be a valid and reliable measure of global social anxiety for Spanish and Portuguesespeaking countries, although when considering a multidimensional approach (factor-based assessment) it seems to be lacking some relevant social situations that are feared in those countries.
Poor sleep is prevalent among individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and may negatively a... more Poor sleep is prevalent among individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and may negatively affect exposure therapy outcomes. Poor sleep may impair memory and learning, and thus compromise fear extinction learning thought to take place in exposure therapy. We examined poor sleep as a predictor of exposure therapy outcomes for SAD and the moderating role of d‐cycloserine (DCS) on this relationship.
SummarySleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (G... more SummarySleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Although both Kundalini yoga (KY) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are effective treatment options for GAD, little is known about how these treatments compare in improving sleep for GAD and what drives these changes. Accordingly, we examined the effects of CBT, KY, and stress education (SEdu; an attention control condition) on subjective sleep quality (as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] and Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]) in a randomised controlled trial of 226 adults with GAD (mean age 33.37 years; 70% female; 79% White). We hypothesised that both CBT and KY would outperform SEdu in improving sleep disturbances. Three potential mediators of sleep improvement (worry, mindfulness, perceived stress) were also examined. In line with hypotheses, PSQI and ISI scores significantly improved from pre‐ to post‐treatment for all three treatment groups (all p < 0...
In a previous work (Caballo et al., 2021) we tested the effectiveness of the Multidimensional Int... more In a previous work (Caballo et al., 2021) we tested the effectiveness of the Multidimensional Intervention for Social Anxiety (MISA) program in reducing social anxiety symptoms. In this quasi-experimental study, with pre/post-treatment and follow-up measures, we examined the impact of the MISA program on other problems related to social anxiety. 57 people diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD), according to DSM-5, were assessed with a diagnostic interview and questionnaires measuring social skills, depression, avoidant personality disorder symptoms, alcoholism, self-esteem, personal sensitivity, worries, and quality of life. Different therapists carried out the treatment in Ecuador, Spain, and Paraguay. The results showed significant improvements at post-treatment in virtually all measures assessing the above variables, improvements that were maintained at six months. Effect sizes on treatment effectiveness ranged from medium to large. The MISA program was also compared with i...
To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR... more To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR) based on a large sample recruited from 16 Latin American countries, Spain, and Portugal. Methods: Two groups of participants were included: a non-clinical sample involving 31,243 community subjects and a clinical sample comprising 529 patients with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used in order to determine the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR. Results: EFA identified five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.00 explaining 50.78% of the cumulative variance. CFA and ESEM supported this 5-factor structure of the LSAS-SR. The factors included: 1) speaking in public; 2) eating/drinking in front of other people; 3) assertive behaviors; 4) working/writing while being observed; and 5) interactions with strangers. Other psychometric properties such as interfactor correlations, invariance, reliability, and validity of the scale were also found. Conclusion: Psychometric data support the internal consistency and convergent validity of the LSAS-SR. It seems to be a valid and reliable measure of global social anxiety for Spanish and Portuguesespeaking countries, although when considering a multidimensional approach (factor-based assessment) it seems to be lacking some relevant social situations that are feared in those countries.
Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi/The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 2011
Amaç: Bu çalışmada; Miyokart Enfarktüsü Boyutsal Değerlendirme Ölçeği'nin (MIDAS) Türkçe'ye uyarl... more Amaç: Bu çalışmada; Miyokart Enfarktüsü Boyutsal Değerlendirme Ölçeği'nin (MIDAS) Türkçe'ye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin çözümlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: Bu araştırma, metodolojik tipte bir kültürel uyarlama çalışmasıdır. Miyokart Enfarktüsü Boyutsal Değerlendirme Ölçeği, 35 madde ve yedi alt boyuttan (fiziksel aktivite, güvensizlik, duygusal tepki, bağımlılık, beslenme şekli, ilaç hakkında endişeler ve ilaç yan etkileri) oluşmaktadır. Maddeler 5'li Likert tipindedir. Ölçekten alınabilecek en yüksek puan 100'dür. Ölçek puanları arttıkça algılanan yaşam kalitesi kötüleşmektedir. Araştırmaya miyokart enfarktüs geçirmiş 185 izlem hastası alınmıştır. Güvenilirlik analizlerinde iç tutarlılık analizi (Cronbach alfa); geçerlilik analizlerinde ise, ölçüt geçerliliği, yapısal geçerlilik yaklaşımları kullanılmış ve duyarlılık analizleri yapılmıştır. Ölçüt geçerliliğinde, New York Kalp Cemiyeti (NYHA) kalp yetersizliği sınıflaması, Kanada Kalp Cemiyeti Anjina Pektoris Sınıflaması (KKCAPS); yapısal geçerlilikte birleşim-ayrışım geçerliliği, bilinen gruplar geçerliliği yaklaşımları ve faktör analizi kullanılmıştır. Bilinen gruplar geçerliliğinde sosyodemografik değişkenler ve birleşim-ayrışım geçerliliğinde boyutlar arası korelasyonlar ve SF-36 ölçeği ile karşılaştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Ölçeğin Cronbach alfa değerleri yedi boyutta, 0.79-0.90 aralığında bulunmuştur. Madde çıkarıldığında hiçbir madde ve boyutta alfa değeri yükselmemiştir. Yani sorunlu maddeye rastlanmamıştır. Ölçeğin ilaç ile ilgili alt boyutlarında önemli taban etkileri görülmüştür (%35.7-%22.7). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi göstergeleri [Karşılaştırmalı Uyum İndeksi; KUİ (Comparative Fit Index; CFI)=0.95 ve tahminin ortalama karekök hatası (TOKH) (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; RMSEA)=0.075] MIDAS'ın yapı geçerliğini desteklemektedir. Yapı geçerliliği açısından MIDAS'ın benzer boyutları ile SF-36 alt boyutları arasında anlamlı korelasyonlar bulunmuştur. Ölçüt geçerliliği analizlerinde ise MIDAS alt boyutları ile KKCAPS ve NYHA sınıflamaları arasında anlamlı ilişkiler saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Sonuç: Bulgular, MIDAS Türkçe sürümünün geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu göstermektedir.
SummarySleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (G... more SummarySleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Although both Kundalini yoga (KY) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are effective treatment options for GAD, little is known about how these treatments compare in improving sleep for GAD and what drives these changes. Accordingly, we examined the effects of CBT, KY, and stress education (SEdu; an attention control condition) on subjective sleep quality (as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] and Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]) in a randomised controlled trial of 226 adults with GAD (mean age 33.37 years; 70% female; 79% White). We hypothesised that both CBT and KY would outperform SEdu in improving sleep disturbances. Three potential mediators of sleep improvement (worry, mindfulness, perceived stress) were also examined. In line with hypotheses, PSQI and ISI scores significantly improved from pre‐ to post‐treatment for all three treatment groups (all p < 0...
Editor’s Note The study of subjective experience represents a significant challenge to cognitive ... more Editor’s Note The study of subjective experience represents a significant challenge to cognitive scientists, but one that is beginning to be increasingly addressed. Subjectivity renders experience less amenable to traditional objective scientific measurements than other subject matter. Our authors believe that when seeking to understand the mind, subjectivity must ultimately be investigated and understood.
The authors would like to acknowledge a formatting error in Table 5 of the results section of thi... more The authors would like to acknowledge a formatting error in Table 5 of the results section of this paper.
Poor sleep is prevalent among individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and may negatively a... more Poor sleep is prevalent among individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and may negatively affect exposure therapy outcomes. Poor sleep may impair memory and learning, and thus compromise fear extinction learning thought to take place in exposure therapy. We examined poor sleep as a predictor of exposure therapy outcomes for SAD and the moderating role of d‐cycloserine (DCS) on this relationship.
To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR... more To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR) based on a large sample recruited from 16 Latin American countries, Spain, and Portugal. Methods: Two groups of participants were included: a non-clinical sample involving 31,243 community subjects and a clinical sample comprising 529 patients with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used in order to determine the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR. Results: EFA identified five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.00 explaining 50.78% of the cumulative variance. CFA and ESEM supported this 5-factor structure of the LSAS-SR. The factors included: 1) speaking in public; 2) eating/drinking in front of other people; 3) assertive behaviors; 4) working/writing while being observed; and 5) interactions with strangers. Other psychometric properties such as interfactor correlations, invariance, reliability, and validity of the scale were also found. Conclusion: Psychometric data support the internal consistency and convergent validity of the LSAS-SR. It seems to be a valid and reliable measure of global social anxiety for Spanish and Portuguesespeaking countries, although when considering a multidimensional approach (factor-based assessment) it seems to be lacking some relevant social situations that are feared in those countries.
SummarySleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (G... more SummarySleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Although both Kundalini yoga (KY) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are effective treatment options for GAD, little is known about how these treatments compare in improving sleep for GAD and what drives these changes. Accordingly, we examined the effects of CBT, KY, and stress education (SEdu; an attention control condition) on subjective sleep quality (as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] and Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]) in a randomised controlled trial of 226 adults with GAD (mean age 33.37 years; 70% female; 79% White). We hypothesised that both CBT and KY would outperform SEdu in improving sleep disturbances. Three potential mediators of sleep improvement (worry, mindfulness, perceived stress) were also examined. In line with hypotheses, PSQI and ISI scores significantly improved from pre‐ to post‐treatment for all three treatment groups (all p < 0...
To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR... more To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR) based on a large sample recruited from 16 Latin American countries, Spain, and Portugal. Methods: Two groups of participants were included: a non-clinical sample involving 31,243 community subjects and a clinical sample comprising 529 patients with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used in order to determine the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR. Results: EFA identified five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.00 explaining 50.78% of the cumulative variance. CFA and ESEM supported this 5-factor structure of the LSAS-SR. The factors included: 1) speaking in public; 2) eating/drinking in front of other people; 3) assertive behaviors; 4) working/writing while being observed; and 5) interactions with strangers. Other psychometric properties such as interfactor correlations, invariance, reliability, and validity of the scale were also found. Conclusion: Psychometric data support the internal consistency and convergent validity of the LSAS-SR. It seems to be a valid and reliable measure of global social anxiety for Spanish and Portuguesespeaking countries, although when considering a multidimensional approach (factor-based assessment) it seems to be lacking some relevant social situations that are feared in those countries.
Poor sleep is prevalent among individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and may negatively a... more Poor sleep is prevalent among individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and may negatively affect exposure therapy outcomes. Poor sleep may impair memory and learning, and thus compromise fear extinction learning thought to take place in exposure therapy. We examined poor sleep as a predictor of exposure therapy outcomes for SAD and the moderating role of d‐cycloserine (DCS) on this relationship.
SummarySleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (G... more SummarySleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Although both Kundalini yoga (KY) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are effective treatment options for GAD, little is known about how these treatments compare in improving sleep for GAD and what drives these changes. Accordingly, we examined the effects of CBT, KY, and stress education (SEdu; an attention control condition) on subjective sleep quality (as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] and Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]) in a randomised controlled trial of 226 adults with GAD (mean age 33.37 years; 70% female; 79% White). We hypothesised that both CBT and KY would outperform SEdu in improving sleep disturbances. Three potential mediators of sleep improvement (worry, mindfulness, perceived stress) were also examined. In line with hypotheses, PSQI and ISI scores significantly improved from pre‐ to post‐treatment for all three treatment groups (all p < 0...
In a previous work (Caballo et al., 2021) we tested the effectiveness of the Multidimensional Int... more In a previous work (Caballo et al., 2021) we tested the effectiveness of the Multidimensional Intervention for Social Anxiety (MISA) program in reducing social anxiety symptoms. In this quasi-experimental study, with pre/post-treatment and follow-up measures, we examined the impact of the MISA program on other problems related to social anxiety. 57 people diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD), according to DSM-5, were assessed with a diagnostic interview and questionnaires measuring social skills, depression, avoidant personality disorder symptoms, alcoholism, self-esteem, personal sensitivity, worries, and quality of life. Different therapists carried out the treatment in Ecuador, Spain, and Paraguay. The results showed significant improvements at post-treatment in virtually all measures assessing the above variables, improvements that were maintained at six months. Effect sizes on treatment effectiveness ranged from medium to large. The MISA program was also compared with i...
To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR... more To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR) based on a large sample recruited from 16 Latin American countries, Spain, and Portugal. Methods: Two groups of participants were included: a non-clinical sample involving 31,243 community subjects and a clinical sample comprising 529 patients with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used in order to determine the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR. Results: EFA identified five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.00 explaining 50.78% of the cumulative variance. CFA and ESEM supported this 5-factor structure of the LSAS-SR. The factors included: 1) speaking in public; 2) eating/drinking in front of other people; 3) assertive behaviors; 4) working/writing while being observed; and 5) interactions with strangers. Other psychometric properties such as interfactor correlations, invariance, reliability, and validity of the scale were also found. Conclusion: Psychometric data support the internal consistency and convergent validity of the LSAS-SR. It seems to be a valid and reliable measure of global social anxiety for Spanish and Portuguesespeaking countries, although when considering a multidimensional approach (factor-based assessment) it seems to be lacking some relevant social situations that are feared in those countries.
Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi/The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 2011
Amaç: Bu çalışmada; Miyokart Enfarktüsü Boyutsal Değerlendirme Ölçeği'nin (MIDAS) Türkçe'ye uyarl... more Amaç: Bu çalışmada; Miyokart Enfarktüsü Boyutsal Değerlendirme Ölçeği'nin (MIDAS) Türkçe'ye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin çözümlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: Bu araştırma, metodolojik tipte bir kültürel uyarlama çalışmasıdır. Miyokart Enfarktüsü Boyutsal Değerlendirme Ölçeği, 35 madde ve yedi alt boyuttan (fiziksel aktivite, güvensizlik, duygusal tepki, bağımlılık, beslenme şekli, ilaç hakkında endişeler ve ilaç yan etkileri) oluşmaktadır. Maddeler 5'li Likert tipindedir. Ölçekten alınabilecek en yüksek puan 100'dür. Ölçek puanları arttıkça algılanan yaşam kalitesi kötüleşmektedir. Araştırmaya miyokart enfarktüs geçirmiş 185 izlem hastası alınmıştır. Güvenilirlik analizlerinde iç tutarlılık analizi (Cronbach alfa); geçerlilik analizlerinde ise, ölçüt geçerliliği, yapısal geçerlilik yaklaşımları kullanılmış ve duyarlılık analizleri yapılmıştır. Ölçüt geçerliliğinde, New York Kalp Cemiyeti (NYHA) kalp yetersizliği sınıflaması, Kanada Kalp Cemiyeti Anjina Pektoris Sınıflaması (KKCAPS); yapısal geçerlilikte birleşim-ayrışım geçerliliği, bilinen gruplar geçerliliği yaklaşımları ve faktör analizi kullanılmıştır. Bilinen gruplar geçerliliğinde sosyodemografik değişkenler ve birleşim-ayrışım geçerliliğinde boyutlar arası korelasyonlar ve SF-36 ölçeği ile karşılaştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Ölçeğin Cronbach alfa değerleri yedi boyutta, 0.79-0.90 aralığında bulunmuştur. Madde çıkarıldığında hiçbir madde ve boyutta alfa değeri yükselmemiştir. Yani sorunlu maddeye rastlanmamıştır. Ölçeğin ilaç ile ilgili alt boyutlarında önemli taban etkileri görülmüştür (%35.7-%22.7). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi göstergeleri [Karşılaştırmalı Uyum İndeksi; KUİ (Comparative Fit Index; CFI)=0.95 ve tahminin ortalama karekök hatası (TOKH) (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; RMSEA)=0.075] MIDAS'ın yapı geçerliğini desteklemektedir. Yapı geçerliliği açısından MIDAS'ın benzer boyutları ile SF-36 alt boyutları arasında anlamlı korelasyonlar bulunmuştur. Ölçüt geçerliliği analizlerinde ise MIDAS alt boyutları ile KKCAPS ve NYHA sınıflamaları arasında anlamlı ilişkiler saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Sonuç: Bulgular, MIDAS Türkçe sürümünün geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu göstermektedir.
SummarySleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (G... more SummarySleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Although both Kundalini yoga (KY) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are effective treatment options for GAD, little is known about how these treatments compare in improving sleep for GAD and what drives these changes. Accordingly, we examined the effects of CBT, KY, and stress education (SEdu; an attention control condition) on subjective sleep quality (as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] and Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]) in a randomised controlled trial of 226 adults with GAD (mean age 33.37 years; 70% female; 79% White). We hypothesised that both CBT and KY would outperform SEdu in improving sleep disturbances. Three potential mediators of sleep improvement (worry, mindfulness, perceived stress) were also examined. In line with hypotheses, PSQI and ISI scores significantly improved from pre‐ to post‐treatment for all three treatment groups (all p < 0...
Editor’s Note The study of subjective experience represents a significant challenge to cognitive ... more Editor’s Note The study of subjective experience represents a significant challenge to cognitive scientists, but one that is beginning to be increasingly addressed. Subjectivity renders experience less amenable to traditional objective scientific measurements than other subject matter. Our authors believe that when seeking to understand the mind, subjectivity must ultimately be investigated and understood.
The authors would like to acknowledge a formatting error in Table 5 of the results section of thi... more The authors would like to acknowledge a formatting error in Table 5 of the results section of this paper.
Poor sleep is prevalent among individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and may negatively a... more Poor sleep is prevalent among individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and may negatively affect exposure therapy outcomes. Poor sleep may impair memory and learning, and thus compromise fear extinction learning thought to take place in exposure therapy. We examined poor sleep as a predictor of exposure therapy outcomes for SAD and the moderating role of d‐cycloserine (DCS) on this relationship.
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