Additional file 2: Fig. S1. Study of down-regulation of NRPs by shRNA in 786-O cells. (A-B) Effec... more Additional file 2: Fig. S1. Study of down-regulation of NRPs by shRNA in 786-O cells. (A-B) Effects of the downregulation of NRP by shRNA on NRP1 and NRP2 mRNA expression measured by qPCR. (C) Effects on cell metabolic activity measured by MTT assays. (D) Down-regulation of NRPs decreased cell migration. Bevacizumab increased this effect for NRP1 down-regulation. (E) Down-regulation of NRPs had no effect on VEGFA and VEGFC production measured by ELISA. *p
The identity of the Human T lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) receptor remained an unsolved puzz... more The identity of the Human T lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) receptor remained an unsolved puzzle for two decades, until the recent demonstration that three molecules, Glucose Transporter 1, Neuropilin-1 and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans are involved in HTLV-1 binding and entry. Despite these advances, several questions remain unanswered, including the precise role of each of these molecules during virus entry. In light of the most recent data, we propose a model of the HTLV-1 receptor complex and discuss its potential impact on HTLV-1 infection.
TGF-beta 1 is critical for differentiation of epithelial-associated dendritic Langerhans cells (L... more TGF-beta 1 is critical for differentiation of epithelial-associated dendritic Langerhans cells (LC). In accordance with the characteristics of in vivo LC, we show that LC obtained from human monocytes in vitro in the presence of TGF-beta 1 1) express almost exclusively intracellular class II Ags, low CD80, and no CD83 and CD86 Ags and 2) down-regulate TNF-RI (p55) and do not produce IL-10 after stimulation, in contrast to dermal dendritic cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Surprisingly, while LC exhibit E-cadherin down-regulation upon exposure to TNF-alpha and IL-1, TGF-beta 1 prevents the final LC maturation in response to TNF-alpha, IL-1, and LPS with respect to Class II CD80, CD86, and CD83 Ag expression, loss of FITC-dextran uptake, production of IL-12, and Ag presentation. In sharp contrast, CD40 ligand cognate signal induces full maturation of LC and is not inhibited by TGF-beta 1. The presence of emigrated immature LCs in human reactive skin-draining lymph nodes provides in vivo evidence that LC migration and final maturation may be differentially regulated. Therefore, due to the effects of TGF-beta 1, inflammatory stimuli may not be sufficient to induce full maturation of LC, thus avoiding potentially harmful immune responses. We conclude that TGF-beta 1 appears to be responsible for both the acquisition of LC phenotype, cytokine production pattern, and prevention of noncognate maturation.
Additional file 2: Fig. S1. Study of down-regulation of NRPs by shRNA in 786-O cells. (A-B) Effec... more Additional file 2: Fig. S1. Study of down-regulation of NRPs by shRNA in 786-O cells. (A-B) Effects of the downregulation of NRP by shRNA on NRP1 and NRP2 mRNA expression measured by qPCR. (C) Effects on cell metabolic activity measured by MTT assays. (D) Down-regulation of NRPs decreased cell migration. Bevacizumab increased this effect for NRP1 down-regulation. (E) Down-regulation of NRPs had no effect on VEGFA and VEGFC production measured by ELISA. *p
The identity of the Human T lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) receptor remained an unsolved puzz... more The identity of the Human T lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) receptor remained an unsolved puzzle for two decades, until the recent demonstration that three molecules, Glucose Transporter 1, Neuropilin-1 and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans are involved in HTLV-1 binding and entry. Despite these advances, several questions remain unanswered, including the precise role of each of these molecules during virus entry. In light of the most recent data, we propose a model of the HTLV-1 receptor complex and discuss its potential impact on HTLV-1 infection.
TGF-beta 1 is critical for differentiation of epithelial-associated dendritic Langerhans cells (L... more TGF-beta 1 is critical for differentiation of epithelial-associated dendritic Langerhans cells (LC). In accordance with the characteristics of in vivo LC, we show that LC obtained from human monocytes in vitro in the presence of TGF-beta 1 1) express almost exclusively intracellular class II Ags, low CD80, and no CD83 and CD86 Ags and 2) down-regulate TNF-RI (p55) and do not produce IL-10 after stimulation, in contrast to dermal dendritic cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Surprisingly, while LC exhibit E-cadherin down-regulation upon exposure to TNF-alpha and IL-1, TGF-beta 1 prevents the final LC maturation in response to TNF-alpha, IL-1, and LPS with respect to Class II CD80, CD86, and CD83 Ag expression, loss of FITC-dextran uptake, production of IL-12, and Ag presentation. In sharp contrast, CD40 ligand cognate signal induces full maturation of LC and is not inhibited by TGF-beta 1. The presence of emigrated immature LCs in human reactive skin-draining lymph nodes provides in vivo evidence that LC migration and final maturation may be differentially regulated. Therefore, due to the effects of TGF-beta 1, inflammatory stimuli may not be sufficient to induce full maturation of LC, thus avoiding potentially harmful immune responses. We conclude that TGF-beta 1 appears to be responsible for both the acquisition of LC phenotype, cytokine production pattern, and prevention of noncognate maturation.
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