Falling demand and explosion of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are redesigning the criteria for p... more Falling demand and explosion of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are redesigning the criteria for planning the power grids interconnections by ENTSO-E. In particular, the interconnections between networks of different countries have been acquiring importance more and more, in view of an unique European market for electricity and an increase of RES. Italy and Sicily, placed in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea, play a fundamental role as a bridge between Central Europe, North Africa area and Mediterranean islands (electricity hub). This paper aims to show how power system exchanges tend to follow the direction from South to North, and how the impact of North-African power - mainly generated by RES - on the Italian system is relevant. Furthermore, the present work wants to explain how the future interconnections with the Sicilian power grids will allow a higher transmission capacity from North Africa to North Europe, and an improvement of the European electricity system.
The work presents the results of a study regarding the impact of Demand Side Management actions o... more The work presents the results of a study regarding the impact of Demand Side Management actions on flexible loads distributed at the domestic end-users’ facilities in an isolated low voltage microgrid. Aim of the research study is to evaluate how the implementation of local control actions on the end-user’s side can impact on the operation of the isolated microgrid. The Demand Side Management is applied by each domestic user to optimize the operation of its own resources following well-defined operative steps. The study is carried out implementing a suitable model of the microgrid in Neplan environment, while the daily controlled load profiles of the end-users are evaluated using the Montecarlo approach implemented in Matlab. The results of the study are useful to the DSOs which will face all the issues rising in a fully-automated environment.
The paper presents a bottom-up approach for building the aggregated load profile of numerous pass... more The paper presents a bottom-up approach for building the aggregated load profile of numerous passive/active users connected to the low voltage electrical system. The approach is based on the Monte Carlo method and on the knowledge of the single electric and thermal loads, generators and thermal and geometrical characteristics of the building of the single end-user. The method proposed is able to differentiate the quota of flexible and not flexible aggregate load.
Il sistema elettrico di potenza di cui fino a ieri eravamo abituati a parlare consentiva di trasp... more Il sistema elettrico di potenza di cui fino a ieri eravamo abituati a parlare consentiva di trasportare e distribuire l\u2019energia elettrica prodotta da sorgenti di grande potenza (centrali elettriche) ai centri di consumo grandi e piccoli dislocati su un territorio di grande estensione. In tale accezione il sistema era caratterizzato da presenza di una generazione centralizzata e ci\uf2 per ragioni, tra le altre, di economicit\ue0, sicurezza e qualit\ue0 di esercizio. Negli ultimi anni, grazie anche ai processi di liberalizzazione del mercato dell\u2019energia elettrica, si \ue8 assistito ad uno sviluppo della cosiddetta generazione distribuita, soprattutto da fonte rinnovabile, il che pone non poche problematiche tra loro interconnesse di carattere sia tecnico che normativo, economico ed ambientale. In questo lavoro dopo avere preso in esame i benefici potenziali dovuti all\u2019introduzione di sistemi di generazione distribuita , si considera il suo impatto sulle reti elettriche di alta, media e bassa tensione prendendo in esame le principali problematiche inerenti alla pianificazione, progettazione e gestione delle stesse. Quindi dopo un esame della Normativa tecnica vigente per l\u2019allacciamento degli impianti di produzione alle reti vengono esaminate le possibili evoluzioni dei sistemi di distribuzione e ipotizzati gli scenari futuri
In the paper, after having presented the general backward/forward methodology for radial systems ... more In the paper, after having presented the general backward/forward methodology for radial systems analysis, the main changes that have been proposed in the past to improve their convergence and speed performance are shown. Some measures aimed at a further reduction of the number of iterations and calculation times are here described. In order to identify, among the available alternatives, the best methodology, in terms of precision and/or speed of convergence, some evaluations on networks taken from the literature have been carried out. The analysis of the attained results allows the definition, on the basis of specific features of the problem at hand, the most suitable configuration to be implemented to solve the network with the b/f analysis methodology
... in Power Systems & Electric Drives Thapar University, Patiala By: Apoorva Saxena (8064100... more ... in Power Systems & Electric Drives Thapar University, Patiala By: Apoorva Saxena (80641003) Under the supervision of: Dr. Smarajit Ghosh June 2008 ELECTRICAL & INSTRUMENTATION ENGG DEPARTMENT THAPAR UNIVERSITY PATIALA 147004 Page 2. ii ...
Electricity prices show significant short-term variations during the day due to the need of balan... more Electricity prices show significant short-term variations during the day due to the need of balancing supply and demand in real time. Normally, customers are not exposed to these variations but pay a constant electricity price. In an attempt to reduce the volatility of the wholesale prices, several utilities are moving from conventional fixed-rate pricing schemes to new market-based models, where the electricity price can fluctuate during the day depending on the market conditions. Examples of time-dependent pricing schemes are Time-Of-Use (TOU) tariffs, where the electricity price can take two or three price levels during the day, or Real-Time Pricing (RTP) tariffs, where the energy price can vary hourly depending on the wholesale market. Electricity customers can thus take profit from the installation of storage technologies, storing electricity when the price is low and reselling it back to the grid during peak hours, at a significantly higher price. In this paper, a sodium-sulfur (NaS) battery is considered to be added to a medium-scale public facility, in order to reduce the electricity bill. The storage is operated exploiting a simple strategy (charging during off-peak, discharging during on-peak prices) with the aim of maximizing the saving for the end-user. The economic viability of using the storage is evaluated and discussed, referring both to the hourly national prices and to the zonal electricity prices of the Italian energy market. The results show that the payback period (PBP) is greater than the battery life when the customer prices are assumed proportional to the single national prices. The situation could change in the near future, thanks to the cost reduction of storage technologies expected in coming years.
A Global Grounding System is defined as the combination of local grounding systems, obtained by t... more A Global Grounding System is defined as the combination of local grounding systems, obtained by their interconnection, which ensures, thanks to their proximity, that no dangerous touch voltages can arise. The interconnection of grounding systems via the armors of the MV cables, between secondary substations and HV/MV stations is herein analyzed to verify the effects on touch voltages in ground-fault conditions. In particular, two main issues are discussed: 1) the transfer of dangerous voltages to secondary substations, due to ground-faults occurring at the HV/MV station; 2) the reduction in the magnitude of the ground potential rise due to ground-fault conditions at secondary substations, thanks to the connection of their ground grids to the HV/MV station's grounding system.
Integration of distributed generation (DG) units in power distribution network has become increas... more Integration of distributed generation (DG) units in power distribution network has become increasingly attractive multi-faceted paradigm as economic and environmental factors drive new technologies to be more efficient and less polluting than their earlier counterparts. The installation of DGs impacts critically on the planning and operating characteristics of the distribution network. Type, location, number and capacity of DG are essential factors for studying the effect of DGs on the system behavior. In this paper the effect of DG on the power losses of a distribution network is investigated for different types of DG units. Also, the impact of DG on the voltage profile is demonstrated before and after the reconfigurations due to the change in the loading conditions caused by the faults. Moreover, the voltage deviations for different contingencies are evaluated in order to choose the optimal DG location and capacity in the test radial distribution network.
The proliferation of Distributed Generation (DG) in power systems calls for a redesign of electri... more The proliferation of Distributed Generation (DG) in power systems calls for a redesign of electricity network management, which should be able to accommodate large amounts of intermittent generation. This issue requires a discussion about the current dispatching regulation, giving distributed storage systems and qualified electricity consumption the opportunity to provide ancillary services to the distribution grid. In this work, a new dispatching strategy for the integration of active-demand and distributed storage in the Italian electricity market is presented. The strategy is focused on a distribution Smart Grid (SG), where customers can indirectly participate to the Day-Ahead (DA) and the Ancillary Services Market (ASM) through a load aggregator, able to manage the consumers' flexible consumption through Direct Load Control (DLC). The dispatching strategy is described both in the architectural framework and in the functional aspects. The proposed dispatching strategy has been designed in order to fit the current Italian electricity market, giving the opportunity to increase the electricity market flexibility, ensuring a reduction of electricity zonal prices and contributing to the benefit of all the players involved.
The energy market has changed radically over the last decade, mainly due to an increased penetrat... more The energy market has changed radically over the last decade, mainly due to an increased penetration of renewable energies. Now the end users have directly access to the energy market and can actively take part to the electricity market. Electricity customers can indeed modify their behavior through Demand Response (DR), namely by means of pricing strategies that support a change in the end-users habits. This can be accomplished through a "loads aggregator", a third party that collects the requests and signals for Active Demand-based services coming from the markets and the different power system participants. This paper describes a new framework able to optimally select the real-time pricing curves for the electricity customers. The algorithm uses a constrained optimization problem to generates the output curves, by using as objective function the aggregator's economic benefit maximization. A case study is performed to show the advantages/disadvantages of the proposed approach.
2023 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2023 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
In this paper, the policy trend in Europe towards the emission reduction target in the energy sec... more In this paper, the policy trend in Europe towards the emission reduction target in the energy sector, as planned from the Paris Agreement, is analyzed. Although renewable energy sources are improving their share, the large use of coal as primary fuel and the uncertainty about nuclear production makes the transition hard. It's well known that future emission patterns from energy generation influence the climate change trend, but as shown in the following, there is also a reverse interrelation, due to the different environmental conditions caused by climate change affecting all generation technologies. Furthermore, energy prices, which derive from this changed framework likewise will influence the generation output in the future. The combination of all these factors may indicate new electricity flows and a verification of the Ten Years Network Development Plan from TSOs, as well as future expansion plans in European transmission grid, should be accordingly carried out.
Demand side aggregation represents an important opportunity for ancillary services provision due ... more Demand side aggregation represents an important opportunity for ancillary services provision due to the potential that the coordinated management of distributed resources has on affecting power systems’ operation. In this framework, the Aggregator has a main role and takes on different relationships with the other actors of the power system, usually becoming a mediator between the prosumers and the distribution system operator. The DEMAND project introduces a new point of view in demand side aggregation by proposing a new framework where the Aggregator is no more needed and prosumers can share and combine their flexibility in a new aggregation platform called Virtual Aggregation Environment (VAE). In this paper, an algorithm for the day- ahead estimation of each prosumer’s flexibility is presented. The algorithm evaluates various couples of power variation and desired remuneration to send to the VAE for further elaborations. A case study shows how the algorithm works.
Falling demand and explosion of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are redesigning the criteria for p... more Falling demand and explosion of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are redesigning the criteria for planning the power grids interconnections by ENTSO-E. In particular, the interconnections between networks of different countries have been acquiring importance more and more, in view of an unique European market for electricity and an increase of RES. Italy and Sicily, placed in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea, play a fundamental role as a bridge between Central Europe, North Africa area and Mediterranean islands (electricity hub). This paper aims to show how power system exchanges tend to follow the direction from South to North, and how the impact of North-African power - mainly generated by RES - on the Italian system is relevant. Furthermore, the present work wants to explain how the future interconnections with the Sicilian power grids will allow a higher transmission capacity from North Africa to North Europe, and an improvement of the European electricity system.
The work presents the results of a study regarding the impact of Demand Side Management actions o... more The work presents the results of a study regarding the impact of Demand Side Management actions on flexible loads distributed at the domestic end-users’ facilities in an isolated low voltage microgrid. Aim of the research study is to evaluate how the implementation of local control actions on the end-user’s side can impact on the operation of the isolated microgrid. The Demand Side Management is applied by each domestic user to optimize the operation of its own resources following well-defined operative steps. The study is carried out implementing a suitable model of the microgrid in Neplan environment, while the daily controlled load profiles of the end-users are evaluated using the Montecarlo approach implemented in Matlab. The results of the study are useful to the DSOs which will face all the issues rising in a fully-automated environment.
The paper presents a bottom-up approach for building the aggregated load profile of numerous pass... more The paper presents a bottom-up approach for building the aggregated load profile of numerous passive/active users connected to the low voltage electrical system. The approach is based on the Monte Carlo method and on the knowledge of the single electric and thermal loads, generators and thermal and geometrical characteristics of the building of the single end-user. The method proposed is able to differentiate the quota of flexible and not flexible aggregate load.
Il sistema elettrico di potenza di cui fino a ieri eravamo abituati a parlare consentiva di trasp... more Il sistema elettrico di potenza di cui fino a ieri eravamo abituati a parlare consentiva di trasportare e distribuire l\u2019energia elettrica prodotta da sorgenti di grande potenza (centrali elettriche) ai centri di consumo grandi e piccoli dislocati su un territorio di grande estensione. In tale accezione il sistema era caratterizzato da presenza di una generazione centralizzata e ci\uf2 per ragioni, tra le altre, di economicit\ue0, sicurezza e qualit\ue0 di esercizio. Negli ultimi anni, grazie anche ai processi di liberalizzazione del mercato dell\u2019energia elettrica, si \ue8 assistito ad uno sviluppo della cosiddetta generazione distribuita, soprattutto da fonte rinnovabile, il che pone non poche problematiche tra loro interconnesse di carattere sia tecnico che normativo, economico ed ambientale. In questo lavoro dopo avere preso in esame i benefici potenziali dovuti all\u2019introduzione di sistemi di generazione distribuita , si considera il suo impatto sulle reti elettriche di alta, media e bassa tensione prendendo in esame le principali problematiche inerenti alla pianificazione, progettazione e gestione delle stesse. Quindi dopo un esame della Normativa tecnica vigente per l\u2019allacciamento degli impianti di produzione alle reti vengono esaminate le possibili evoluzioni dei sistemi di distribuzione e ipotizzati gli scenari futuri
In the paper, after having presented the general backward/forward methodology for radial systems ... more In the paper, after having presented the general backward/forward methodology for radial systems analysis, the main changes that have been proposed in the past to improve their convergence and speed performance are shown. Some measures aimed at a further reduction of the number of iterations and calculation times are here described. In order to identify, among the available alternatives, the best methodology, in terms of precision and/or speed of convergence, some evaluations on networks taken from the literature have been carried out. The analysis of the attained results allows the definition, on the basis of specific features of the problem at hand, the most suitable configuration to be implemented to solve the network with the b/f analysis methodology
... in Power Systems & Electric Drives Thapar University, Patiala By: Apoorva Saxena (8064100... more ... in Power Systems & Electric Drives Thapar University, Patiala By: Apoorva Saxena (80641003) Under the supervision of: Dr. Smarajit Ghosh June 2008 ELECTRICAL & INSTRUMENTATION ENGG DEPARTMENT THAPAR UNIVERSITY PATIALA 147004 Page 2. ii ...
Electricity prices show significant short-term variations during the day due to the need of balan... more Electricity prices show significant short-term variations during the day due to the need of balancing supply and demand in real time. Normally, customers are not exposed to these variations but pay a constant electricity price. In an attempt to reduce the volatility of the wholesale prices, several utilities are moving from conventional fixed-rate pricing schemes to new market-based models, where the electricity price can fluctuate during the day depending on the market conditions. Examples of time-dependent pricing schemes are Time-Of-Use (TOU) tariffs, where the electricity price can take two or three price levels during the day, or Real-Time Pricing (RTP) tariffs, where the energy price can vary hourly depending on the wholesale market. Electricity customers can thus take profit from the installation of storage technologies, storing electricity when the price is low and reselling it back to the grid during peak hours, at a significantly higher price. In this paper, a sodium-sulfur (NaS) battery is considered to be added to a medium-scale public facility, in order to reduce the electricity bill. The storage is operated exploiting a simple strategy (charging during off-peak, discharging during on-peak prices) with the aim of maximizing the saving for the end-user. The economic viability of using the storage is evaluated and discussed, referring both to the hourly national prices and to the zonal electricity prices of the Italian energy market. The results show that the payback period (PBP) is greater than the battery life when the customer prices are assumed proportional to the single national prices. The situation could change in the near future, thanks to the cost reduction of storage technologies expected in coming years.
A Global Grounding System is defined as the combination of local grounding systems, obtained by t... more A Global Grounding System is defined as the combination of local grounding systems, obtained by their interconnection, which ensures, thanks to their proximity, that no dangerous touch voltages can arise. The interconnection of grounding systems via the armors of the MV cables, between secondary substations and HV/MV stations is herein analyzed to verify the effects on touch voltages in ground-fault conditions. In particular, two main issues are discussed: 1) the transfer of dangerous voltages to secondary substations, due to ground-faults occurring at the HV/MV station; 2) the reduction in the magnitude of the ground potential rise due to ground-fault conditions at secondary substations, thanks to the connection of their ground grids to the HV/MV station's grounding system.
Integration of distributed generation (DG) units in power distribution network has become increas... more Integration of distributed generation (DG) units in power distribution network has become increasingly attractive multi-faceted paradigm as economic and environmental factors drive new technologies to be more efficient and less polluting than their earlier counterparts. The installation of DGs impacts critically on the planning and operating characteristics of the distribution network. Type, location, number and capacity of DG are essential factors for studying the effect of DGs on the system behavior. In this paper the effect of DG on the power losses of a distribution network is investigated for different types of DG units. Also, the impact of DG on the voltage profile is demonstrated before and after the reconfigurations due to the change in the loading conditions caused by the faults. Moreover, the voltage deviations for different contingencies are evaluated in order to choose the optimal DG location and capacity in the test radial distribution network.
The proliferation of Distributed Generation (DG) in power systems calls for a redesign of electri... more The proliferation of Distributed Generation (DG) in power systems calls for a redesign of electricity network management, which should be able to accommodate large amounts of intermittent generation. This issue requires a discussion about the current dispatching regulation, giving distributed storage systems and qualified electricity consumption the opportunity to provide ancillary services to the distribution grid. In this work, a new dispatching strategy for the integration of active-demand and distributed storage in the Italian electricity market is presented. The strategy is focused on a distribution Smart Grid (SG), where customers can indirectly participate to the Day-Ahead (DA) and the Ancillary Services Market (ASM) through a load aggregator, able to manage the consumers' flexible consumption through Direct Load Control (DLC). The dispatching strategy is described both in the architectural framework and in the functional aspects. The proposed dispatching strategy has been designed in order to fit the current Italian electricity market, giving the opportunity to increase the electricity market flexibility, ensuring a reduction of electricity zonal prices and contributing to the benefit of all the players involved.
The energy market has changed radically over the last decade, mainly due to an increased penetrat... more The energy market has changed radically over the last decade, mainly due to an increased penetration of renewable energies. Now the end users have directly access to the energy market and can actively take part to the electricity market. Electricity customers can indeed modify their behavior through Demand Response (DR), namely by means of pricing strategies that support a change in the end-users habits. This can be accomplished through a "loads aggregator", a third party that collects the requests and signals for Active Demand-based services coming from the markets and the different power system participants. This paper describes a new framework able to optimally select the real-time pricing curves for the electricity customers. The algorithm uses a constrained optimization problem to generates the output curves, by using as objective function the aggregator's economic benefit maximization. A case study is performed to show the advantages/disadvantages of the proposed approach.
2023 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2023 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
In this paper, the policy trend in Europe towards the emission reduction target in the energy sec... more In this paper, the policy trend in Europe towards the emission reduction target in the energy sector, as planned from the Paris Agreement, is analyzed. Although renewable energy sources are improving their share, the large use of coal as primary fuel and the uncertainty about nuclear production makes the transition hard. It's well known that future emission patterns from energy generation influence the climate change trend, but as shown in the following, there is also a reverse interrelation, due to the different environmental conditions caused by climate change affecting all generation technologies. Furthermore, energy prices, which derive from this changed framework likewise will influence the generation output in the future. The combination of all these factors may indicate new electricity flows and a verification of the Ten Years Network Development Plan from TSOs, as well as future expansion plans in European transmission grid, should be accordingly carried out.
Demand side aggregation represents an important opportunity for ancillary services provision due ... more Demand side aggregation represents an important opportunity for ancillary services provision due to the potential that the coordinated management of distributed resources has on affecting power systems’ operation. In this framework, the Aggregator has a main role and takes on different relationships with the other actors of the power system, usually becoming a mediator between the prosumers and the distribution system operator. The DEMAND project introduces a new point of view in demand side aggregation by proposing a new framework where the Aggregator is no more needed and prosumers can share and combine their flexibility in a new aggregation platform called Virtual Aggregation Environment (VAE). In this paper, an algorithm for the day- ahead estimation of each prosumer’s flexibility is presented. The algorithm evaluates various couples of power variation and desired remuneration to send to the VAE for further elaborations. A case study shows how the algorithm works.
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