<p>Solid circles are proportions; 95% confidence intervals (between short horizontal lines)... more <p>Solid circles are proportions; 95% confidence intervals (between short horizontal lines) were calculated using the Agresti-Coull method <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001822#pntd.0001822-Brown1" target="_blank">[22]</a>. The sharp decline of <i>T. infestans</i> is mirrored by a similar rise of <i>T. sordida</i> captures. Note that the <i>y</i>-axis is in log<sub>10</sub> scale.</p
⊕<p>, trap positive;</p>⊘<p> trap negative; in each 2×2 sub-table, cells contai... more ⊕<p>, trap positive;</p>⊘<p> trap negative; in each 2×2 sub-table, cells contain the number of dwellings in which both trap types.</p>(•)<p>, only baited traps.</p>(#)<p>, only unbaited traps.</p>(§)<p>, or neither baited nor unbaited traps.</p>(¶)<p>captured triatomines.</p>*<p>Four dwellings could not be re-assessed at this time-point. Manual searches were negative in all dwellings.</p
<p>Model structure: ψ, vector occurrence probabilities; <i>p</i>, vector detect... more <p>Model structure: ψ, vector occurrence probabilities; <i>p</i>, vector detection probabilities, conditioned on occurrence (in parentheses, covariate names, with “.” denoting no covariate in that part of the model). AIC, Akaike information criterion; N, number of sampling units; <i>k</i>, number of parameters; <i>β</i>, estimated slope parameter; SE, standard error.</p>*<p>Paraguay data only.</p
<p>Top-bottom: infestation estimate from a simple logistic regression model taking detectio... more <p>Top-bottom: infestation estimate from a simple logistic regression model taking detection failures into account; infestation index after combined observations from chemically-baited and unbaited sticky traps; infestation index after observations only from chemically-baited sticky traps; infestation index after observations only from unbaited sticky traps; and infestation index after observations only from manual searches by trained staff. Solid circles are point estimates/proportions, and short vertical lines are the 95% confidence interval limits; in the case of observed proportions, these limits were estimated using the Agresti-Coull method <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001822#pntd.0001822-Brown1" target="_blank">[22]</a>. Note that the <i>x</i>-axis is in log<sub>10</sub> scale.</p
*<p>Six dead triatomines could not be identified to species level and were not included in ... more *<p>Six dead triatomines could not be identified to species level and were not included in this Table.</p>⊕<p>, trap positive;</p>⊘<p>, trap negative; in each 2×2 sub-table, cells contain the number of dwellings in which both trap types.</p>(•)<p>, only baited traps.</p>(#)<p>, only unbaited traps.</p>(§)<p>, or neither baited nor unbaited traps.</p>(¶)<p>captured triatomines.</p><p>The column named ‘McNemar’ gives, for each species and assessment, the McNemar odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for correlated proportions; to facilitate comparison with slope (<i>β</i>) estimates from logistic models, here we provide ln(odds ratio) values (95% confidence interval): <i>T. infestans</i> three-month 2.1 (0.9–3.3), six-month 1.6 (0.1–3.1); <i>T. sordida</i> three-month −1.3 (−2.8–0.3), six-month 0.4 (−0.5–1.3).</p
<p>(A), outer aspect; (B), triatomines caught in the entomological glue inside a trap; the ... more <p>(A), outer aspect; (B), triatomines caught in the entomological glue inside a trap; the bag containing the semiochemical bait is also visible.</p
A highly viscous formulation containing chlorpyrifos (RET) was evaluated under laboratory, pre-fi... more A highly viscous formulation containing chlorpyrifos (RET) was evaluated under laboratory, pre-field, and field conditions, and compared against ear tags with organophosphorus insecticides. Laboratory bioassays were performed using Musca domestica L. and a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate of reversed phase silica gel modeling a lipophilic surface. Insects were exposed to the insecticide vapors of both formulations, directly and indirectly to test for lateral diffusion. Knockdown time 50% (KT(50)) values were determined as toxicological indicators of insecticide release. Minimum KT(50) values of the direct effect of both formulations on horn flies were reached 4 weeks after being applied. The KT(50) effect of migrated insecticides showed that RET formulation had a maximal effectiveness between the fourth and tenth last week. The KT(50) effect of the insecticide migrating from ear tags decreased during the last 2 weeks of the experiment, and the KT(50) effect of the laterally migrated insecticide was significantly higher for the RET formulation during this period. A pre-field bioassay was performed by exposing pieces of rabbit leather with both formulations and recording the KT(50). At the end of the experiment, the KT(50) effect of laterally migrated insecticide was significantly higher for the RET formulation. Regarding vapor emission, as a general trend the KT(50) effect of ear tags was greater than for the RET formulation. To evaluate the horn fly infestation in the field bioassays, photographs of the animal were taken. The results shows that RET provided significant control for 11 weeks while the ear tags provided protection until the 12th week.
<p>Solid circles are proportions; 95% confidence intervals (between short horizontal lines)... more <p>Solid circles are proportions; 95% confidence intervals (between short horizontal lines) were calculated using the Agresti-Coull method <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001822#pntd.0001822-Brown1" target="_blank">[22]</a>. The sharp decline of <i>T. infestans</i> is mirrored by a similar rise of <i>T. sordida</i> captures. Note that the <i>y</i>-axis is in log<sub>10</sub> scale.</p
⊕<p>, trap positive;</p>⊘<p> trap negative; in each 2×2 sub-table, cells contai... more ⊕<p>, trap positive;</p>⊘<p> trap negative; in each 2×2 sub-table, cells contain the number of dwellings in which both trap types.</p>(•)<p>, only baited traps.</p>(#)<p>, only unbaited traps.</p>(§)<p>, or neither baited nor unbaited traps.</p>(¶)<p>captured triatomines.</p>*<p>Four dwellings could not be re-assessed at this time-point. Manual searches were negative in all dwellings.</p
<p>Model structure: ψ, vector occurrence probabilities; <i>p</i>, vector detect... more <p>Model structure: ψ, vector occurrence probabilities; <i>p</i>, vector detection probabilities, conditioned on occurrence (in parentheses, covariate names, with “.” denoting no covariate in that part of the model). AIC, Akaike information criterion; N, number of sampling units; <i>k</i>, number of parameters; <i>β</i>, estimated slope parameter; SE, standard error.</p>*<p>Paraguay data only.</p
<p>Top-bottom: infestation estimate from a simple logistic regression model taking detectio... more <p>Top-bottom: infestation estimate from a simple logistic regression model taking detection failures into account; infestation index after combined observations from chemically-baited and unbaited sticky traps; infestation index after observations only from chemically-baited sticky traps; infestation index after observations only from unbaited sticky traps; and infestation index after observations only from manual searches by trained staff. Solid circles are point estimates/proportions, and short vertical lines are the 95% confidence interval limits; in the case of observed proportions, these limits were estimated using the Agresti-Coull method <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001822#pntd.0001822-Brown1" target="_blank">[22]</a>. Note that the <i>x</i>-axis is in log<sub>10</sub> scale.</p
*<p>Six dead triatomines could not be identified to species level and were not included in ... more *<p>Six dead triatomines could not be identified to species level and were not included in this Table.</p>⊕<p>, trap positive;</p>⊘<p>, trap negative; in each 2×2 sub-table, cells contain the number of dwellings in which both trap types.</p>(•)<p>, only baited traps.</p>(#)<p>, only unbaited traps.</p>(§)<p>, or neither baited nor unbaited traps.</p>(¶)<p>captured triatomines.</p><p>The column named ‘McNemar’ gives, for each species and assessment, the McNemar odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for correlated proportions; to facilitate comparison with slope (<i>β</i>) estimates from logistic models, here we provide ln(odds ratio) values (95% confidence interval): <i>T. infestans</i> three-month 2.1 (0.9–3.3), six-month 1.6 (0.1–3.1); <i>T. sordida</i> three-month −1.3 (−2.8–0.3), six-month 0.4 (−0.5–1.3).</p
<p>(A), outer aspect; (B), triatomines caught in the entomological glue inside a trap; the ... more <p>(A), outer aspect; (B), triatomines caught in the entomological glue inside a trap; the bag containing the semiochemical bait is also visible.</p
A highly viscous formulation containing chlorpyrifos (RET) was evaluated under laboratory, pre-fi... more A highly viscous formulation containing chlorpyrifos (RET) was evaluated under laboratory, pre-field, and field conditions, and compared against ear tags with organophosphorus insecticides. Laboratory bioassays were performed using Musca domestica L. and a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate of reversed phase silica gel modeling a lipophilic surface. Insects were exposed to the insecticide vapors of both formulations, directly and indirectly to test for lateral diffusion. Knockdown time 50% (KT(50)) values were determined as toxicological indicators of insecticide release. Minimum KT(50) values of the direct effect of both formulations on horn flies were reached 4 weeks after being applied. The KT(50) effect of migrated insecticides showed that RET formulation had a maximal effectiveness between the fourth and tenth last week. The KT(50) effect of the insecticide migrating from ear tags decreased during the last 2 weeks of the experiment, and the KT(50) effect of the laterally migrated insecticide was significantly higher for the RET formulation during this period. A pre-field bioassay was performed by exposing pieces of rabbit leather with both formulations and recording the KT(50). At the end of the experiment, the KT(50) effect of laterally migrated insecticide was significantly higher for the RET formulation. Regarding vapor emission, as a general trend the KT(50) effect of ear tags was greater than for the RET formulation. To evaluate the horn fly infestation in the field bioassays, photographs of the animal were taken. The results shows that RET provided significant control for 11 weeks while the ear tags provided protection until the 12th week.
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