research-article

BetrFS: a compleat file system for commodity SSDs

Authors:

Nirjhar Mukherjee,

Michael A. Bender,

Michael Condict,

Martín Farach-Colton,

William Jannen,

Donald E. Porter,

Jun YuanAuthors Info & Claims

EuroSys '22: Proceedings of the Seventeenth European Conference on Computer Systems

Pages 610 - 627

https://doi.org/10.1145/3492321.3519571

Published: 28 March 2022 Publication History

Abstract

Despite the existence of file systems tailored for flash and over a decade of research into flash file systems, this paper shows that no single Linux file system performs consistently well on a commodity SSD across different workloads. We define a compleat file system as one where no workloads realize less than 30% of the best file system's performance, and most, if not all, workloads realize at least 85% of the best file system's performance, across a diverse set of microbenchmarks and applications. No file system is compleat on commodity SSDs. This paper demonstrates that one can construct a single compleat file system for commodity SSDs by introducing a set of optimizations over BetrFS. BetrFS is a compleat file system on HDDs, matching the fastest Linux file systems in its worst cases, and, in its best cases, improving performance by up to two orders of magnitude.

Our optimized BetrFS (i.e., v0.6) is not only compleat, it is either the fastest or within 15% of the fastest general-purpose Linux file system on a range of microbenchmarks. At best, these optimizations improve random write throughput by 6× compared to the fastest SSD file system. At worst, our file system is competitive with the other baseline file systems. These improvements translate to application-level gains; for instance, compared to other commodity file systems, the Dovecot mailserver and an rsync of the Linux source on BetrFS show speedups of 1.13 × and 1.8 ×, respectively.

References

[1]

Abutalib Aghayev, Sage Weil, Michael Kuchnik, Mark Nelson, Gregory R Ganger, and George Amvrosiadis. 2019. File systems unfit as distributed storage backends: lessons from 10 years of Ceph evolution. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. 353--369.

Digital Library

[2]

Oana Balmau, Florin Dinu, Willy Zwaenepoel, Karan Gupta, Ravishankar Chandhiramoorthi, and Diego Didona. 2019. SILK: Preventing Latency Spikes in Log-Structured Merge Key-Value Stores. In 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 19). USENIX Association, Renton, WA, 753--766. https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc19/presentation/balmau

[3]

Michael A. Bender, Martin Farach-Colton, William Jannen, Rob Johnson, Bradley C. Kuszmaul, Donald E. Porter, Jun Yuan, and Yang Zhan. 2015. An Introduction to B^ε-Trees and Write-Optimization. :login; magazine 40, 5 (October 2015), 22--28.

[4]

Burton H. Bloom. 1970. Space/Time Trade-offs in Hash Coding with Allowable Errors. Commun. ACM 13, 7 (1970), 422--426.

Digital Library

[5]

Alex Conway, Ainesh Bakshi, Yizheng Jiao, Yang Zhan, Michael A. Bender, William Jannen, Rob Johnson, Bradley C. Kuszmaul, Donald E. Porter, Jun Yuan, and Martin Farach-Colton. 2017. File Systems Fated for Senescence? Nonsense, Says Science!. In Proceedings of the 15th Usenix Conference on File and Storage Technologies. 45--58.

Digital Library

[6]

Alex Conway, Eric Knorr, Yizheng Jiao, Michael A. Bender, William Jannen, Rob Johnson, Donald Porter, and Martin Farach-Colton. 2019. Filesystem Aging: It's more Usage than Fullness. In 11th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems (HotStorage 19). USENIX Association, Renton, WA. https://www.usenix.org/conference/hotstorage19/presentation/conway

[7]

John Esmet, Michael A. Bender, Martin Farach-Colton, and Bradley C. Kuszmaul. 2012. The TokuFS Streaming File System. In 4th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems, HotStorage'12, Boston, MA, USA, June 13--14, 2012. https://www.usenix.org/conference/hotstorage12/workshop-program/presentation/esmet

[8]

Brendan Gregg. 2008. ZFS L2ARC. http://dtrace.org/blogs/brendan/2008/07/22/zfs-l2arc/

[9]

William Jannen, Jun Yuan, Yang Zhan, Amogh Akshintala, John Esmet, Yizheng Jiao, Ankur Mittal, Prashant Pandey, Phaneendra Reddy, Leif Walsh, Michael A. Bender, Martin Farach-Colton, Rob Johnson, Bradley C. Kuszmaul, and Donald E. Porter. 2015. BetrFS: A Right-Optimized Write-Optimized File System. In Proc. 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST). Santa Clara, CA, USA, 301--315.

[10]

Yizheng Jiao, Simon Bertron, Sagar Patel, Luke Zeller, Rory Bennett, Nirjhar Mukherjee, Michael Bender, Michael Condict, Alex Conway, Martin Farach-Colton, XIONGZI GE, William Jannen, Rob Johnson, Donald Porter, and Jun Yuan. 2022. oscarlab/betrfs-eurosys22-artifact:eurosys-2022.

Digital Library

[11]

Yanqin Jin, Hung-Wei Tseng, Yannis Papakonstantinou, and Steven Swanson. 2017. KAML: A Flexible, High-Performance Key-Value SSD. In 2017 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA). 373--384.

[12]

Jaegeuk Kim, Hyotaek Shim, Seon-Yeong Park, Seungryoul Maeng, and Jin-Soo Kim. 2012. FlashLight: A Lightweight Flash File System for Embedded Systems. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 11S, 1, Article 18 (June 2012), 23 pages.

Digital Library

[13]

Sang-Hoon Kim, Jinhong Kim, Kisik Jeong, and Jin-Soo Kim. 2019. Transaction Support using Compound Commands in Key-Value SSDs. In 11th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems (HotStorage 19). USENIX Association, Renton, WA. https://www.usenix.org/conference/hotstorage19/presentation/kim

Digital Library

[14]

Youngjin Kwon, Henrique Fingler, Tyler Hunt, Simon Peter, Emmett Witchel, and Thomas Anderson. 2017. Strata: A cross media file system. In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. 460--477.

Digital Library

[15]

Michael Larabel. 2018. Linux 4.16 File-System HDD and SSD Tests With EXT4/F2FS/Btrfs/XFS. http://www.phoronix.com/vr.php?view=26157. Last Accessed May. 21, 2020.

[16]

Changman Lee, Dongho Sim, Jooyoung Hwang, and Sangyeun Cho. 2015. F2FS: A New File System for Flash Storage. In 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 15). 273--286.

Digital Library

[17]

Chang-Gyu Lee, Hyeongu Kang, Donggyu Park, Sungyong Park, Youngjae Kim, Jungki Noh, Woosuk Chung, and Kyoung Park. 2019. iLSM-SSD: An Intelligent LSM-Tree Based Key-Value SSD for Data Analytics. In 2019 IEEE 27th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS). 384--395.

[18]

Baptiste Lepers, Oana Balmau, Karan Gupta, and Willy Zwaenepoel. 2019. Kvell: the design and implementation of a fast persistent key-value store. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. 447--461.

Digital Library

[19]

Lanyue Lu, Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana Pillai, Hariharan Gopalakrishnan, Andrea C Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi H Arpaci-Dusseau. 2017. Wisckey: Separating keys from values in ssd-conscious storage. ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS) 13, 1 (2017), 1--28.

Digital Library

[20]

Abhishek Madan and Andrew Kryczka. 2018. DeleteRange: A New Native RocksDB Operation. https://rocksdb.org/blog/2018/11/21/delete-range.html. Accessed: 2022-02-24.

[21]

Samantha Miller, Kaiyuan Zhang, Mengqi Chen, Ryan Jennings, Ang Chen, Danyang Zhuo, and Thomas Anderson. 2021. High Velocity Kernel File Systems with Bento. In 19th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 21). USENIX Association, 65--79. https://www.usenix.org/conference/fast21/presentation/miller

[22]

Changwoo Min, Kangnyeon Kim, Hyunjin Cho, Sang-Won Lee, and Young Ik Eom. 2012. SFS: random write considered harmful in solid state drives. In FAST, Vol. 12. 1--16.

Digital Library

[23]

Jonggyu Park and Young Ik Eom. 2021. FragPicker: A New Defragmentation Tool for Modern Storage Devices. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGOPS 28th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (Virtual Event, Germany) (SOSP '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 280âĂŞ294.

Digital Library

[24]

Vijayan Prabhakaran, Thomas L Rodeheffer, and Lidong Zhou. 2008. Transactional Flash. In OSDI, Vol. 8.

[25]

Sheng Qiu and AL Narasimha Reddy. 2013. NVMFS: A hybrid file system for improving random write in nand-flash SSD. In 2013 IEEE 29th Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST). IEEE, 1--5.

[26]

Pandian Raju, Rohan Kadekodi, Vijay Chidambaram, and Ittai Abraham. 2017. Pebblesdb: Building key-value stores using fragmented log-structured merge trees. In Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. 497--514.

Digital Library

[27]

Kai Ren and Garth Gibson. 2013. TABLEFS: Enhancing Metadata Efficiency in the Local File System. In Presented as part of the 2013 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC 13). 145--156.

[28]

K. Ren, Q. Zheng, S. Patil, and G. Gibson. 2014. IndexFS: Scaling File System Metadata Performance with Stateless Caching and Bulk Insertion. In SC '14: Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. 237--248.

[29]

Mendel Rosenblum and John K. Ousterhout. 1992. The Design and Implementation of a Log-Structured File System. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 10, 1 (Feb. 1992), 26--52.

Digital Library

[30]

Russell Sears and Raghu Ramakrishnan. 2012. bLSM: a general purpose log structured merge tree. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD'12). Scottsdale, AZ, USA, 217--228.

Digital Library

[31]

Pradeep J. Shetty, Richard P. Spillane, Ravikant R. Malpani, Binesh Andrews, Justin Seyster, and Erez Zadok. 2013. Building Workload-Independent Storage with VT-Trees. In Presented as part of the 11th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 13). USENIX, San Jose, CA, 17-30. https://www.usenix.org/conference/fast13/technical-sessions/presentation/shetty

[32]

Vasily Tarasov, Erez Zadok, and Spencer Shepler. 2016. Filebench: A Flexible Framework for File System Benchmarking. login Usenix Mag. 41, 1 (2016). https://www.usenix.org/publications/login/spring2016/tarasov

[33]

TokuDB. 2022. https://github.com/percona/PerconaFT, Last Accessed Feb. 24 2018.

[34]

Chia-Che Tsai, Yang Zhan, Jayashree Reddy, Yizheng Jiao, Tao Zhang, and Donald E Porter. 2015. How to get more value from your file system directory cache. In Proceedings of the 25th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. 441--456.

Digital Library

[35]

Bharath Kumar Reddy Vangoor, Vasily Tarasov, and Erez Zadok. 2017. To FUSE or Not to FUSE: Performance of User-Space File Systems. In 15th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 17). USENIX Association, Santa Clara, CA, 59--72. https://www.usenix.org/conference/fast17/technical-sessions/presentation/vangoor

[36]

Peng Wang, Guangyu Sun, Song Jiang, Jian Ouyang, Shiding Lin, Chen Zhang, and Jason Cong. 2014. An efficient design and implementation of LSM-tree based key-value store on open-channel SSD. In Proceedings of the Ninth European Conference on Computer Systems. 1--14.

Digital Library

[37]

Zev Weiss, Sriram Subramanian, Swaminathan Sundararaman, Nisha Talagala, Andrea Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau. 2015. ANViL: Advanced Virtualization for Modern Non-Volatile Memory Devices. In 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 15). USENIX Association, Santa Clara, CA, 111--118. https://www.usenix.org/conference/fast15/technical-sessions/presentation/weiss

Digital Library

[38]

Jian Xu and Steven Swanson. 2016. NOVA: A log-structured file system for hybrid volatile/non-volatile main memories. In 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 16). 323--338.

[39]

Jun Yuan, Yang Zhan, William Jannen, Prashant Pandey, Amogh Akshintala, Kanchan Chandnani, Pooja Deo, Zardosht Kasheff, Leif Walsh, Michael A. Bender, Martin Farach-Colton, Rob Johnson, Bradley C. Kuszmaul, and Donald E. Porter. 2016. Optimizing Every Operation in a Write-optimized File System. In Proc. 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST). 1--14.

[40]

Yang Zhan, Alex Conway, Yizheng Jiao, Eric Knorr, Michael A. Bender, Martin Farach-Colton, William Jannen, Rob Johnson, Donald E. Porter, and Jun Yuan. 2018. The Full Path to Full-Path Indexing. In 16th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 18). USENIX Association, Oakland, CA, 123--138. https://www.usenix.org/conference/fast18/presentation/zhan

Digital Library

[41]

Yang Zhan, Alexander Conway, Yizheng Jiao, Nirjhar Mukherjee, Ian Groombridge, Michael A Bender, Martin Farach-Colton, William Jannen, Rob Johnson, Donald E Porter, and Jun Yuan. 2020. How to Copy Files. In 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 20). 75--89.

Digital Library

[42]

Jiacheng Zhang, Jiwu Shu, and Youyou Lu. 2016. ParaFS: A Log-Structured File System to Exploit the Internal Parallelism of Flash Devices. In 2016 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC 16). USENIX Association, Denver, CO, 87--100. https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc16/technical-sessions/presentation/zhang

Cited By

Liu YAdkar MHolzmann GKuenning GLiu PSmolka SSu WZadok EMa XWon Y(2024)MetisProceedings of the 22nd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies10.5555/3650697.3650705(123-140)Online publication date: 27-Feb-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3650697.3650705
Chung CJannen WMcCauley SSimon BAgrawal KPetrank E(2024)Brief Announcement: Root-to-Leaf Scheduling in Write-Optimized TreesProceedings of the 36th ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures10.1145/3626183.3660514(475-477)Online publication date: 17-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3626183.3660514

Index Terms

BetrFS: a compleat file system for commodity SSDs

Recommendations

BetrFS: Write-Optimization in a Kernel File System
Special Issue USENIX FAST 2015

The B^ε-tree File System, or BetrFS (pronounced “better eff ess”), is the first in-kernel file system to use a write-optimized data structure (WODS). WODS are promising building blocks for storage systems because they support both microwrites and large ...
Efficient Directory Mutations in a Full-Path-Indexed File System
Special Issue on FAST 2018 and Regular Papers

Full-path indexing can improve I/O efficiency for workloads that operate on data organized using traditional, hierarchical directories, because data is placed on persistent storage in scan order. Prior results indicate, however, that renames in a local ...
Writes Wrought Right, and Other Adventures in File System Optimization
Special Issue on USENIX FAST 2016 and Regular Papers

File systems that employ write-optimized dictionaries (WODs) can perform random-writes, metadata updates, and recursive directory traversals orders of magnitude faster than conventional file systems. However, previous WOD-based file systems have not ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

EuroSys '22: Proceedings of the Seventeenth European Conference on Computer Systems

March 2022

783 pages

ISBN:9781450391627

DOI:10.1145/3492321

General Chair:
Yérom-David Bromberg
University of Rennes 1
,
Program Chairs:
Anne-Marie Kermarrec
EPFL
,
Christos Kozyrakis
Stanford University

Copyright © 2022 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Sponsors

SIGOPS: ACM Special Interest Group on Operating Systems

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 28 March 2022

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Badges

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Conference

EuroSys '22

Sponsor:

SIGOPS

EuroSys '22: Seventeenth European Conference on Computer Systems

April 5 - 8, 2022

Rennes, France

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 241 of 1,308 submissions, 18%

Upcoming Conference

EuroSys '25

Sponsor:
sigops

Twentieth European Conference on Computer Systems

March 30 - April 3, 2025

Rotterdam , Netherlands

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

2
Total Citations
View Citations
1,010
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)132
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)15

Reflects downloads up to 08 Feb 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Liu YAdkar MHolzmann GKuenning GLiu PSmolka SSu WZadok EMa XWon Y(2024)MetisProceedings of the 22nd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies10.5555/3650697.3650705(123-140)Online publication date: 27-Feb-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3650697.3650705
Chung CJannen WMcCauley SSimon BAgrawal KPetrank E(2024)Brief Announcement: Root-to-Leaf Scheduling in Write-Optimized TreesProceedings of the 36th ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures10.1145/3626183.3660514(475-477)Online publication date: 17-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3626183.3660514

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Table of Conten