Eight vegetable crops were sampled at five localities in Southeastern Nigeria and were found to h... more Eight vegetable crops were sampled at five localities in Southeastern Nigeria and were found to harbour one or more species of thrips. The crops were Amaranthus hybridus, A. spinosus, Basella rubra, Solanum incanum, S. melongena, Hibiscus esculentus, Telfairia occidentalis and a species of Solanum. The sampled localities, with the frequency of occurrence of thrips, were Umuahia (29.6%), Owerri (28.5%), Port Harcourt (25.7%), Calabar (18.7%) and Enugu (6.0%). The studies revealed that crops with very heavy infloresences, e.g. Amaranthus hybridus, had a higher number of thrips (40%) per flower/leaf, while simple flowered crops like Telfairia occidentalis could only harbour a far lower number of thrips per flower/leaf. This showed a preference of these thrips for plants with heavy inflorescences which provided them with more protection, especially their larvae. Taxonomic/microscopic studies identified three species of thrips:&...
International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 2010
Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, PMB 5021, Anambra State, Nigeria. Obire, O... more Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, PMB 5021, Anambra State, Nigeria. Obire, O., Okigbo, R.N. and Ojim, C.F. (2010). Fungal population and diversity in partially digested cellulose from the abomasum of beef cows. Journal of Agricultural Technology 6(4): 783-792. The fungal population and mycoflora of partially digested cellulose from the abomasum of beef cows were investigated over a period of seven days, using standard methods. The temperature of the partially digested cellulose immediately after collection from the abomasum was 35.9 ±0.58oC. The fungal populations ranged from 1.6x10
Introduction. Au Nigeria, les orangers (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) sont attaques par de nombreuse... more Introduction. Au Nigeria, les orangers (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) sont attaques par de nombreuses maladies. L'une d'elles pourrait etre la maladie du pourridie basal et racinaire provoque par Ganoderma pseudoferreum (G. philippii). Une etude a ete entreprise pour identifier le champignon en cause et determiner sa pathogenicite en conditions controlees. Materiel et methodes. Le champignon responsable de la maladie a ete isole sur les tiges d'orangers affectes (morts), mis en culture sur un milieu gelifie a base de dextrose de pomme de terre (PDA), puis identifie. La croissance du champignon a ete etudiee sur ce meme milieu et sur de l'extrait de malt gelifie (MEA). Des tests de pathogenicite ont ete effectues sur de jeunes orangers, goyaviers (Psidium guajava L.) et papayers (Carica papaya). Resultats et discussion. Ganoderma pseudoferreum (G. philippi) a ete identifie comme etant le champignon responsable de la maladie. Apres 17 d a la temperature ambiante (28 ± 2 °...
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2008
The ascendancy of the Human Immuno Deficiency virus (HIV) has spurred intensive investigation int... more The ascendancy of the Human Immuno Deficiency virus (HIV) has spurred intensive investigation into plant derivatives, which may be effective, especially for use in underdeveloped nations with little access to expensive western medicines. This review describes mostly the current state of ant microbial substances of plant origin ranging from extracts commonly in use, largely by the community, to substances being prospected screened and tested by researchers and clinicians. This review focuses on plant and their extracts, which are anti microbial in nature or in other words the anti microbial substances of plant origin and their eventual therapeutic effects on human affairs. Only phytochemicals or anti microbial substances reported to have anti microbial or anti-infective properties are examined. Key words: Phytomedicines, medicinal plants, human, diseases.
Purpose: The present research was conducted to determine the fungitoxic effect of ethanol and col... more Purpose: The present research was conducted to determine the fungitoxic effect of ethanol and cold water extracts of Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Cymbopogon citratus in vitro on causative agents of soursop fruit. Materials and Methods: The microbial pathogens obtained from the bark of soursop fruits were Rhizoctonia spp, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Corticinium salmonicolor and Penicillium spp. Ethanol and cold water extracts of the plants were prepared by adding separately 25g, 50g, 75g and 100g of the leaf powder of Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus and rhizome powder of Zingiber officinale into 100ml of ethanol and cold water respectively. Results: The percentage occurrence of Rhizoctonia spp was the highest (50%) while that of Penicillium spp was the lowest (10%). The pathogenicity test of fungal isolates on healthy soursop fruits revealed that Rhizoctonia spp showed highest infection diameter of 35.0 + 6.25mm followed by Botryodiplodia theobromae with infecti...
The potency of petroleum ether leaf extracts of A. indica (Juss), O. gratissimum (L.) and H. suav... more The potency of petroleum ether leaf extracts of A. indica (Juss), O. gratissimum (L.) and H. suavoelens (L.) Poit as mosquito larvicides under laboratory conditions was investigated. Leaf extracts of test plants were extracted, distillated and evaporated using soxhlet apparatus. Twenty five larvae of culex mosquito species were exposed to various concentrations and observed over 24 hr for susceptibility. 100% mortality was achieved by A. indica at concentrations 40% and 35% and O. gratissimum at concentration of 50% after 24hrs while H. suaveolens at 60% which showed no significant effect as mosquito larvicide (P≤0.05). At concentration of 30% of each extract, mortality rate dropped to 96%, 99.2% and 1.34% for A. indica, O. gratissimum and H . suaveolens respectively. LD50 values of 14.3, 11.40 and 66.83 for A. indica , O. gratissimum and H. suaveoleus were obtained. Mortality rate over second and third hours were significantly lower (p< 0.05) and after 24hrs of exposure, no sign...
Antimycotic effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of four local plants (Chromolena odorata, Zing... more Antimycotic effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of four local plants (Chromolena odorata, Zingiber officinale, Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum) on four rot-inducing fungi (Ceracystosis fimbriata, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium solani) of potato tubers were examined in vitro. The pathogenicity test proved that all the test organisms were pathogenic on healthy potato tubers, with Ceracystosis fimbriata being the most virulent, which almost macerated the entire tubers after 7 days of inoculation, causing rot leading to tissue discoloration and production of foul smell from the rotten portion of the tuber. The effectiveness of the extracts varied with the solvent of extraction, extract concentration and the test organisms. Treatments with aqueous and ethanol extracts of the test plants significantly reduced the radial mycelia growth of the pathogens in vitro, although ethanol extracts proved to be more potent. The efficacy of the commercial fun...
... the control of rot\ fruit and vegetable diseases[ The results of the storage studies\ which w... more ... the control of rot\ fruit and vegetable diseases[ The results of the storage studies\ which were ... tic suppression of the normal tuber surface myco~ora which included potential pathogens of yam tubers ... grow the colonies of the tested pathogens in vitro and to coil round the hyphae of ...
ABSTRACT Many human pathogens require serious attention in developing countries like Nigeria. Six... more ABSTRACT Many human pathogens require serious attention in developing countries like Nigeria. Six pathogens were used for the study of the antimicrobial effect of Cajanus cajan leaf extract on some pathogens. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the bacteria isolates and Candida albicans was the only yeast (fungi) isolate used. Solvents used for the extraction of active ingredients of the plant leaf were water (as the aqueous solvent), petroleum ether, ethanol, and chloroform/methanol mixture (as organic solvents). The antibacterial effect of the plant extract showed that the organic solvent extracts were inhibitory to E. coli, S. aureus, and S. typhi; the aqueous extract was inhibitory to E. coli and S. aureus; while K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis showed resistance to all the extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of the extracts on the organisms ranged between 0.125 and 0.25 mg/ml for E. coli, 0.125 mg/ml for S. aureus and 0.0325–0.0625 mg/ml for S. typhi. Cidal or static effect varied with solvent type of extract, concentrations of the leaf extracts, and the organisms. The active components of the plant extract have no cidal or static effect on the tested yeast (C. albicans). The antimicrobial effect of leaf extracts of C. cajan is discussed in relation to the problem of drug resistance in developing countries like Nigeria.
Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, 2007
Two pathogens were employed, Streptococcus faecalis and Candida albicans for the study of the ant... more Two pathogens were employed, Streptococcus faecalis and Candida albicans for the study of the antimicrobial effects of Piper guineense and Phyllantus amarus using agar-well diffusion and disc-diffusion methods. Phytochemical screening of ethanol, cold and hot water extracts detected the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and phlobatannins. Antimicrobial effect of the plant extracts showed that the organic solvent and aqueous solvents of P. amarus were inhibitory to S. faecalis while the extracts of Phyllantus amarus were not inhibitory to Candida albicans . Agar-well determined Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranged between 3.125 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml while the disc diffusion determined MIC values ranged between 6.25 mg/ml and 25.0 mg/ml. The agar-well determined MIC values for the ethanolic P. amarus extracts (3.12 mg/ml) were lower than the corresponding disc-diffusion MIC determined values (6.25 mg/ml −25.00 mg/ml). Bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic...
Eight vegetable crops were sampled at five localities in Southeastern Nigeria and were found to h... more Eight vegetable crops were sampled at five localities in Southeastern Nigeria and were found to harbour one or more species of thrips. The crops were Amaranthus hybridus, A. spinosus, Basella rubra, Solanum incanum, S. melongena, Hibiscus esculentus, Telfairia occidentalis and a species of Solanum. The sampled localities, with the frequency of occurrence of thrips, were Umuahia (29.6%), Owerri (28.5%), Port Harcourt (25.7%), Calabar (18.7%) and Enugu (6.0%). The studies revealed that crops with very heavy infloresences, e.g. Amaranthus hybridus, had a higher number of thrips (40%) per flower/leaf, while simple flowered crops like Telfairia occidentalis could only harbour a far lower number of thrips per flower/leaf. This showed a preference of these thrips for plants with heavy inflorescences which provided them with more protection, especially their larvae. Taxonomic/microscopic studies identified three species of thrips:&...
International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 2010
Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, PMB 5021, Anambra State, Nigeria. Obire, O... more Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, PMB 5021, Anambra State, Nigeria. Obire, O., Okigbo, R.N. and Ojim, C.F. (2010). Fungal population and diversity in partially digested cellulose from the abomasum of beef cows. Journal of Agricultural Technology 6(4): 783-792. The fungal population and mycoflora of partially digested cellulose from the abomasum of beef cows were investigated over a period of seven days, using standard methods. The temperature of the partially digested cellulose immediately after collection from the abomasum was 35.9 ±0.58oC. The fungal populations ranged from 1.6x10
Introduction. Au Nigeria, les orangers (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) sont attaques par de nombreuse... more Introduction. Au Nigeria, les orangers (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) sont attaques par de nombreuses maladies. L'une d'elles pourrait etre la maladie du pourridie basal et racinaire provoque par Ganoderma pseudoferreum (G. philippii). Une etude a ete entreprise pour identifier le champignon en cause et determiner sa pathogenicite en conditions controlees. Materiel et methodes. Le champignon responsable de la maladie a ete isole sur les tiges d'orangers affectes (morts), mis en culture sur un milieu gelifie a base de dextrose de pomme de terre (PDA), puis identifie. La croissance du champignon a ete etudiee sur ce meme milieu et sur de l'extrait de malt gelifie (MEA). Des tests de pathogenicite ont ete effectues sur de jeunes orangers, goyaviers (Psidium guajava L.) et papayers (Carica papaya). Resultats et discussion. Ganoderma pseudoferreum (G. philippi) a ete identifie comme etant le champignon responsable de la maladie. Apres 17 d a la temperature ambiante (28 ± 2 °...
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2008
The ascendancy of the Human Immuno Deficiency virus (HIV) has spurred intensive investigation int... more The ascendancy of the Human Immuno Deficiency virus (HIV) has spurred intensive investigation into plant derivatives, which may be effective, especially for use in underdeveloped nations with little access to expensive western medicines. This review describes mostly the current state of ant microbial substances of plant origin ranging from extracts commonly in use, largely by the community, to substances being prospected screened and tested by researchers and clinicians. This review focuses on plant and their extracts, which are anti microbial in nature or in other words the anti microbial substances of plant origin and their eventual therapeutic effects on human affairs. Only phytochemicals or anti microbial substances reported to have anti microbial or anti-infective properties are examined. Key words: Phytomedicines, medicinal plants, human, diseases.
Purpose: The present research was conducted to determine the fungitoxic effect of ethanol and col... more Purpose: The present research was conducted to determine the fungitoxic effect of ethanol and cold water extracts of Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Cymbopogon citratus in vitro on causative agents of soursop fruit. Materials and Methods: The microbial pathogens obtained from the bark of soursop fruits were Rhizoctonia spp, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Corticinium salmonicolor and Penicillium spp. Ethanol and cold water extracts of the plants were prepared by adding separately 25g, 50g, 75g and 100g of the leaf powder of Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus and rhizome powder of Zingiber officinale into 100ml of ethanol and cold water respectively. Results: The percentage occurrence of Rhizoctonia spp was the highest (50%) while that of Penicillium spp was the lowest (10%). The pathogenicity test of fungal isolates on healthy soursop fruits revealed that Rhizoctonia spp showed highest infection diameter of 35.0 + 6.25mm followed by Botryodiplodia theobromae with infecti...
The potency of petroleum ether leaf extracts of A. indica (Juss), O. gratissimum (L.) and H. suav... more The potency of petroleum ether leaf extracts of A. indica (Juss), O. gratissimum (L.) and H. suavoelens (L.) Poit as mosquito larvicides under laboratory conditions was investigated. Leaf extracts of test plants were extracted, distillated and evaporated using soxhlet apparatus. Twenty five larvae of culex mosquito species were exposed to various concentrations and observed over 24 hr for susceptibility. 100% mortality was achieved by A. indica at concentrations 40% and 35% and O. gratissimum at concentration of 50% after 24hrs while H. suaveolens at 60% which showed no significant effect as mosquito larvicide (P≤0.05). At concentration of 30% of each extract, mortality rate dropped to 96%, 99.2% and 1.34% for A. indica, O. gratissimum and H . suaveolens respectively. LD50 values of 14.3, 11.40 and 66.83 for A. indica , O. gratissimum and H. suaveoleus were obtained. Mortality rate over second and third hours were significantly lower (p< 0.05) and after 24hrs of exposure, no sign...
Antimycotic effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of four local plants (Chromolena odorata, Zing... more Antimycotic effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of four local plants (Chromolena odorata, Zingiber officinale, Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum) on four rot-inducing fungi (Ceracystosis fimbriata, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium solani) of potato tubers were examined in vitro. The pathogenicity test proved that all the test organisms were pathogenic on healthy potato tubers, with Ceracystosis fimbriata being the most virulent, which almost macerated the entire tubers after 7 days of inoculation, causing rot leading to tissue discoloration and production of foul smell from the rotten portion of the tuber. The effectiveness of the extracts varied with the solvent of extraction, extract concentration and the test organisms. Treatments with aqueous and ethanol extracts of the test plants significantly reduced the radial mycelia growth of the pathogens in vitro, although ethanol extracts proved to be more potent. The efficacy of the commercial fun...
... the control of rot\ fruit and vegetable diseases[ The results of the storage studies\ which w... more ... the control of rot\ fruit and vegetable diseases[ The results of the storage studies\ which were ... tic suppression of the normal tuber surface myco~ora which included potential pathogens of yam tubers ... grow the colonies of the tested pathogens in vitro and to coil round the hyphae of ...
ABSTRACT Many human pathogens require serious attention in developing countries like Nigeria. Six... more ABSTRACT Many human pathogens require serious attention in developing countries like Nigeria. Six pathogens were used for the study of the antimicrobial effect of Cajanus cajan leaf extract on some pathogens. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the bacteria isolates and Candida albicans was the only yeast (fungi) isolate used. Solvents used for the extraction of active ingredients of the plant leaf were water (as the aqueous solvent), petroleum ether, ethanol, and chloroform/methanol mixture (as organic solvents). The antibacterial effect of the plant extract showed that the organic solvent extracts were inhibitory to E. coli, S. aureus, and S. typhi; the aqueous extract was inhibitory to E. coli and S. aureus; while K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis showed resistance to all the extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of the extracts on the organisms ranged between 0.125 and 0.25 mg/ml for E. coli, 0.125 mg/ml for S. aureus and 0.0325–0.0625 mg/ml for S. typhi. Cidal or static effect varied with solvent type of extract, concentrations of the leaf extracts, and the organisms. The active components of the plant extract have no cidal or static effect on the tested yeast (C. albicans). The antimicrobial effect of leaf extracts of C. cajan is discussed in relation to the problem of drug resistance in developing countries like Nigeria.
Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, 2007
Two pathogens were employed, Streptococcus faecalis and Candida albicans for the study of the ant... more Two pathogens were employed, Streptococcus faecalis and Candida albicans for the study of the antimicrobial effects of Piper guineense and Phyllantus amarus using agar-well diffusion and disc-diffusion methods. Phytochemical screening of ethanol, cold and hot water extracts detected the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and phlobatannins. Antimicrobial effect of the plant extracts showed that the organic solvent and aqueous solvents of P. amarus were inhibitory to S. faecalis while the extracts of Phyllantus amarus were not inhibitory to Candida albicans . Agar-well determined Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranged between 3.125 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml while the disc diffusion determined MIC values ranged between 6.25 mg/ml and 25.0 mg/ml. The agar-well determined MIC values for the ethanolic P. amarus extracts (3.12 mg/ml) were lower than the corresponding disc-diffusion MIC determined values (6.25 mg/ml −25.00 mg/ml). Bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic...
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