Standard transthoracic echocardiography is considered the non-invasive gold standard for the diag... more Standard transthoracic echocardiography is considered the non-invasive gold standard for the diagnosis of most cardiac diseases. Defining reproducibility, repeatability, and reliability of this exam is imperative to reduce errors in clinical evaluations. The present study aimed at: (1) evaluating the reproducibility and repeatability of 15 echocardiographic parameters in dogs by analyzing measurements obtained from several operators with different levels of experience and comparing them to the ones obtained from two board-certified operators (gold standards - GSs); (2) assessing whether different formative paths have an influence on the variability of the echocardiographic measurements. Fifty-one operators have been included in this study, along with two diplomates of the European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine - Cardiology. Ten dogs were enrolled, 5 Golden Retrievers and 5 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Echocardiographic examination was performed on each dog by one GS and...
Specific microRNAs expressions may accurately characterize different stages of canine myxomatous ... more Specific microRNAs expressions may accurately characterize different stages of canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. This preliminary pilot study aimed to (1) describe the clinical and echocardiographic parameters of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels affected by myxomatous mitral valve disease at different American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) stages (B1, B2 and C) and healthy control group (ACVIM A), comparing the parameters collected during the first examination (T0) and the end of the follow-up (T1); (2) assess the association between the values of echocardiographic parameters at T1 and the expression profile of miR-30b-5p at T0. Thirty-five Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (median age 4.29 years and median weight 9 Kg) in different ACVIM stages were included (7 A, 19 B1, 6 B2 and 3 C). Inverse probability weighting analysis was performed to estimate the association of the exposure variable (miR-30b-5p) with the outcome variables (clinical and echocardiographic va...
Specific microRNAs expressions may accurately characterize different stages of canine myxomatous ... more Specific microRNAs expressions may accurately characterize different stages of canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. This preliminary study aimed to (1) describe the clinical and echocardiographic parameters of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels affected by myxomatous mitral valve disease at different American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) stages (B1, B2 and C) and healthy control group (ACVIM A), comparing the parameters collected during the first examination (T0) and the end of the follow-up (T1); (2) assess the association between the values of echocardiographic parameters at T1 and the expression profile of miR-30b-5p at T0. Thirty-five Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (median age 4.29 years and median weight 9 Kg) in different ACVIM stages were included (7 A, 19 B1, 6 B2 and 3 C). Inverse probability weighting analysis was performed to estimate the association of the exposure variable (miR-30b-5p) with the outcome variables (clinical and echocardiographic variable...
The Lupo Italiano (Italian Wolfdog) is a domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) breed created in 1... more The Lupo Italiano (Italian Wolfdog) is a domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) breed created in 1966 by crossing of Apennine grey wolves (Canis lupus italicus) to German Shepherd dogs (GSD). The breed has an official studbook with management protocols, under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture. The breed is characterized by strength, resistance, and strong capabilities in learning, as well as participation in search and rescue activities. Considering the depth and completeness of genealogical information, the high levels of inbreeding, and the presence of the wolf as a recent ancestor, the Lupo Italiano can be used as a model to investigate the effects of population structure and selection on wolf-dog hybridization. The aim of this work is to compare the genetic background of the Italian Wolfdog with that of the GSD, village dogs, grey wolves from the Apennines, and other dog populations, with a specific goal of detailing introgression between the Lupo Italiano, wolf and GSD. Three hundred and seventy-seven individuals were genotyped using a high density chip containing more than 170K SNPs. Genotypes for Lupo Italiano were provided by University of Milano and National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Those for the Apennine wolves were produced by ISPRA, and those for GSD, village dogs and grey wolves were publicly available (Dryad, Shannon et al. 2015). Samples and loci were quality checked, and then analyzed using Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS). The relationship matrix based on pedigrees was compared with the genomic relationship matrix (GRM), calculated using GCTA64 software. In addition, the genomic heterozygosity-based inbreeding coefficient has been estimated using PLINK v1.9 software. Reynolds distances were computed to define the relationships among the five populations. In addition, the Lupo Italiano, wolves and GSD were studied at the chromosomal level. As expected, the closest population to the Lupo Italiano is the German Shepherd dog (Reynold genetic distance 0.25), whereas the farthest is the Apennine Wolf (0.40). Results are expected to provide a clear picture of the genomic structure of the Lupo Italiano and its hybridization history. Beside scientific interest, these findings will allow the breeder association (AAALI) to better manage their animals and conserve breed genetic variation
Canine Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease prevalent in several dog... more Canine Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease prevalent in several dog breeds. It is progressive disease of the canine spinal cord that is similar in many ways to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The disorder is strongly associated with a gene mutation in SOD1. This work concerns the study of the genetic disease with the identification of the causal mutation, in order to develop a rapid test for his detection, avoiding its transmission to the future generations
Pure breed cats are a useful model in inherited disease study due the specific knowledge of popul... more Pure breed cats are a useful model in inherited disease study due the specific knowledge of population genetic and accurate genealogical data often tracing back to the foundation stock of the breed. Furthermore high conservation rates with human and domestic animals ...
Abstract Background A 7.8‐kb deletion in intron 4 of the NHEJ1 canine gene is associated with Col... more Abstract Background A 7.8‐kb deletion in intron 4 of the NHEJ1 canine gene is associated with Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA). This deletion has been described in sheep‐herding breeds related to the collie lineage and in several other dog breeds. A genetic test based on this association can distinguish three genotypes: normal, carrier and affected. The present study is a retrospective investigation of the presence of the CEA allele frequencies in selected breeds from the Italian dog population over a 10‐year time span. Methods Genotype data, for the 7.8 kb deletion in intron 4 of the NHEJ1 gene, from 496 dogs belonging to Border collie (BC, n = 334), Shetland Sheepdog (SS, n = 74), Australian Shepherd (AS, n = 52), Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever (NS, n = 20) and Rough Collie (RC, n = 16) were analysed. The genetic frequency of CEA allele was estimated in breeds with higher observations (BC, SS and AS). Results Healthy carriers were 50%, 45%, 29.6%, 17.3% and 12.5% in SS, NS, BC, AS and RC, respectively. The affected recessive homozygotes were 81.3%, 10.8% and 1.5% in RC, SS and BC, respectively. The CEA allelic frequencies were 0.36, 0.16 and 0.087 in SS, BC and AS, respectively. Conclusion The results support the usefulness of this type of genetic analysis to optimize the care of dogs where the CEA mutation is present, including assessing the health risk to susceptible dogs within a breed and to provide an objective basis for breeding programmes.
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "() mutations associated with the domest... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "() mutations associated with the domestic cat AB blood group"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/8/27BMC Genetics 2007;8():27-27.Published online 6 Jun 2007PMCID:PMC1913925.ype. Lower case letters represent the UTR. The six bold upper case letters are the last six nucleotides of exon 1 that are translated to the methionine start and a glycine prior to the splice with exon 2. ATG sites are underlined. The lower case in italics is the intronic 1 sequence that is the splice variant sequence found in the cDNA of Type B cats, spliced immediately upstream of the exon 2 sequence. Two GATA transcription factor sites are underlined. The mutations that are consistent with blood group phenotypes, A-217G and the T-371C, are presented in bold and underlined. One intron 1 variant and three 5' UTR mutations that are not consistent with blood types are also presented.
Dipartimento di Scienze Animali,Universita `di Milano, Facolta diMedicina Veterinaria, Via Celori... more Dipartimento di Scienze Animali,Universita `di Milano, Facolta diMedicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria10, 20133 Milan, ItalyAutosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (AD-PKD) is common inPersians and Persians-related breeds. The aims of this study were to evaluate thesensitivity and specificity of early ultrasound examination and to compareultrasound and genetic testing for early diagnosis. Sixty-three Persians andseven Exotic Shorthairs were considered. All underwent ultrasonographic andgenetic testing (polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism (PCR/RFLP) assay) between 2.5 and 3.5 months of age (10e14weeks). With ultrasound, 41.4% showed renal cysts, while 37.1% were PKDpositive by genetic testing and DNA sequencing. Six cats with at least one renalcyst were negative by genetic testing, while only one cat negative at ultrasoundresulted positive at genetic test. DNA sequencing of three polycystic cats,negative by genetic test, revealed they were heterozygous f...
The aim of the present work is to describe the development of a feline Bio-Bank to provide sample... more The aim of the present work is to describe the development of a feline Bio-Bank to provide samples, genealogy and clinical descriptions of cat (Felis catus) specimens from different breeds to supply useful and effective support in the study of the genetic diseases and the population structure of the domestic cat. The Bio-Bank collects from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (Milan), from the \u201cOsservatorio Veterinario Italiano Cardiopatie del cane e del gatto\u201d and from VETOgene. Data were analysed using the PROC FREQ (SAS\uae statistic package) for the calculation of frequencies. 2394 cats have been collected since 2003. The most represented sample type is blood (95%) followed by buccal cotton (2.51%) and brush swab (1.75%). 25 pure breeds are collected in the Bio-Bank, the highest number of samples are from Maine Coons (981;40.98%), Persians (458;19.13%), Ragdolls (237;9.90%), Exotic Shorthairs (180;7.52%) and Siberians (109;4.55%). 64 samples are from housecat subjects , the 97.33% have a recognised pedigree (FIFe, WCF, TICA). All the 4 categories of the FIFe classification are present in the Bio-Bank: CategoryII Semi-long hair is the most represented (60%), the least represented category is the Oriental breed one (0.75%). Sex ratio is 0.66:1 M:F. 20.18% of the collected cats are Ultrasound analysed for HCM (according to the guidelines of the Osservatorio); 25.89% are Maine Coons; >50% of Bengals, Housecats, Norwegian Forest cats and Siberians have also Ultrasound analysis. A clear positive trend in the number of samples stored/year has been recorded with a linear angular coefficient 85.1 and a determination coefficient R2=0.89. A precise biological sample collection completed with a regular population data record (pedigree data, microchip) and clinical reliable description of the subjects samples collected is a successful way to create a bio bank able to supply effective tools in the study of genetic disorders and population genetic variability
La presente ricerca \ue8 finalizzata a supportare ed integrare le informazioni oggi disponibili s... more La presente ricerca \ue8 finalizzata a supportare ed integrare le informazioni oggi disponibili sui soggetti di razza Varzese - Ottonese - Tortonese attraverso l\u2019identificazione dei soggetti stessi ed una prima analisi della distanza genetica tra essi per creare le basi operative di un successivo progetto integrato di valorizzazione della biodiversit\ue0 e salvaguardia della razza. La variabilit\ue0 genetica. Fino ad oggi con un pannello internazionalmente riconosciuto di marcatori del DNA genomico (microsatelliti) \ue8 stata caratterizzata gran parte della popolazione esistente distribuita nelle diverse provincie: 65 femmine e 9 maschi, oltre a paillettes di seme, ancora ad alto potere fecondante, differenziabili unicamente dal colore e successivamente identificate come appartenenti a 8 soggetti prelevati negli anni \u201880. I dati molecolari indicano che la maggior parte degli alleli si sono conservati nel tempo, cos\uec come l\u2019eterozigosi, con un leggero aumento del numero degli alleli nella popolazione attuale, dovuto in parte alla pi\uf9 estesa campionatura. La popolazione attuale pur non essendo in equilibrio di Hardy Weinberg, come ci si attende dopo un collo di bottiglia quale quello verificatosi negli scorsi decenni e in una popolazione sottoposta a selezione, presenta comunque una variabilit\ue0 significativamente alta (FWC(IS)=-0.011; Genepop v.3.4)., I campioni di seme degli anni \u201980 sono invece in equilibrio e possono essere considerati perci\uf2 una campionatura corretta e indicativa, anche se parziale, della pi\uf9 vasta popolazione del recente passato. Se si considerano le sottopopolazioni maschile e femminile come genotipi individuali (Genetix v 4.03, Analisi delle Componenti Principali), circa met\ue0 dei maschi (prevalentemente costituiti da seme della vecchia popolazione) si aggregano separatamente rispetto alle femmine. Le vecchie paillettes quindi, che forniscono un quadro parziale ma rappresentativo della variabilit\ue0 pregressa, costituiscono un\u2019ottima riserva genetica cui attingere per la rinascita della razza
Standard transthoracic echocardiography is considered the non-invasive gold standard for the diag... more Standard transthoracic echocardiography is considered the non-invasive gold standard for the diagnosis of most cardiac diseases. Defining reproducibility, repeatability, and reliability of this exam is imperative to reduce errors in clinical evaluations. The present study aimed at: (1) evaluating the reproducibility and repeatability of 15 echocardiographic parameters in dogs by analyzing measurements obtained from several operators with different levels of experience and comparing them to the ones obtained from two board-certified operators (gold standards - GSs); (2) assessing whether different formative paths have an influence on the variability of the echocardiographic measurements. Fifty-one operators have been included in this study, along with two diplomates of the European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine - Cardiology. Ten dogs were enrolled, 5 Golden Retrievers and 5 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Echocardiographic examination was performed on each dog by one GS and...
Specific microRNAs expressions may accurately characterize different stages of canine myxomatous ... more Specific microRNAs expressions may accurately characterize different stages of canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. This preliminary pilot study aimed to (1) describe the clinical and echocardiographic parameters of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels affected by myxomatous mitral valve disease at different American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) stages (B1, B2 and C) and healthy control group (ACVIM A), comparing the parameters collected during the first examination (T0) and the end of the follow-up (T1); (2) assess the association between the values of echocardiographic parameters at T1 and the expression profile of miR-30b-5p at T0. Thirty-five Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (median age 4.29 years and median weight 9 Kg) in different ACVIM stages were included (7 A, 19 B1, 6 B2 and 3 C). Inverse probability weighting analysis was performed to estimate the association of the exposure variable (miR-30b-5p) with the outcome variables (clinical and echocardiographic va...
Specific microRNAs expressions may accurately characterize different stages of canine myxomatous ... more Specific microRNAs expressions may accurately characterize different stages of canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. This preliminary study aimed to (1) describe the clinical and echocardiographic parameters of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels affected by myxomatous mitral valve disease at different American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) stages (B1, B2 and C) and healthy control group (ACVIM A), comparing the parameters collected during the first examination (T0) and the end of the follow-up (T1); (2) assess the association between the values of echocardiographic parameters at T1 and the expression profile of miR-30b-5p at T0. Thirty-five Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (median age 4.29 years and median weight 9 Kg) in different ACVIM stages were included (7 A, 19 B1, 6 B2 and 3 C). Inverse probability weighting analysis was performed to estimate the association of the exposure variable (miR-30b-5p) with the outcome variables (clinical and echocardiographic variable...
The Lupo Italiano (Italian Wolfdog) is a domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) breed created in 1... more The Lupo Italiano (Italian Wolfdog) is a domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) breed created in 1966 by crossing of Apennine grey wolves (Canis lupus italicus) to German Shepherd dogs (GSD). The breed has an official studbook with management protocols, under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture. The breed is characterized by strength, resistance, and strong capabilities in learning, as well as participation in search and rescue activities. Considering the depth and completeness of genealogical information, the high levels of inbreeding, and the presence of the wolf as a recent ancestor, the Lupo Italiano can be used as a model to investigate the effects of population structure and selection on wolf-dog hybridization. The aim of this work is to compare the genetic background of the Italian Wolfdog with that of the GSD, village dogs, grey wolves from the Apennines, and other dog populations, with a specific goal of detailing introgression between the Lupo Italiano, wolf and GSD. Three hundred and seventy-seven individuals were genotyped using a high density chip containing more than 170K SNPs. Genotypes for Lupo Italiano were provided by University of Milano and National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Those for the Apennine wolves were produced by ISPRA, and those for GSD, village dogs and grey wolves were publicly available (Dryad, Shannon et al. 2015). Samples and loci were quality checked, and then analyzed using Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS). The relationship matrix based on pedigrees was compared with the genomic relationship matrix (GRM), calculated using GCTA64 software. In addition, the genomic heterozygosity-based inbreeding coefficient has been estimated using PLINK v1.9 software. Reynolds distances were computed to define the relationships among the five populations. In addition, the Lupo Italiano, wolves and GSD were studied at the chromosomal level. As expected, the closest population to the Lupo Italiano is the German Shepherd dog (Reynold genetic distance 0.25), whereas the farthest is the Apennine Wolf (0.40). Results are expected to provide a clear picture of the genomic structure of the Lupo Italiano and its hybridization history. Beside scientific interest, these findings will allow the breeder association (AAALI) to better manage their animals and conserve breed genetic variation
Canine Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease prevalent in several dog... more Canine Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease prevalent in several dog breeds. It is progressive disease of the canine spinal cord that is similar in many ways to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The disorder is strongly associated with a gene mutation in SOD1. This work concerns the study of the genetic disease with the identification of the causal mutation, in order to develop a rapid test for his detection, avoiding its transmission to the future generations
Pure breed cats are a useful model in inherited disease study due the specific knowledge of popul... more Pure breed cats are a useful model in inherited disease study due the specific knowledge of population genetic and accurate genealogical data often tracing back to the foundation stock of the breed. Furthermore high conservation rates with human and domestic animals ...
Abstract Background A 7.8‐kb deletion in intron 4 of the NHEJ1 canine gene is associated with Col... more Abstract Background A 7.8‐kb deletion in intron 4 of the NHEJ1 canine gene is associated with Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA). This deletion has been described in sheep‐herding breeds related to the collie lineage and in several other dog breeds. A genetic test based on this association can distinguish three genotypes: normal, carrier and affected. The present study is a retrospective investigation of the presence of the CEA allele frequencies in selected breeds from the Italian dog population over a 10‐year time span. Methods Genotype data, for the 7.8 kb deletion in intron 4 of the NHEJ1 gene, from 496 dogs belonging to Border collie (BC, n = 334), Shetland Sheepdog (SS, n = 74), Australian Shepherd (AS, n = 52), Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever (NS, n = 20) and Rough Collie (RC, n = 16) were analysed. The genetic frequency of CEA allele was estimated in breeds with higher observations (BC, SS and AS). Results Healthy carriers were 50%, 45%, 29.6%, 17.3% and 12.5% in SS, NS, BC, AS and RC, respectively. The affected recessive homozygotes were 81.3%, 10.8% and 1.5% in RC, SS and BC, respectively. The CEA allelic frequencies were 0.36, 0.16 and 0.087 in SS, BC and AS, respectively. Conclusion The results support the usefulness of this type of genetic analysis to optimize the care of dogs where the CEA mutation is present, including assessing the health risk to susceptible dogs within a breed and to provide an objective basis for breeding programmes.
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "() mutations associated with the domest... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "() mutations associated with the domestic cat AB blood group"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/8/27BMC Genetics 2007;8():27-27.Published online 6 Jun 2007PMCID:PMC1913925.ype. Lower case letters represent the UTR. The six bold upper case letters are the last six nucleotides of exon 1 that are translated to the methionine start and a glycine prior to the splice with exon 2. ATG sites are underlined. The lower case in italics is the intronic 1 sequence that is the splice variant sequence found in the cDNA of Type B cats, spliced immediately upstream of the exon 2 sequence. Two GATA transcription factor sites are underlined. The mutations that are consistent with blood group phenotypes, A-217G and the T-371C, are presented in bold and underlined. One intron 1 variant and three 5' UTR mutations that are not consistent with blood types are also presented.
Dipartimento di Scienze Animali,Universita `di Milano, Facolta diMedicina Veterinaria, Via Celori... more Dipartimento di Scienze Animali,Universita `di Milano, Facolta diMedicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria10, 20133 Milan, ItalyAutosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (AD-PKD) is common inPersians and Persians-related breeds. The aims of this study were to evaluate thesensitivity and specificity of early ultrasound examination and to compareultrasound and genetic testing for early diagnosis. Sixty-three Persians andseven Exotic Shorthairs were considered. All underwent ultrasonographic andgenetic testing (polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism (PCR/RFLP) assay) between 2.5 and 3.5 months of age (10e14weeks). With ultrasound, 41.4% showed renal cysts, while 37.1% were PKDpositive by genetic testing and DNA sequencing. Six cats with at least one renalcyst were negative by genetic testing, while only one cat negative at ultrasoundresulted positive at genetic test. DNA sequencing of three polycystic cats,negative by genetic test, revealed they were heterozygous f...
The aim of the present work is to describe the development of a feline Bio-Bank to provide sample... more The aim of the present work is to describe the development of a feline Bio-Bank to provide samples, genealogy and clinical descriptions of cat (Felis catus) specimens from different breeds to supply useful and effective support in the study of the genetic diseases and the population structure of the domestic cat. The Bio-Bank collects from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (Milan), from the \u201cOsservatorio Veterinario Italiano Cardiopatie del cane e del gatto\u201d and from VETOgene. Data were analysed using the PROC FREQ (SAS\uae statistic package) for the calculation of frequencies. 2394 cats have been collected since 2003. The most represented sample type is blood (95%) followed by buccal cotton (2.51%) and brush swab (1.75%). 25 pure breeds are collected in the Bio-Bank, the highest number of samples are from Maine Coons (981;40.98%), Persians (458;19.13%), Ragdolls (237;9.90%), Exotic Shorthairs (180;7.52%) and Siberians (109;4.55%). 64 samples are from housecat subjects , the 97.33% have a recognised pedigree (FIFe, WCF, TICA). All the 4 categories of the FIFe classification are present in the Bio-Bank: CategoryII Semi-long hair is the most represented (60%), the least represented category is the Oriental breed one (0.75%). Sex ratio is 0.66:1 M:F. 20.18% of the collected cats are Ultrasound analysed for HCM (according to the guidelines of the Osservatorio); 25.89% are Maine Coons; >50% of Bengals, Housecats, Norwegian Forest cats and Siberians have also Ultrasound analysis. A clear positive trend in the number of samples stored/year has been recorded with a linear angular coefficient 85.1 and a determination coefficient R2=0.89. A precise biological sample collection completed with a regular population data record (pedigree data, microchip) and clinical reliable description of the subjects samples collected is a successful way to create a bio bank able to supply effective tools in the study of genetic disorders and population genetic variability
La presente ricerca \ue8 finalizzata a supportare ed integrare le informazioni oggi disponibili s... more La presente ricerca \ue8 finalizzata a supportare ed integrare le informazioni oggi disponibili sui soggetti di razza Varzese - Ottonese - Tortonese attraverso l\u2019identificazione dei soggetti stessi ed una prima analisi della distanza genetica tra essi per creare le basi operative di un successivo progetto integrato di valorizzazione della biodiversit\ue0 e salvaguardia della razza. La variabilit\ue0 genetica. Fino ad oggi con un pannello internazionalmente riconosciuto di marcatori del DNA genomico (microsatelliti) \ue8 stata caratterizzata gran parte della popolazione esistente distribuita nelle diverse provincie: 65 femmine e 9 maschi, oltre a paillettes di seme, ancora ad alto potere fecondante, differenziabili unicamente dal colore e successivamente identificate come appartenenti a 8 soggetti prelevati negli anni \u201880. I dati molecolari indicano che la maggior parte degli alleli si sono conservati nel tempo, cos\uec come l\u2019eterozigosi, con un leggero aumento del numero degli alleli nella popolazione attuale, dovuto in parte alla pi\uf9 estesa campionatura. La popolazione attuale pur non essendo in equilibrio di Hardy Weinberg, come ci si attende dopo un collo di bottiglia quale quello verificatosi negli scorsi decenni e in una popolazione sottoposta a selezione, presenta comunque una variabilit\ue0 significativamente alta (FWC(IS)=-0.011; Genepop v.3.4)., I campioni di seme degli anni \u201980 sono invece in equilibrio e possono essere considerati perci\uf2 una campionatura corretta e indicativa, anche se parziale, della pi\uf9 vasta popolazione del recente passato. Se si considerano le sottopopolazioni maschile e femminile come genotipi individuali (Genetix v 4.03, Analisi delle Componenti Principali), circa met\ue0 dei maschi (prevalentemente costituiti da seme della vecchia popolazione) si aggregano separatamente rispetto alle femmine. Le vecchie paillettes quindi, che forniscono un quadro parziale ma rappresentativo della variabilit\ue0 pregressa, costituiscono un\u2019ottima riserva genetica cui attingere per la rinascita della razza
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