FIGURE 3. Pandanus martinianus Nadaf & Zanan. A. Habit; B. Syncarp with a focus on stigmas in fra... more FIGURE 3. Pandanus martinianus Nadaf & Zanan. A. Habit; B. Syncarp with a focus on stigmas in frame. A, B: Zanan 65; photographs: R. Zanan.
FIGURE 1. Details of localities of Pandanus martinianus Nadaf & Zanan from North Eastern States o... more FIGURE 1. Details of localities of Pandanus martinianus Nadaf & Zanan from North Eastern States of India.
acetyl-1-pyrroline has been reported as a major compound responsible for pleasant aroma in basmat... more acetyl-1-pyrroline has been reported as a major compound responsible for pleasant aroma in basmati and other scented rice varieties. The biosynthesis of this molecule is due to deletion in the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase2 gene. This deletion leads in the accumulation of Δ 1 -pyrroline which reacts non-enzymatically with methylglyoxal to form 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. Due to non-functionality of this gene that regulates the synthesis of Gamma-amino butyric acid, the plant species synthesizing 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline suffers for the yield losses, sterility and susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus the non-functionality of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase2 gene coupled with 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline synthesis serves as a metabolic disease. In this review these aspects are discussed in detail.
Benstonea thawaitesii (Martelli) Callm. and Buerki, an economically important plant of Pandanacea... more Benstonea thawaitesii (Martelli) Callm. and Buerki, an economically important plant of Pandanaceae family, is having fragrant male inflorescence. In vegetative growth phase, it is difficult to distinguish B. thwaitesii from other Pandanaceae species due to similar morphological characters. In the present study, we have developed inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) derived sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker for identification of B. thwaitesii. A set of 15 Indian Pandanaceae species was screened using 15 ISSR primers. Among 15 primers, UBC-857 generated unique 1 kb band specific to B. thwaitesii. It was further cloned, sequenced and used to design SCAR primer that amplified the expected amplicon of 750 bp in B. thwaitesii only. This is the first report of developing species-specific SCAR marker in B. thwaitesii using ISSR primers.
Abstract GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is a nonprotein amino acid and naturally occurs in microorgan... more Abstract GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is a nonprotein amino acid and naturally occurs in microorganisms, plants, and animals. GABA is synthesized prominently via GABA shunt. From Krebs cycle, glucose metabolized with α-ketoglutarate and transaminated by α-oxoglutarate transaminase (GABA-T) to form glutamate. Further, glutamate is decarboxylated by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) to form GABA. In mammalian central nervous system, GABA is present in about 25%–50% of neurons as a chief inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA inhibitory synapses bind to specific transmembrane receptors in the plasma membrane of both pre- and postsynaptic neuronal processes. GABAA and GABAC receptors are ionotropic, activation of these receptors results in enhanced membrane ion conductance, whereas GABAB receptor is metabotropic, activation of GABAB results in increased intracellular levels of second messenger. GABA plays an important role in regulating the neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system and has several well-known physiological functions. GABA improves plasma concentration, growth hormones, and protein synthesis in the brain. The lower GABA content is associated with several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including anxiety, pain, depression, insomnia, and epilepsy. Also GABA having hypotensive, tranquilizing, diuretic, and antidiabetic effects, it regulates lipid levels in serum, inhibits cancer cell proliferation, and improves memory and the learning abilities. Along with GABA shunt, GABA synthesized through polyamine pathway as well. GABA also acts as an osmolyte in response to a range of stresses such as, mechanical, stimulation, hypoxia, cytosolic acidification, water, darkness, drought, and salt stress. Due to beneficial effects of GABA for human health, demand of GABA has increased, nowadays; it is classified as a bioactive component and used considerably in foods and pharmaceuticals. The synthetic GABA have significant side effects like drowsiness and dizziness to addiction, whereas natural GABA supplementation is nearly without side effects. Various traditional foods produced through microbial fermentation having GABA content are safe and eco-friendly. The production of GABA by living organisms (plants and microorganisms) can fulfill the demand with GABA-enriched health beneficial foods. In this chapter, general account of GABA, biosynthesis at biochemical and molecular level in microorganisms, plants, and animals along with its further metabolism in different living system, health benefits and commercial production are discussed in detail. The applications, benefits, and side effects of GABA and GABA supplements have also been discussed in details.
Abstract In the present study, selected indica rice accessions (basmati, non-basmati fragrant, an... more Abstract In the present study, selected indica rice accessions (basmati, non-basmati fragrant, and non-fragrant) were screened for mutations in betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 ( badh2 ) gene to investigate the allelic differences using previously reported functional markers. This screening experiment revealed that non-basmati fragrant accession ‘Velchi’ does not harbour any reported mutation in coding region of badh2 . While working with badh2-p-UTR marker we got deviating results. All the non-basmati fragrant and basmati types gave amplicon of 203 bp except Velchi, whereas all non-fragrant and ‘Velchi’ gave 456 and 461 bp amplicons respectively. The new allele has 253 bp deletion in the promoter region of fragrant indica rice accessions compared to non-fragrant rice. Further, the fragrant accession ‘Velchi’ has additional 5 bp duplication as compared to non-fragrant accessions. To distinguish Velchi from other non-fragrant indica accessions, a new marker ( velbadh2-p-UTR ) has been designed to identify this 5 bp difference, which could distinguish ‘Velchi’ from non-fragrant rice accessions and can be useful in breeding for development of fragrant rice varieties via marker-assisted selection. The 2AP biosynthesis related metabolites, gene expression and enzyme assay confirmed deletion in badh2 and expression of fragrance in Velchi.
ABSTRACTRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops. Various conventional and ... more ABSTRACTRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops. Various conventional and modern techniques have been employed for improvement in rice. RNA interference (RNAi) is one of the popular reverse genetic strategies being practiced among plant scientists due to its efficiency and specificity. Nowadays, new age-targeted genome editing tools such as transcription activator-like effectors nucleases (TALEN) and clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas) are becoming popular due to their ability of precise modification of genome sequence and regulation of gene expression patterns in a site-specific manner. Here, we reviewed the utility of RNAi, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas in various aspects of rice improvement such as plant architecture, plant development, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and qualitative improvement. A comparison of RNAi and targeted genome editing methods will provide some insights for researchers working on improvement of rice.
Fragrance is one of the most important and valued quality characters in sorghum and other foods a... more Fragrance is one of the most important and valued quality characters in sorghum and other foods and attracts a premium price in local and global trade. The allele of the SbBADH2 gene in fragrant sorghum cultivar E228 was characterized. A 1441 bp deletion extending from exon 13 to 15 was found rather than a deletion from exon 12 to 15 as had been reported earlier. This allowed the development and validation of a new perfect PCR-based marker for identification of fragrant sorghum accessions in breeding. The concentration of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) in the grain of this cultivar was estimated to be 6.5 ± 0.4 ppb using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with GC-MS. Flavor components of fragrant sorghum accession E228 (IC 568489) were analyzed and compared with the non-fragrant M35-1 cultivar. PCA analysis revealed that 2AP, benzothiazole, 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine, (1E)-1-ethylidene-1H-indene, cedrene, 2,4-bis(2-methyl-2-propanyl)phenol, 2-hexyl-1-octanol, and 2-butyl-1-octanol were among 25 compounds that were found in sorghum grain that may be contributing toward the aroma of fragrant sorghum. Proline and methylglyoxal contents were found to be higher in E228 than in M35-1, while SbBADH2 expression in E228 was half that in M35-1, suggesting a similar 2AP biosynthetic mechanism to that found in fragrant rice and soybean.
FIGURE 3. Pandanus martinianus Nadaf & Zanan. A. Habit; B. Syncarp with a focus on stigmas in fra... more FIGURE 3. Pandanus martinianus Nadaf & Zanan. A. Habit; B. Syncarp with a focus on stigmas in frame. A, B: Zanan 65; photographs: R. Zanan.
FIGURE 1. Details of localities of Pandanus martinianus Nadaf & Zanan from North Eastern States o... more FIGURE 1. Details of localities of Pandanus martinianus Nadaf & Zanan from North Eastern States of India.
acetyl-1-pyrroline has been reported as a major compound responsible for pleasant aroma in basmat... more acetyl-1-pyrroline has been reported as a major compound responsible for pleasant aroma in basmati and other scented rice varieties. The biosynthesis of this molecule is due to deletion in the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase2 gene. This deletion leads in the accumulation of Δ 1 -pyrroline which reacts non-enzymatically with methylglyoxal to form 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. Due to non-functionality of this gene that regulates the synthesis of Gamma-amino butyric acid, the plant species synthesizing 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline suffers for the yield losses, sterility and susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus the non-functionality of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase2 gene coupled with 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline synthesis serves as a metabolic disease. In this review these aspects are discussed in detail.
Benstonea thawaitesii (Martelli) Callm. and Buerki, an economically important plant of Pandanacea... more Benstonea thawaitesii (Martelli) Callm. and Buerki, an economically important plant of Pandanaceae family, is having fragrant male inflorescence. In vegetative growth phase, it is difficult to distinguish B. thwaitesii from other Pandanaceae species due to similar morphological characters. In the present study, we have developed inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) derived sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker for identification of B. thwaitesii. A set of 15 Indian Pandanaceae species was screened using 15 ISSR primers. Among 15 primers, UBC-857 generated unique 1 kb band specific to B. thwaitesii. It was further cloned, sequenced and used to design SCAR primer that amplified the expected amplicon of 750 bp in B. thwaitesii only. This is the first report of developing species-specific SCAR marker in B. thwaitesii using ISSR primers.
Abstract GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is a nonprotein amino acid and naturally occurs in microorgan... more Abstract GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is a nonprotein amino acid and naturally occurs in microorganisms, plants, and animals. GABA is synthesized prominently via GABA shunt. From Krebs cycle, glucose metabolized with α-ketoglutarate and transaminated by α-oxoglutarate transaminase (GABA-T) to form glutamate. Further, glutamate is decarboxylated by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) to form GABA. In mammalian central nervous system, GABA is present in about 25%–50% of neurons as a chief inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA inhibitory synapses bind to specific transmembrane receptors in the plasma membrane of both pre- and postsynaptic neuronal processes. GABAA and GABAC receptors are ionotropic, activation of these receptors results in enhanced membrane ion conductance, whereas GABAB receptor is metabotropic, activation of GABAB results in increased intracellular levels of second messenger. GABA plays an important role in regulating the neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system and has several well-known physiological functions. GABA improves plasma concentration, growth hormones, and protein synthesis in the brain. The lower GABA content is associated with several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including anxiety, pain, depression, insomnia, and epilepsy. Also GABA having hypotensive, tranquilizing, diuretic, and antidiabetic effects, it regulates lipid levels in serum, inhibits cancer cell proliferation, and improves memory and the learning abilities. Along with GABA shunt, GABA synthesized through polyamine pathway as well. GABA also acts as an osmolyte in response to a range of stresses such as, mechanical, stimulation, hypoxia, cytosolic acidification, water, darkness, drought, and salt stress. Due to beneficial effects of GABA for human health, demand of GABA has increased, nowadays; it is classified as a bioactive component and used considerably in foods and pharmaceuticals. The synthetic GABA have significant side effects like drowsiness and dizziness to addiction, whereas natural GABA supplementation is nearly without side effects. Various traditional foods produced through microbial fermentation having GABA content are safe and eco-friendly. The production of GABA by living organisms (plants and microorganisms) can fulfill the demand with GABA-enriched health beneficial foods. In this chapter, general account of GABA, biosynthesis at biochemical and molecular level in microorganisms, plants, and animals along with its further metabolism in different living system, health benefits and commercial production are discussed in detail. The applications, benefits, and side effects of GABA and GABA supplements have also been discussed in details.
Abstract In the present study, selected indica rice accessions (basmati, non-basmati fragrant, an... more Abstract In the present study, selected indica rice accessions (basmati, non-basmati fragrant, and non-fragrant) were screened for mutations in betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 ( badh2 ) gene to investigate the allelic differences using previously reported functional markers. This screening experiment revealed that non-basmati fragrant accession ‘Velchi’ does not harbour any reported mutation in coding region of badh2 . While working with badh2-p-UTR marker we got deviating results. All the non-basmati fragrant and basmati types gave amplicon of 203 bp except Velchi, whereas all non-fragrant and ‘Velchi’ gave 456 and 461 bp amplicons respectively. The new allele has 253 bp deletion in the promoter region of fragrant indica rice accessions compared to non-fragrant rice. Further, the fragrant accession ‘Velchi’ has additional 5 bp duplication as compared to non-fragrant accessions. To distinguish Velchi from other non-fragrant indica accessions, a new marker ( velbadh2-p-UTR ) has been designed to identify this 5 bp difference, which could distinguish ‘Velchi’ from non-fragrant rice accessions and can be useful in breeding for development of fragrant rice varieties via marker-assisted selection. The 2AP biosynthesis related metabolites, gene expression and enzyme assay confirmed deletion in badh2 and expression of fragrance in Velchi.
ABSTRACTRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops. Various conventional and ... more ABSTRACTRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops. Various conventional and modern techniques have been employed for improvement in rice. RNA interference (RNAi) is one of the popular reverse genetic strategies being practiced among plant scientists due to its efficiency and specificity. Nowadays, new age-targeted genome editing tools such as transcription activator-like effectors nucleases (TALEN) and clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas) are becoming popular due to their ability of precise modification of genome sequence and regulation of gene expression patterns in a site-specific manner. Here, we reviewed the utility of RNAi, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas in various aspects of rice improvement such as plant architecture, plant development, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and qualitative improvement. A comparison of RNAi and targeted genome editing methods will provide some insights for researchers working on improvement of rice.
Fragrance is one of the most important and valued quality characters in sorghum and other foods a... more Fragrance is one of the most important and valued quality characters in sorghum and other foods and attracts a premium price in local and global trade. The allele of the SbBADH2 gene in fragrant sorghum cultivar E228 was characterized. A 1441 bp deletion extending from exon 13 to 15 was found rather than a deletion from exon 12 to 15 as had been reported earlier. This allowed the development and validation of a new perfect PCR-based marker for identification of fragrant sorghum accessions in breeding. The concentration of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) in the grain of this cultivar was estimated to be 6.5 ± 0.4 ppb using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with GC-MS. Flavor components of fragrant sorghum accession E228 (IC 568489) were analyzed and compared with the non-fragrant M35-1 cultivar. PCA analysis revealed that 2AP, benzothiazole, 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine, (1E)-1-ethylidene-1H-indene, cedrene, 2,4-bis(2-methyl-2-propanyl)phenol, 2-hexyl-1-octanol, and 2-butyl-1-octanol were among 25 compounds that were found in sorghum grain that may be contributing toward the aroma of fragrant sorghum. Proline and methylglyoxal contents were found to be higher in E228 than in M35-1, while SbBADH2 expression in E228 was half that in M35-1, suggesting a similar 2AP biosynthetic mechanism to that found in fragrant rice and soybean.
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