The objectives of this study were to assess gingival recessions (GR) and periodontal status in pa... more The objectives of this study were to assess gingival recessions (GR) and periodontal status in patients previously treated with non-extraction orthodontic treatment and retention at a follow-up of a minimum of two years after the end of treatment. Data from patients aged between 16 and 35 years with a previous non-extraction orthodontic treatment and at least 2 years of retention and full records before and after treatment were collected. The casts were digitalized using the 3Shape TRIOS® intraoral scanner and the Viewbox4 software was used for the measurements. The following parameters were scored: inclination of the lower and upper incisors (IMPA and I^SN) and anterior crowding (Little index). The included patients were recalled for a clinical periodontal follow-up examination and the following parameters were evaluated: buccal and lingual GR (mm) of incisors and canines, bleeding of probing score, plaque score, and gingival phenotype. The digital cast analysis showed a mean Littl...
BackgroundWearing protective face masks has been one of the indispensable measures to prevent dro... more BackgroundWearing protective face masks has been one of the indispensable measures to prevent droplets and aerosol particles transmission during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic.ObjectivesThis observational cross‐sectional survey investigated the different types and modalities of protective mask wearing and the possible association with referred signs of temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain by respondents.MethodsAn online questionnaire was developed, calibrated and administered anonymously to subjects with an age of ≥18 years. It consisted of different sections: demographics, type and wearing modalities of the protective masks, pain in the preauricular area, noise at the temporomandibular joints and headache. Statistical analysis was performed using statistical software STATA.ResultsThe questionnaire received 665 replies mainly from participants aged between 18 and 30 years (315 males and 350 females). The healthcare professionals were 37% of participants, 21.2% of them were dentis...
Background To detect the optimal timing of intervention based on different cervical vertebral mat... more Background To detect the optimal timing of intervention based on different cervical vertebral maturation stage (CS1-2 vs. CS3-4) for the treatment of Class III malocclusion with early Class III protocol. Methods A total sample of 43 patients (23 females, 20 males) ranging between 7 and 13 years of age with dentoskeletal Class III malocclusion treated with the modified SEC III (Splints, Elastic and Chincup) protocol divided into two groups based on the cervical vertebral maturation stages (CS1-2 and CS3-4) was included in this retrospective observational longitudinal study. Patient compliance was assessed using a 2-point Likert scale. Statistical comparisons between the two groups were performed with independent sample t tests. Results No statistically significant differences for any of the cephalometric variables describing the baseline dentoskeletal features were found between the two groups except for the mandibular unit length that was significantly greater in the pubertal group ...
OBJECTIVE To evaluate pain control in patients with joint and muscle pain in temporomandibular di... more OBJECTIVE To evaluate pain control in patients with joint and muscle pain in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) diagnosis treated with oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). METHODS The systematic research was conducted via Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases. RESULTS Four full-text randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) were considered eligible. This systematic review included 164 patients whose VAS scores were assessed before and after therapy. In the selected studies, a strong heterogeneity in the diagnosis and in the use of different types and prescriptions of NSAIDs was highlighted. These limitations had to be considered to understand whether a clinical recommendation could be made. Eventually, all patients treated with NSAIDs showed an improvement in pain. CONCLUSION The use of oral NSAIDs as the first approach to control joint and muscle pain is sustained by the current scientific literature, but further investigations on this topic are still needed.
Machine Learning (ML) is an emerging subfield of artificial intelligence with significant resourc... more Machine Learning (ML) is an emerging subfield of artificial intelligence with significant resources being applied to connect computer science, statistics, and medical problems. Currently, and even more so in the future, ML algorithms applied to the orthodontic specialty will offer sophisticated and automatic models able to process and synthesize data in ways orthodontists could never do themselves, and ultimately convert data into intelligent treatment actions. This work focuses on the usefulness of two ML methodologies, LASSO networks (Ln), and Boruta selection (Ba), to simplify information from different types of pathogenic processes leading to the worsening of skeletal Class III malocclusion. Cephalometric analyses of 144 Class III untreated subjects followed longitudinally during the growth process (4–19 years) were performed. After separating subjects into two subgroups of 116 with mild (M) and 28 with very serious (VS) unfavorable growth, cephalometric features were processed ...
Adolescents with bad malocclusion can more often be victims of bullying and the improvement of th... more Adolescents with bad malocclusion can more often be victims of bullying and the improvement of their facial appearance through oral rehabilitation is nowadays an important issue. The aim of this case report was to describe the orthodontic treatment in a teenager with a dentoskeletal malocclusion exposed to bullying to correct his occlusal problems and improve facial esthetics and quality of life. The patient, a boy aged 13.5 years, had a class II, division 1, malocclusion with hyperdivergent pattern, mandibular asymmetry, constricted maxillary arch and molar crossbite, increased overjet, lower mild crowding and lip sucking. A two-phase approach was necessary to achieve proper occlusion, better esthetics and promote the patient's self-esteem with consequent greater serenity of his family.
Class III malocclusion is a great challenge for the orthodontists because of its combined etiolog... more Class III malocclusion is a great challenge for the orthodontists because of its combined etiology involving genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors and the consequent uncertainty of long-term stability produced by early treatment of this dentoskeletal disharmony.1-5 However, due to the worsening of this malocclusion, a correct diagnosis and early treatment can help to promote a favorable growth environment2 reducing the complexity and length of the second phase of treatment, or making less difficult the surgical procedures when orthognathic surgery is still required in adulthood.6,7 Early treatments of Class III dentoskeletal disharmonies aim at controlling jaw growth along with dentoalveolar modification and correction of the eventual negative overjet.8.
Optical vibrational techniques show a high potentiality in many biomedical fields for their chara... more Optical vibrational techniques show a high potentiality in many biomedical fields for their characteristics of high sensitivity in revealing detailed information on composition, structure, and molecular interaction with reduced analysis time. In the last years, we have used these techniques for investigating gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and periodontal ligament (PDL) during orthodontic tooth treatment. The analysis with Raman and infrared signals of GCF and PDL samples highlighted that different days of orthodontic force application causes modifications in the molecular secondary structure at specific wavenumbers related to the Amide I, Amide III, CH deformation, and CH3/CH2. In the present review, we report the most relevant results and a brief description of the experimental techniques and data analysis procedure in order to evidence that the vibrational spectroscopies could be a potential useful tool for an immediate monitoring of the individual patient’s response to the ortho...
The aim of the study was to examine the biochemical and structural changes occurring in the perio... more The aim of the study was to examine the biochemical and structural changes occurring in the periodontal ligament (PDL) during orthodontic-force application using micro-Raman spectroscopy ( μ -RS). Adolescent and young patients who needed orthodontic treatment with first premolar extractions were recruited. Before extractions, orthodontic forces were applied using a closed-coil spring that was positioned between the molar and premolar. Patients were randomly divided into three groups, whose extractions were performed after 2, 7, and 14 days of force application. From the extracted premolars, PDL samples were obtained, and a fixation procedure with paraformaldehyde was adopted. Raman spectra were acquired for each PDL sample in the range of 1000–3200 cm − 1 and the more relevant vibrational modes of proteins (Amide I and Amide III bands) and CH 2 and CH 3 modes were shown. Analysis indicated that the protein structure in the PDL samples after different time points of orthodontic-force...
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) consist of multifactorial musculoskeletal disorders associated ... more Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) consist of multifactorial musculoskeletal disorders associated with the muscles of mastication, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and annexed structures. This clinical condition is characterized by temporomandibular pain, restricted mandibular movement, and TMJ synovial inflammation, resulting in reduced quality of life of affected people. Commonly, TMD management aims to reduce pain and inflammation by using pharmacologic therapies that show efficacy in pain relief but their long-term use is frequently associated with adverse effects. For this reason, the use of natural compounds as an effective alternative to conventional drugs appears extremely interesting. Indeed, polyphenols could represent a potential therapeutic strategy, related to their ability to modulate the inflammatory responses involved in TMD. The present work reviews the mechanisms underlying inflammation-related TMD, highlighting the potential role of polyphenols as a promising approac...
Coronoid process hypertrophy (CPH) consists of an abnormal volumetric increment of the mandibular... more Coronoid process hypertrophy (CPH) consists of an abnormal volumetric increment of the mandibular coronoid process; as this process grows gradually, the infratemporal space needed for the rotation and translation of the mandible is reduced, which results in a reduction of the range of mouth opening and lateral excursion, limiting mouth opening. The purpose of this case report was to describe a rare case of hypertrophy of coronoid processes with associated temporomandibular ankylosis, monitored for over 20 years. The patient was first visited when he had a facial trauma at the age of 4. Then he was followed through clinical, functional, instrumental, bi-dimensional and three-dimensional radiological evaluations up to the age of 24. Physical therapy was initiated at the age of 10 to improve the condition of the masticatory muscles, while at the age of 14, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulations were performed to reduce muscle tension and, a bite plane was delivered to control the...
Background: The aim of the retrospective observational study was to compare the precision of land... more Background: The aim of the retrospective observational study was to compare the precision of landmark identification and its reproducibility using cone beam computed tomography-derived 3D cephalograms and digital lateral cephalograms in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Methods: Cephalograms of thirty-one (31) North Indian children (18 boys and 13 girls) with a unilateral cleft lip and palate, who were recommended for orthodontic treatment, were selected. After a thorough analysis of peer-reviewed articles, 20 difficult-to-trace landmarks were selected, and their reliability and reproducibility were studied. These were subjected to landmark identification to evaluate interobserver variability; the coordinates for each point were traced separately by three different orthodontists (OBA, OBB, OBC). Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics with paired t-tests to compare the differences measured by the two methods. Real-scale data are presen...
STUDY OBJECTIVES To analyze differences in mandibular cortical width (MCW) among children diagnos... more STUDY OBJECTIVES To analyze differences in mandibular cortical width (MCW) among children diagnosed with Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or at high- or low-risk for OSA. METHODS 161 children were assessed: 60 children with polysomnographically (nPSG) diagnosed OSA, 56 children presenting symptoms suggestive of high-risk for OSA, and 45 children at low-risk for OSA. Children at high- and low-risk for OSA were evaluated through the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). MCW was calculated from panoramic radiograph images available from all subjects using ImageJ software. Differences between MCW measurements in the three groups were evaluated using ANCOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests, with age as a covariate. The association between MCW and specific cephalometric variables was assessed through regression analysis. RESULTS The participants' mean age was 9.6±3.1 years (59% male and 41% female). The mean BMI z-score was 0.62±1.3. The nPSG-OSA group presented smaller MCW than at low-risk for OSA group (mean difference= -0.385 mm, p=0.001), but no difference with the at high-risk for OSA group (nPSG-OSA vs. high-risk OSA: p=0.085). In addition, the MCW in the at high-risk for the OSA group was significantly smaller than the at low-risk for the OSA group (mean difference= -0.301 mm, p=0.014). The cephalometric variables (SNA and FMA) explained only 8% of the variance in MCW. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in MCW appear to be present among children with OSA or those at high risk for OSA, suggesting potential interactions between mandibular bone development and/or homeostasis and pediatric OSA.
Human periodontal ligament (PDL) is a membrane-like connective tissue interposed between the toot... more Human periodontal ligament (PDL) is a membrane-like connective tissue interposed between the tooth root and the alveolar bone, the main component of which is represented by collagen fibers. During the early stage of application of orthodontic forces, different changes occur in PDL. For this reason, its characterization with conventional and non-conventional techniques can be extremely interesting. We investigated samples of PDL of orthodontic patients, aged between 13 and 21 years, using different experimental techniques. Morphological characterization of PDL samples was carried out by using a scanning electron microscope. Fourier-Transform Infrared (μ-FT-IR) and Raman (μ-RS) microspectroscopies were used for biochemical characterization of PDL samples. A biochemical characterization of PDL tissues with clear evidence of contributions from collagen, lipid and other protein was obtained. The analysis of Amide I and Amide III components was also performed, giving an indication of the ...
The objectives of this study were to assess gingival recessions (GR) and periodontal status in pa... more The objectives of this study were to assess gingival recessions (GR) and periodontal status in patients previously treated with non-extraction orthodontic treatment and retention at a follow-up of a minimum of two years after the end of treatment. Data from patients aged between 16 and 35 years with a previous non-extraction orthodontic treatment and at least 2 years of retention and full records before and after treatment were collected. The casts were digitalized using the 3Shape TRIOS® intraoral scanner and the Viewbox4 software was used for the measurements. The following parameters were scored: inclination of the lower and upper incisors (IMPA and I^SN) and anterior crowding (Little index). The included patients were recalled for a clinical periodontal follow-up examination and the following parameters were evaluated: buccal and lingual GR (mm) of incisors and canines, bleeding of probing score, plaque score, and gingival phenotype. The digital cast analysis showed a mean Littl...
BackgroundWearing protective face masks has been one of the indispensable measures to prevent dro... more BackgroundWearing protective face masks has been one of the indispensable measures to prevent droplets and aerosol particles transmission during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic.ObjectivesThis observational cross‐sectional survey investigated the different types and modalities of protective mask wearing and the possible association with referred signs of temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain by respondents.MethodsAn online questionnaire was developed, calibrated and administered anonymously to subjects with an age of ≥18 years. It consisted of different sections: demographics, type and wearing modalities of the protective masks, pain in the preauricular area, noise at the temporomandibular joints and headache. Statistical analysis was performed using statistical software STATA.ResultsThe questionnaire received 665 replies mainly from participants aged between 18 and 30 years (315 males and 350 females). The healthcare professionals were 37% of participants, 21.2% of them were dentis...
Background To detect the optimal timing of intervention based on different cervical vertebral mat... more Background To detect the optimal timing of intervention based on different cervical vertebral maturation stage (CS1-2 vs. CS3-4) for the treatment of Class III malocclusion with early Class III protocol. Methods A total sample of 43 patients (23 females, 20 males) ranging between 7 and 13 years of age with dentoskeletal Class III malocclusion treated with the modified SEC III (Splints, Elastic and Chincup) protocol divided into two groups based on the cervical vertebral maturation stages (CS1-2 and CS3-4) was included in this retrospective observational longitudinal study. Patient compliance was assessed using a 2-point Likert scale. Statistical comparisons between the two groups were performed with independent sample t tests. Results No statistically significant differences for any of the cephalometric variables describing the baseline dentoskeletal features were found between the two groups except for the mandibular unit length that was significantly greater in the pubertal group ...
OBJECTIVE To evaluate pain control in patients with joint and muscle pain in temporomandibular di... more OBJECTIVE To evaluate pain control in patients with joint and muscle pain in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) diagnosis treated with oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). METHODS The systematic research was conducted via Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases. RESULTS Four full-text randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) were considered eligible. This systematic review included 164 patients whose VAS scores were assessed before and after therapy. In the selected studies, a strong heterogeneity in the diagnosis and in the use of different types and prescriptions of NSAIDs was highlighted. These limitations had to be considered to understand whether a clinical recommendation could be made. Eventually, all patients treated with NSAIDs showed an improvement in pain. CONCLUSION The use of oral NSAIDs as the first approach to control joint and muscle pain is sustained by the current scientific literature, but further investigations on this topic are still needed.
Machine Learning (ML) is an emerging subfield of artificial intelligence with significant resourc... more Machine Learning (ML) is an emerging subfield of artificial intelligence with significant resources being applied to connect computer science, statistics, and medical problems. Currently, and even more so in the future, ML algorithms applied to the orthodontic specialty will offer sophisticated and automatic models able to process and synthesize data in ways orthodontists could never do themselves, and ultimately convert data into intelligent treatment actions. This work focuses on the usefulness of two ML methodologies, LASSO networks (Ln), and Boruta selection (Ba), to simplify information from different types of pathogenic processes leading to the worsening of skeletal Class III malocclusion. Cephalometric analyses of 144 Class III untreated subjects followed longitudinally during the growth process (4–19 years) were performed. After separating subjects into two subgroups of 116 with mild (M) and 28 with very serious (VS) unfavorable growth, cephalometric features were processed ...
Adolescents with bad malocclusion can more often be victims of bullying and the improvement of th... more Adolescents with bad malocclusion can more often be victims of bullying and the improvement of their facial appearance through oral rehabilitation is nowadays an important issue. The aim of this case report was to describe the orthodontic treatment in a teenager with a dentoskeletal malocclusion exposed to bullying to correct his occlusal problems and improve facial esthetics and quality of life. The patient, a boy aged 13.5 years, had a class II, division 1, malocclusion with hyperdivergent pattern, mandibular asymmetry, constricted maxillary arch and molar crossbite, increased overjet, lower mild crowding and lip sucking. A two-phase approach was necessary to achieve proper occlusion, better esthetics and promote the patient's self-esteem with consequent greater serenity of his family.
Class III malocclusion is a great challenge for the orthodontists because of its combined etiolog... more Class III malocclusion is a great challenge for the orthodontists because of its combined etiology involving genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors and the consequent uncertainty of long-term stability produced by early treatment of this dentoskeletal disharmony.1-5 However, due to the worsening of this malocclusion, a correct diagnosis and early treatment can help to promote a favorable growth environment2 reducing the complexity and length of the second phase of treatment, or making less difficult the surgical procedures when orthognathic surgery is still required in adulthood.6,7 Early treatments of Class III dentoskeletal disharmonies aim at controlling jaw growth along with dentoalveolar modification and correction of the eventual negative overjet.8.
Optical vibrational techniques show a high potentiality in many biomedical fields for their chara... more Optical vibrational techniques show a high potentiality in many biomedical fields for their characteristics of high sensitivity in revealing detailed information on composition, structure, and molecular interaction with reduced analysis time. In the last years, we have used these techniques for investigating gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and periodontal ligament (PDL) during orthodontic tooth treatment. The analysis with Raman and infrared signals of GCF and PDL samples highlighted that different days of orthodontic force application causes modifications in the molecular secondary structure at specific wavenumbers related to the Amide I, Amide III, CH deformation, and CH3/CH2. In the present review, we report the most relevant results and a brief description of the experimental techniques and data analysis procedure in order to evidence that the vibrational spectroscopies could be a potential useful tool for an immediate monitoring of the individual patient’s response to the ortho...
The aim of the study was to examine the biochemical and structural changes occurring in the perio... more The aim of the study was to examine the biochemical and structural changes occurring in the periodontal ligament (PDL) during orthodontic-force application using micro-Raman spectroscopy ( μ -RS). Adolescent and young patients who needed orthodontic treatment with first premolar extractions were recruited. Before extractions, orthodontic forces were applied using a closed-coil spring that was positioned between the molar and premolar. Patients were randomly divided into three groups, whose extractions were performed after 2, 7, and 14 days of force application. From the extracted premolars, PDL samples were obtained, and a fixation procedure with paraformaldehyde was adopted. Raman spectra were acquired for each PDL sample in the range of 1000–3200 cm − 1 and the more relevant vibrational modes of proteins (Amide I and Amide III bands) and CH 2 and CH 3 modes were shown. Analysis indicated that the protein structure in the PDL samples after different time points of orthodontic-force...
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) consist of multifactorial musculoskeletal disorders associated ... more Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) consist of multifactorial musculoskeletal disorders associated with the muscles of mastication, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and annexed structures. This clinical condition is characterized by temporomandibular pain, restricted mandibular movement, and TMJ synovial inflammation, resulting in reduced quality of life of affected people. Commonly, TMD management aims to reduce pain and inflammation by using pharmacologic therapies that show efficacy in pain relief but their long-term use is frequently associated with adverse effects. For this reason, the use of natural compounds as an effective alternative to conventional drugs appears extremely interesting. Indeed, polyphenols could represent a potential therapeutic strategy, related to their ability to modulate the inflammatory responses involved in TMD. The present work reviews the mechanisms underlying inflammation-related TMD, highlighting the potential role of polyphenols as a promising approac...
Coronoid process hypertrophy (CPH) consists of an abnormal volumetric increment of the mandibular... more Coronoid process hypertrophy (CPH) consists of an abnormal volumetric increment of the mandibular coronoid process; as this process grows gradually, the infratemporal space needed for the rotation and translation of the mandible is reduced, which results in a reduction of the range of mouth opening and lateral excursion, limiting mouth opening. The purpose of this case report was to describe a rare case of hypertrophy of coronoid processes with associated temporomandibular ankylosis, monitored for over 20 years. The patient was first visited when he had a facial trauma at the age of 4. Then he was followed through clinical, functional, instrumental, bi-dimensional and three-dimensional radiological evaluations up to the age of 24. Physical therapy was initiated at the age of 10 to improve the condition of the masticatory muscles, while at the age of 14, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulations were performed to reduce muscle tension and, a bite plane was delivered to control the...
Background: The aim of the retrospective observational study was to compare the precision of land... more Background: The aim of the retrospective observational study was to compare the precision of landmark identification and its reproducibility using cone beam computed tomography-derived 3D cephalograms and digital lateral cephalograms in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Methods: Cephalograms of thirty-one (31) North Indian children (18 boys and 13 girls) with a unilateral cleft lip and palate, who were recommended for orthodontic treatment, were selected. After a thorough analysis of peer-reviewed articles, 20 difficult-to-trace landmarks were selected, and their reliability and reproducibility were studied. These were subjected to landmark identification to evaluate interobserver variability; the coordinates for each point were traced separately by three different orthodontists (OBA, OBB, OBC). Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics with paired t-tests to compare the differences measured by the two methods. Real-scale data are presen...
STUDY OBJECTIVES To analyze differences in mandibular cortical width (MCW) among children diagnos... more STUDY OBJECTIVES To analyze differences in mandibular cortical width (MCW) among children diagnosed with Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or at high- or low-risk for OSA. METHODS 161 children were assessed: 60 children with polysomnographically (nPSG) diagnosed OSA, 56 children presenting symptoms suggestive of high-risk for OSA, and 45 children at low-risk for OSA. Children at high- and low-risk for OSA were evaluated through the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). MCW was calculated from panoramic radiograph images available from all subjects using ImageJ software. Differences between MCW measurements in the three groups were evaluated using ANCOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests, with age as a covariate. The association between MCW and specific cephalometric variables was assessed through regression analysis. RESULTS The participants' mean age was 9.6±3.1 years (59% male and 41% female). The mean BMI z-score was 0.62±1.3. The nPSG-OSA group presented smaller MCW than at low-risk for OSA group (mean difference= -0.385 mm, p=0.001), but no difference with the at high-risk for OSA group (nPSG-OSA vs. high-risk OSA: p=0.085). In addition, the MCW in the at high-risk for the OSA group was significantly smaller than the at low-risk for the OSA group (mean difference= -0.301 mm, p=0.014). The cephalometric variables (SNA and FMA) explained only 8% of the variance in MCW. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in MCW appear to be present among children with OSA or those at high risk for OSA, suggesting potential interactions between mandibular bone development and/or homeostasis and pediatric OSA.
Human periodontal ligament (PDL) is a membrane-like connective tissue interposed between the toot... more Human periodontal ligament (PDL) is a membrane-like connective tissue interposed between the tooth root and the alveolar bone, the main component of which is represented by collagen fibers. During the early stage of application of orthodontic forces, different changes occur in PDL. For this reason, its characterization with conventional and non-conventional techniques can be extremely interesting. We investigated samples of PDL of orthodontic patients, aged between 13 and 21 years, using different experimental techniques. Morphological characterization of PDL samples was carried out by using a scanning electron microscope. Fourier-Transform Infrared (μ-FT-IR) and Raman (μ-RS) microspectroscopies were used for biochemical characterization of PDL samples. A biochemical characterization of PDL tissues with clear evidence of contributions from collagen, lipid and other protein was obtained. The analysis of Amide I and Amide III components was also performed, giving an indication of the ...
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Papers by Fabrizia D'Apuzzo