Introduction: Sex estimates are generally based on the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative... more Introduction: Sex estimates are generally based on the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative aspects of anatomic structures, however, the latter has better reproducibility and reliability. Objective: Aiming to evaluate the viscerocranium as a tool for sexual prediction and verify the possibility of creation of a logistic regression model for sexual prediction. Materials and Methods: 167 craniums - 100 male and 67 female between 22 and 85 years old from a Brazilian university´s Biobank - were evaluated. Results: It was observed that of the measures carried out were presented as sexually dimorphic, except for the measures of the right frontozygomatic point – right zygion; left frontozygomatic point – left zygion. Besides, it was possible to create a logistic regression model Sex = [logits/Sex = -24.5 + (0.20 * Nasion - Naso spine) + (0.18 * Right zygion - Naso spine)]. Conclusion: It was concluded that the measures of the viscerocranium present themselves as a factor of sexual di...
O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso clínico de aspiração de broca protética de acaba... more O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso clínico de aspiração de broca protética de acabamento durante o tratamento odontológico e evidenciar aspectos clínicos, éticos e legais relacionados a esse tipo de acidente. Paciente do sexo masculino, 58 anos, durante um atendimento odontológico relatou que sentiu uma sensação de “coceira ” na garganta. O atendimento foi interrompido e o mesmo encaminhado para atendimento hospitalar. Após radiografia e tomografia computadorizada do tórax foi constatada a aspiração acidental de uma broca de acabamento de restauração resinosa, removida com sucesso via broncoscopia. Cabe ao cirurgião-dentista conhecer e aplicar os meios necessários para prevenir a aspiração de objetos utilizados no tratamento, como a utilização do lençol de borracha ou amarrar objetos com o fio dental, bem como abordar as complicações decorrentes desse acidente. Dessa forma estará resguardado de possíveis demandas ético-judiciais por cumprir com suas responsabilidades p...
Human identification involves comparing data from a body, ranging from structural integrity to ad... more Human identification involves comparing data from a body, ranging from structural integrity to advanced degrees of destruction, such as skeletonization, carbonization, or fragmentation. Data available in remains found trigger a search for ante-mortem information on missing persons. This work aims to demonstrate the importance of dental records in the human identification process, considering the richness of information within them and the uniqueness of human dental arches. The lifetime archiving of dental records has its legal basis in Brazil’s Consumer Protection Code. However, we seek to demonstrate how a well-designed, organized, and filed medical record may play a key role in identifying or not an individual. The well-performed filing and forensic activity work in the identification process is a service for the living population; that is, for the family of the deceased individual who, if not identified, will be part of the missing persons statistics. Documents comprising dental ...
Many cases of human identification in which traditional methods are not applicable challenge the ... more Many cases of human identification in which traditional methods are not applicable challenge the experts’ capability and versatility. In the absence of ante-mortem records, superimposition of skull images over photographs of a possible victim arises as a possible alternative. Aim: The present study was a pilot work willing to validate a new method of sizing images of the face by the use of proportionality principles, taking as reference a few predetermined accessories: a pair of sunglasses, a hat and a necklace. Methods: Twenty-one volunteers were photographed using each one of the accessories mentioned above. Pictures of the dental arches were also taken, with millimeter scale adjacent. The images with accessories were examined by a single operator, who estimated the mesiodistal width of the upper central incisor, for later comparison with the real measures. Results: The accuracy of the method was evaluated by the Student’s t-test, which showed that the estimated measures were stat...
Revista da Faculdade de Odontologia de Porto Alegre, 2012
O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso clínico de aspiração de broca protética de acaba... more O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso clínico de aspiração de broca protética de acabamento durante o tratamento odontológico e evidenciar aspectos clínicos, éticos e legais relacionados a esse tipo de acidente. Paciente do sexo masculino, 58 anos, durante um atendimento odontológico relatou que sentiu uma sensação de “coceira” na garganta. O atendimento foi interrompido e o mesmo encaminhado para atendimento hospitalar. Após radiografia e tomografia computadorizada do tórax foi constatada a aspiração acidental de uma broca de acabamento de restauração resinosa, removida com sucesso via broncoscopia. Cabe ao cirurgião-dentista conhecer e aplicar os meios necessários para prevenir a aspiração de objetos utilizados no tratamento, como a utilização do lençol de borracha ou amarrar objetos com o fio dental, bem como abordar as complicações decorrentes desse acidente. Dessa forma estará resguardado de possíveis demandas ético-judiciais por cumprir com suas responsabilidades pr...
Purpose: This research was conducted to review the documentation and communication protocols used... more Purpose: This research was conducted to review the documentation and communication protocols used by dental offices and dental laboratories in the cities: Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and Araçatuba (SP), focusing on legal aspects of this practice, through a questionnaire with open and structured questions. The answers were subjected to statistical analysis with Chi-square and Fisher´s exact test, and showed that there is no agreement in the literature regarding documentation and communication protocols between the observed samples, as well as the perception of this practice by the interviewed, making evident the need to rethink the aspects that work through the relationship between dental offices and dental laboratories.
Rgo Revista Gaucha De Odontologia Vol 61 N 3 2013, Nov 1, 2013
ABSTRACT Objective To verify the perception of prosthodontists regarding the forensic dentistry a... more ABSTRACT Objective To verify the perception of prosthodontists regarding the forensic dentistry aspects of the rehabilitation treatment data stored in the dental records of their patients. Methods This is a prospective study of 222 male and female dental surgeons from the city of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, who specialize in dental prosthesis. The study used a questionnaire with 41 structured questions and two open questions, totaling 43 questions. After descriptive analysis, the data were compared by the Fisher’s exact test. Results A total of 143 questionnaires were answered, representing 64.4% of the existing dental surgeons at the time of the study. Most respondents (86.7%), and females more so than males (p=0.046), did follow-up or maintenance of the treatments provided. The study also found that dental surgeons 50 years old or younger follow their patients regularly but as they get older, the follow-up frequency decreases (p=0.019). Conclusion The study experts have partial knowledge of the forensic dentistry aspects of the records of the rehabilitation treatments they provided. Their experience had a significant impact on their legal awareness and on the quality of the data they recorded regarding the procedures that suggest greater care. Indexing terms: Dental records. Dental prosthesis. Forensic dentistry. Expert testimony. Knowledge. RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a percepcao dos protesistas sobre aspectos odontolegais envolvendo os registros relativos aos trabalhos reabilitadores no prontuario odontologico. Metodos Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo sobre 222 cirurgioes-dentistas, em ambos os sexos, especialistas em Protese Dentaria, atuantes na Cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de um questionario com 43 questoes (41 estruturadas e duas abertas) dirigido a estes profissionais. Apos a analise descritiva dos resultados, os mesmos serao comparados por meio do teste Exato de Fischer. Resultados A amostra pesquisada constituiu-se de 143 questionarios respondidos (n=143), ou seja, 64,4% do numero de profissionais existentes a epoca. Observou-se que o acompanhamento ou manutencao periodica dos trabalhos realizados mostrou um alto escore (86,7%), sendo significativamente maior para os profissionais do sexo feminino, em comparacao com os profissionais do sexo masculino (p=0,046). O estudo estatistico mostrou tambem que o acompanhamento e constante nas faixas etarias de profissionais ate os 50 anos de idade, decaindo com o passar dos anos (p=0,019). Conclusao Existe entre os especialistas pesquisados um conhecimento parcial sobre aspectos odontolegais que permeiam os registros relativos aos trabalhos reabilitadores no prontuario odontologico, sendo que houve diferenca significativa entre os grupos com diferentes tempos de experiencia, no que tange a alguns procedimentos que sugerem maior cautela, bem como ao conhecimento de normas legais. Termos de indexacao: Registros odontologicos. Protese dentaria. Odontologia legal. Prova pericial. Conhecimento.
Dental elements are valuable tools in a study of ancient populations and species, and key-feature... more Dental elements are valuable tools in a study of ancient populations and species, and key-features for human identification; among the dental anthropology field, nonmetric traits, standardized by ASUDAS, are closely related to ancestry. This study aimed to analyze the frequency of six nonmetric traits in a sample from Southeast Brazil, composed by 130 dental casts from individuals aged between 18 and 30, without foreign parents or grandparents. A single examiner observed the presence or absence of shoveling, Carabelli's cusp, fifth cusp, 3-cusped UM2, sixth cusp, and 4-cusped LM2. The frequencies obtained were different from the ones shown by other researches to Amerindian and South American samples, and related to European and sub-Saharan frequencies, showing the influence of this groups in the current Brazilian population. Sexual dimorphism was found in the frequencies of Carabelli's cusp, 3-cusped UM2, and sixth cusp.
Many anthropological studies have shown that sex can be determined using the human skeleton, espe... more Many anthropological studies have shown that sex can be determined using the human skeleton, especially by examining the pelvis and skull. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of sexual dimorphism in the Brazilian population by craniometric analysis; to identify the most reliable measurements and to propose a discriminant function for sex determination. The selected sample was composed of 100 adult skulls, 50 male and 50 female, from Cuiabá city, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Of all the measurements taken, only the difference between the bi-euryon distances has proven insignificant, while themost dimorphic measure was the bi-zygomatic diameter. A discriminant function was obtained by applying the bi-zygomatic and the basion-lambda measurements, with a confidence level of 72%. The authors concluded that most of the traits analyzed are sexually dimorphic and the discriminant function elaborated is reliable for sex determination in human identification for forensic purposes.
Stature is a measurable feature of the body, useful in human identification, which may include or... more Stature is a measurable feature of the body, useful in human identification, which may include or exclude an individual from a missing persons list. The aim of this study is to analyze the Carrea´s index for stature estimation in dental arches with normal dentition, crowding and diastema. Plaster casts of 51 students of the Federal University of Paraíba were analyzed. Each hemiarch was divided according to the dental position, and the elements were measured with divider and digital calipers. Considering the normal and crowded dentition, the Carrea´s index presented a satisfactory success percentage, between 72.2% and 95.2%, with no statistically significant difference between sexes or between right and left sides. The presence of diastema reduced the number of matches to less than 62.5%. It was concluded that the Carrea´s index is a reliable method for height estimation in arches with normal and crowded dentitions, useful in males and females, and in the right and left sides. Howeve...
Forensic odontology and anthropology provide valuable support with regard to human identification... more Forensic odontology and anthropology provide valuable support with regard to human identification. In some cases, when soft tissue is destroyed, carbonized or absent for whatever reason, bones and teeth become the only source of information about the identity of the deceased. In human identification, anything different, such as variation from normality, becomes an important tool when trying to establish the identity of the deceased. This paper illustrates a positive identification case achieved by the diagnosis of an anomaly of tooth position, with confirmation using skull-photo superimposition. Even though forensic science presents modern techniques, in this particular case, the anomalous position of the canine played a key role on the identification, showing that the presence of a forensic dentist on the forensic team can be of great value.
Sex is one of the first features to be diagnosed in human identification, composing, with age, an... more Sex is one of the first features to be diagnosed in human identification, composing, with age, ancestry and stature, the so called “big four”. Aim: The present study aimed to metrically analyze the sexual dimorphism in skulls of known age and sex from Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil. Methods: This was a crosssectional study of metrical analysis, which used a sample comprised of 209 human skulls (106 male and 103 female) older than 22 years old at the time of death, undamaged and without signs of trauma or abnormalities. The point nasion and the most superior points on the zygomaticotemporal sutures from each side were connected forming a triangle. This area was calculated using Heron’s formula, and the results were submitted for statistical analysis. Results: All measurements showed significant values for sexual dimorphism. Through the area of the triangle, it was possible to determine sex with an accuracy of 83.97% for males and 83.50% for females. Conclusion: This simple method require...
Photoanthropometry quantify the facial proportions of an individual facilitating the comparison o... more Photoanthropometry quantify the facial proportions of an individual facilitating the comparison of facial patterns for human identification. The coordinates and vertical distances in pixels of the photoanthropometric landmarks on images of the same individual in frontal and profile views were analyzed and compared. A total of 116 pairs of photographs of Brazilian individuals were evaluated. The photographs were adjusted in size and rotation, and marked in the software Two-dimensional Forensic Facial Analysis System. For each face, 16 landmarks were considered: glabella (g), nasion (n), ectocanthion (ec), pronasale (prn), subnasale (sn), alare (al), cheilion (ch), upper lip (ls), lower lip (li), stomion (sto), labiomental (lm), gnathion (gn), superaurale (sa), subaurale (sba), postaurale (pa) and upper ear lobe (slb); the x- and y-coordinates of each landmark were obtained. Twenty-seven vertical distances between the points were proposed, which were measured by subtracting the values...
Introduction: Sex estimates are generally based on the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative... more Introduction: Sex estimates are generally based on the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative aspects of anatomic structures, however, the latter has better reproducibility and reliability. Objective: Aiming to evaluate the viscerocranium as a tool for sexual prediction and verify the possibility of creation of a logistic regression model for sexual prediction. Materials and Methods: 167 craniums - 100 male and 67 female between 22 and 85 years old from a Brazilian university´s Biobank - were evaluated. Results: It was observed that of the measures carried out were presented as sexually dimorphic, except for the measures of the right frontozygomatic point – right zygion; left frontozygomatic point – left zygion. Besides, it was possible to create a logistic regression model Sex = [logits/Sex = -24.5 + (0.20 * Nasion - Naso spine) + (0.18 * Right zygion - Naso spine)]. Conclusion: It was concluded that the measures of the viscerocranium present themselves as a factor of sexual di...
O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso clínico de aspiração de broca protética de acaba... more O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso clínico de aspiração de broca protética de acabamento durante o tratamento odontológico e evidenciar aspectos clínicos, éticos e legais relacionados a esse tipo de acidente. Paciente do sexo masculino, 58 anos, durante um atendimento odontológico relatou que sentiu uma sensação de “coceira ” na garganta. O atendimento foi interrompido e o mesmo encaminhado para atendimento hospitalar. Após radiografia e tomografia computadorizada do tórax foi constatada a aspiração acidental de uma broca de acabamento de restauração resinosa, removida com sucesso via broncoscopia. Cabe ao cirurgião-dentista conhecer e aplicar os meios necessários para prevenir a aspiração de objetos utilizados no tratamento, como a utilização do lençol de borracha ou amarrar objetos com o fio dental, bem como abordar as complicações decorrentes desse acidente. Dessa forma estará resguardado de possíveis demandas ético-judiciais por cumprir com suas responsabilidades p...
Human identification involves comparing data from a body, ranging from structural integrity to ad... more Human identification involves comparing data from a body, ranging from structural integrity to advanced degrees of destruction, such as skeletonization, carbonization, or fragmentation. Data available in remains found trigger a search for ante-mortem information on missing persons. This work aims to demonstrate the importance of dental records in the human identification process, considering the richness of information within them and the uniqueness of human dental arches. The lifetime archiving of dental records has its legal basis in Brazil’s Consumer Protection Code. However, we seek to demonstrate how a well-designed, organized, and filed medical record may play a key role in identifying or not an individual. The well-performed filing and forensic activity work in the identification process is a service for the living population; that is, for the family of the deceased individual who, if not identified, will be part of the missing persons statistics. Documents comprising dental ...
Many cases of human identification in which traditional methods are not applicable challenge the ... more Many cases of human identification in which traditional methods are not applicable challenge the experts’ capability and versatility. In the absence of ante-mortem records, superimposition of skull images over photographs of a possible victim arises as a possible alternative. Aim: The present study was a pilot work willing to validate a new method of sizing images of the face by the use of proportionality principles, taking as reference a few predetermined accessories: a pair of sunglasses, a hat and a necklace. Methods: Twenty-one volunteers were photographed using each one of the accessories mentioned above. Pictures of the dental arches were also taken, with millimeter scale adjacent. The images with accessories were examined by a single operator, who estimated the mesiodistal width of the upper central incisor, for later comparison with the real measures. Results: The accuracy of the method was evaluated by the Student’s t-test, which showed that the estimated measures were stat...
Revista da Faculdade de Odontologia de Porto Alegre, 2012
O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso clínico de aspiração de broca protética de acaba... more O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso clínico de aspiração de broca protética de acabamento durante o tratamento odontológico e evidenciar aspectos clínicos, éticos e legais relacionados a esse tipo de acidente. Paciente do sexo masculino, 58 anos, durante um atendimento odontológico relatou que sentiu uma sensação de “coceira” na garganta. O atendimento foi interrompido e o mesmo encaminhado para atendimento hospitalar. Após radiografia e tomografia computadorizada do tórax foi constatada a aspiração acidental de uma broca de acabamento de restauração resinosa, removida com sucesso via broncoscopia. Cabe ao cirurgião-dentista conhecer e aplicar os meios necessários para prevenir a aspiração de objetos utilizados no tratamento, como a utilização do lençol de borracha ou amarrar objetos com o fio dental, bem como abordar as complicações decorrentes desse acidente. Dessa forma estará resguardado de possíveis demandas ético-judiciais por cumprir com suas responsabilidades pr...
Purpose: This research was conducted to review the documentation and communication protocols used... more Purpose: This research was conducted to review the documentation and communication protocols used by dental offices and dental laboratories in the cities: Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and Araçatuba (SP), focusing on legal aspects of this practice, through a questionnaire with open and structured questions. The answers were subjected to statistical analysis with Chi-square and Fisher´s exact test, and showed that there is no agreement in the literature regarding documentation and communication protocols between the observed samples, as well as the perception of this practice by the interviewed, making evident the need to rethink the aspects that work through the relationship between dental offices and dental laboratories.
Rgo Revista Gaucha De Odontologia Vol 61 N 3 2013, Nov 1, 2013
ABSTRACT Objective To verify the perception of prosthodontists regarding the forensic dentistry a... more ABSTRACT Objective To verify the perception of prosthodontists regarding the forensic dentistry aspects of the rehabilitation treatment data stored in the dental records of their patients. Methods This is a prospective study of 222 male and female dental surgeons from the city of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, who specialize in dental prosthesis. The study used a questionnaire with 41 structured questions and two open questions, totaling 43 questions. After descriptive analysis, the data were compared by the Fisher’s exact test. Results A total of 143 questionnaires were answered, representing 64.4% of the existing dental surgeons at the time of the study. Most respondents (86.7%), and females more so than males (p=0.046), did follow-up or maintenance of the treatments provided. The study also found that dental surgeons 50 years old or younger follow their patients regularly but as they get older, the follow-up frequency decreases (p=0.019). Conclusion The study experts have partial knowledge of the forensic dentistry aspects of the records of the rehabilitation treatments they provided. Their experience had a significant impact on their legal awareness and on the quality of the data they recorded regarding the procedures that suggest greater care. Indexing terms: Dental records. Dental prosthesis. Forensic dentistry. Expert testimony. Knowledge. RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a percepcao dos protesistas sobre aspectos odontolegais envolvendo os registros relativos aos trabalhos reabilitadores no prontuario odontologico. Metodos Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo sobre 222 cirurgioes-dentistas, em ambos os sexos, especialistas em Protese Dentaria, atuantes na Cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de um questionario com 43 questoes (41 estruturadas e duas abertas) dirigido a estes profissionais. Apos a analise descritiva dos resultados, os mesmos serao comparados por meio do teste Exato de Fischer. Resultados A amostra pesquisada constituiu-se de 143 questionarios respondidos (n=143), ou seja, 64,4% do numero de profissionais existentes a epoca. Observou-se que o acompanhamento ou manutencao periodica dos trabalhos realizados mostrou um alto escore (86,7%), sendo significativamente maior para os profissionais do sexo feminino, em comparacao com os profissionais do sexo masculino (p=0,046). O estudo estatistico mostrou tambem que o acompanhamento e constante nas faixas etarias de profissionais ate os 50 anos de idade, decaindo com o passar dos anos (p=0,019). Conclusao Existe entre os especialistas pesquisados um conhecimento parcial sobre aspectos odontolegais que permeiam os registros relativos aos trabalhos reabilitadores no prontuario odontologico, sendo que houve diferenca significativa entre os grupos com diferentes tempos de experiencia, no que tange a alguns procedimentos que sugerem maior cautela, bem como ao conhecimento de normas legais. Termos de indexacao: Registros odontologicos. Protese dentaria. Odontologia legal. Prova pericial. Conhecimento.
Dental elements are valuable tools in a study of ancient populations and species, and key-feature... more Dental elements are valuable tools in a study of ancient populations and species, and key-features for human identification; among the dental anthropology field, nonmetric traits, standardized by ASUDAS, are closely related to ancestry. This study aimed to analyze the frequency of six nonmetric traits in a sample from Southeast Brazil, composed by 130 dental casts from individuals aged between 18 and 30, without foreign parents or grandparents. A single examiner observed the presence or absence of shoveling, Carabelli's cusp, fifth cusp, 3-cusped UM2, sixth cusp, and 4-cusped LM2. The frequencies obtained were different from the ones shown by other researches to Amerindian and South American samples, and related to European and sub-Saharan frequencies, showing the influence of this groups in the current Brazilian population. Sexual dimorphism was found in the frequencies of Carabelli's cusp, 3-cusped UM2, and sixth cusp.
Many anthropological studies have shown that sex can be determined using the human skeleton, espe... more Many anthropological studies have shown that sex can be determined using the human skeleton, especially by examining the pelvis and skull. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of sexual dimorphism in the Brazilian population by craniometric analysis; to identify the most reliable measurements and to propose a discriminant function for sex determination. The selected sample was composed of 100 adult skulls, 50 male and 50 female, from Cuiabá city, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Of all the measurements taken, only the difference between the bi-euryon distances has proven insignificant, while themost dimorphic measure was the bi-zygomatic diameter. A discriminant function was obtained by applying the bi-zygomatic and the basion-lambda measurements, with a confidence level of 72%. The authors concluded that most of the traits analyzed are sexually dimorphic and the discriminant function elaborated is reliable for sex determination in human identification for forensic purposes.
Stature is a measurable feature of the body, useful in human identification, which may include or... more Stature is a measurable feature of the body, useful in human identification, which may include or exclude an individual from a missing persons list. The aim of this study is to analyze the Carrea´s index for stature estimation in dental arches with normal dentition, crowding and diastema. Plaster casts of 51 students of the Federal University of Paraíba were analyzed. Each hemiarch was divided according to the dental position, and the elements were measured with divider and digital calipers. Considering the normal and crowded dentition, the Carrea´s index presented a satisfactory success percentage, between 72.2% and 95.2%, with no statistically significant difference between sexes or between right and left sides. The presence of diastema reduced the number of matches to less than 62.5%. It was concluded that the Carrea´s index is a reliable method for height estimation in arches with normal and crowded dentitions, useful in males and females, and in the right and left sides. Howeve...
Forensic odontology and anthropology provide valuable support with regard to human identification... more Forensic odontology and anthropology provide valuable support with regard to human identification. In some cases, when soft tissue is destroyed, carbonized or absent for whatever reason, bones and teeth become the only source of information about the identity of the deceased. In human identification, anything different, such as variation from normality, becomes an important tool when trying to establish the identity of the deceased. This paper illustrates a positive identification case achieved by the diagnosis of an anomaly of tooth position, with confirmation using skull-photo superimposition. Even though forensic science presents modern techniques, in this particular case, the anomalous position of the canine played a key role on the identification, showing that the presence of a forensic dentist on the forensic team can be of great value.
Sex is one of the first features to be diagnosed in human identification, composing, with age, an... more Sex is one of the first features to be diagnosed in human identification, composing, with age, ancestry and stature, the so called “big four”. Aim: The present study aimed to metrically analyze the sexual dimorphism in skulls of known age and sex from Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil. Methods: This was a crosssectional study of metrical analysis, which used a sample comprised of 209 human skulls (106 male and 103 female) older than 22 years old at the time of death, undamaged and without signs of trauma or abnormalities. The point nasion and the most superior points on the zygomaticotemporal sutures from each side were connected forming a triangle. This area was calculated using Heron’s formula, and the results were submitted for statistical analysis. Results: All measurements showed significant values for sexual dimorphism. Through the area of the triangle, it was possible to determine sex with an accuracy of 83.97% for males and 83.50% for females. Conclusion: This simple method require...
Photoanthropometry quantify the facial proportions of an individual facilitating the comparison o... more Photoanthropometry quantify the facial proportions of an individual facilitating the comparison of facial patterns for human identification. The coordinates and vertical distances in pixels of the photoanthropometric landmarks on images of the same individual in frontal and profile views were analyzed and compared. A total of 116 pairs of photographs of Brazilian individuals were evaluated. The photographs were adjusted in size and rotation, and marked in the software Two-dimensional Forensic Facial Analysis System. For each face, 16 landmarks were considered: glabella (g), nasion (n), ectocanthion (ec), pronasale (prn), subnasale (sn), alare (al), cheilion (ch), upper lip (ls), lower lip (li), stomion (sto), labiomental (lm), gnathion (gn), superaurale (sa), subaurale (sba), postaurale (pa) and upper ear lobe (slb); the x- and y-coordinates of each landmark were obtained. Twenty-seven vertical distances between the points were proposed, which were measured by subtracting the values...
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