The article on households' energy consumption (Stephan et.al. 2011) suggests that commonly, build... more The article on households' energy consumption (Stephan et.al. 2011) suggests that commonly, building's energy assessment covers only a small part of the total energy use of a building life cycle. The tendency is that energy assessments merely analyse operating energy. Consequently, a more complete assessment method, including integration of indirect energy consumption into total calculation, is required to improve overall energy efficiency. The authors note that indirect energy consumption should include buildings' embodied energy and transport energy spent by building occupants. Although several studies incorporating embodied energy have been undertaken to discover embodied vs operating energy ratio, the authors argue that there's still a significant underestimation due to incomplete analysis process. There's an implication that recent energy assessments are missing up to half of energy consumption over buildings' lifespan. The authors recommend to use hybrid approaches (combination of process analysis and input-output analysis) to obtain a more accurate result. Transport energy (energy used by building occupants and goods to travel from and to their buildings) is also observed as a crucial factor to be included into buildings' energy assessment. Two houses (suburban and city context) in Belgium are taken as case studies to validate indication that there are missing energy-quantification elements in universal assessment approach. Research questions proposed include: 1) Does operating energy represent the most major component of total building's energy consumption over its life cycle?; and 2) What proportion do embodied and transport energies represent of total building's life cycle energy consumption? (Stephan et.al. 2011). To investigate energy demand on both houses, the study divides total Life Cycle Energy (LCE) demands into 3 different components: Life Cycle Operational Energy (LCOE), Life Cycle Embodied Energy (LCEE), and Life Cycle Transport Energy (LCTE). In both suburban and city contexts, three different sets of energy performance are tested; passive house, low energy house with low space heating demand and standard condition complying with minimal energy efficiency requirements. The study reveals a result showing that in all cases, operational energy demand, including space heating demand, represents less than half of the total life cycle energy for 50 years of building life span (Stephan et.al. 2011). One of the most important finding to look at in this research is: in all cases, transport energy represents quite a significant share of the total life cycle energy (48-51% for the suburban context and 34-36% for city context). This numbers can still get even larger knowing that in this study, public transport has not been considered in its transport energy assessment. By adding transport energy to total Life Cycle Energy calculation, the percentage of operating energy is drastically reduced. However, the authors don't provide satisfying arguments on the urgency of integrating transport energy into energy assessment of buildings. Main argumentation proposed by the authors as a basis to integrate transport energy to total building energy assessment is solely relied on the fact that building users' mobility consumes large amount of energy.
Green building is not limited to the products of modern society. Vernacular architecture can also... more Green building is not limited to the products of modern society. Vernacular architecture can also be taken into account as a major discourse on the use of materials in sustainable built environment. This report is an attempt to investigate and analyse how different materials are being used in vernacular architectures around the world; how they perform and adapt to local context; and how they can be acknowledged and validated as an imperative factor contributing to sustainability. The research uses and compares different logics of sustainable architecture (Guy & Farmer 2001) as an approach to answer these questions. Case studies include several vernacular architectures from different parts of the world, embedded to their own distinct climatic, geographical, cultural, social settings, as well as different use of materials. Comparison is made between these case studies and a conclusion is generated to validate whether or not use of materials in vernacular architecture can be acknowledge as a sustainability feature.
The purpose of this report is to explore the shortcomings of the existing infrastructure in a sma... more The purpose of this report is to explore the shortcomings of the existing infrastructure in a small precinct in Ecuador, Canoa. By identifying the local needs and set achievable goals, this project suggests various improvements on different aspects of infrastructure, such as transportation, water and sanitation, health, education, electricity, telecommunication and other physical structures, as well as potential commercial developments. It also aims to give Canoa a new identity that suits the local culture and environment and achieve more sustainable infrastructure in the upcoming 50 years or more.
As the capital and largest city of Indonesia, Jakarta is constantly facing increasing challenges ... more As the capital and largest city of Indonesia, Jakarta is constantly facing increasing challenges in traffic congestion and dangerous pollution as an outcome of increasing use of cars and motorbikes (NYC Global Partners 2012; Shah and Nagpal [eds] 1997). According to a government report (BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2014, p. 478), as per December 2013, the amount of registered motor vehicles operating in Jakarta (excluding police, army and foreign diplomat’s vehicles) has reached 16,072,869 units. This number is higher than Jakarta’s estimated population of 9,969,948 people in 2013 (BPS 2015, p. 9). Traffic congestions often take place in Jakarta roads and have become daily routines of this city (see Figure 1). It has been reported that the average driving speed in Jakarta is barely 5km/hour (Rudi 2015). A reliable public transport system is highly needed by this city to solve frequent traffic jams, to fulfil the city’s increasing commuting demand, as well as to provide more sustainable transportation options.
Populated with 170 shopping malls operating seven days a week, Jakarta is regarded as one of glob... more Populated with 170 shopping malls operating seven days a week, Jakarta is regarded as one of global cities with the most shopping malls in the world (Kasdiono 2014). According to a report published by Cushman & Wakefield (2015), as per second quarter of 2015, total available retail space built-up area in Jakarta is 3,984,730 m2.
This large quantity of retail space area generates equivalently excessive amount of energy consumption. Eight of ten largest power consumers in Indonesia are shopping malls located in Jakarta, the rest two are major international airports of Indonesia (Intana 2012). A shopping mall in Jakarta could spend the same amount of electricity as two cities in different part of Java, combined (Ali 2013). At its peak, use of electricity in a large shopping mall in Jakarta could reach the capacity of 40 MW (Nurismarsyah 2014).
It is critical to implement energy efficiency program in these shopping malls in order to save cost on energy (from the business perspective), to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions (from environmental perspective), as well as to provide larger energy reserve for area outside Jakarta where power scarcity still occurs (from social perspective).
The article on households' energy consumption (Stephan et.al. 2011) suggests that commonly, build... more The article on households' energy consumption (Stephan et.al. 2011) suggests that commonly, building's energy assessment covers only a small part of the total energy use of a building life cycle. The tendency is that energy assessments merely analyse operating energy. Consequently, a more complete assessment method, including integration of indirect energy consumption into total calculation, is required to improve overall energy efficiency. The authors note that indirect energy consumption should include buildings' embodied energy and transport energy spent by building occupants. Although several studies incorporating embodied energy have been undertaken to discover embodied vs operating energy ratio, the authors argue that there's still a significant underestimation due to incomplete analysis process. There's an implication that recent energy assessments are missing up to half of energy consumption over buildings' lifespan. The authors recommend to use hybrid approaches (combination of process analysis and input-output analysis) to obtain a more accurate result. Transport energy (energy used by building occupants and goods to travel from and to their buildings) is also observed as a crucial factor to be included into buildings' energy assessment. Two houses (suburban and city context) in Belgium are taken as case studies to validate indication that there are missing energy-quantification elements in universal assessment approach. Research questions proposed include: 1) Does operating energy represent the most major component of total building's energy consumption over its life cycle?; and 2) What proportion do embodied and transport energies represent of total building's life cycle energy consumption? (Stephan et.al. 2011). To investigate energy demand on both houses, the study divides total Life Cycle Energy (LCE) demands into 3 different components: Life Cycle Operational Energy (LCOE), Life Cycle Embodied Energy (LCEE), and Life Cycle Transport Energy (LCTE). In both suburban and city contexts, three different sets of energy performance are tested; passive house, low energy house with low space heating demand and standard condition complying with minimal energy efficiency requirements. The study reveals a result showing that in all cases, operational energy demand, including space heating demand, represents less than half of the total life cycle energy for 50 years of building life span (Stephan et.al. 2011). One of the most important finding to look at in this research is: in all cases, transport energy represents quite a significant share of the total life cycle energy (48-51% for the suburban context and 34-36% for city context). This numbers can still get even larger knowing that in this study, public transport has not been considered in its transport energy assessment. By adding transport energy to total Life Cycle Energy calculation, the percentage of operating energy is drastically reduced. However, the authors don't provide satisfying arguments on the urgency of integrating transport energy into energy assessment of buildings. Main argumentation proposed by the authors as a basis to integrate transport energy to total building energy assessment is solely relied on the fact that building users' mobility consumes large amount of energy.
Green building is not limited to the products of modern society. Vernacular architecture can also... more Green building is not limited to the products of modern society. Vernacular architecture can also be taken into account as a major discourse on the use of materials in sustainable built environment. This report is an attempt to investigate and analyse how different materials are being used in vernacular architectures around the world; how they perform and adapt to local context; and how they can be acknowledged and validated as an imperative factor contributing to sustainability. The research uses and compares different logics of sustainable architecture (Guy & Farmer 2001) as an approach to answer these questions. Case studies include several vernacular architectures from different parts of the world, embedded to their own distinct climatic, geographical, cultural, social settings, as well as different use of materials. Comparison is made between these case studies and a conclusion is generated to validate whether or not use of materials in vernacular architecture can be acknowledge as a sustainability feature.
The purpose of this report is to explore the shortcomings of the existing infrastructure in a sma... more The purpose of this report is to explore the shortcomings of the existing infrastructure in a small precinct in Ecuador, Canoa. By identifying the local needs and set achievable goals, this project suggests various improvements on different aspects of infrastructure, such as transportation, water and sanitation, health, education, electricity, telecommunication and other physical structures, as well as potential commercial developments. It also aims to give Canoa a new identity that suits the local culture and environment and achieve more sustainable infrastructure in the upcoming 50 years or more.
As the capital and largest city of Indonesia, Jakarta is constantly facing increasing challenges ... more As the capital and largest city of Indonesia, Jakarta is constantly facing increasing challenges in traffic congestion and dangerous pollution as an outcome of increasing use of cars and motorbikes (NYC Global Partners 2012; Shah and Nagpal [eds] 1997). According to a government report (BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2014, p. 478), as per December 2013, the amount of registered motor vehicles operating in Jakarta (excluding police, army and foreign diplomat’s vehicles) has reached 16,072,869 units. This number is higher than Jakarta’s estimated population of 9,969,948 people in 2013 (BPS 2015, p. 9). Traffic congestions often take place in Jakarta roads and have become daily routines of this city (see Figure 1). It has been reported that the average driving speed in Jakarta is barely 5km/hour (Rudi 2015). A reliable public transport system is highly needed by this city to solve frequent traffic jams, to fulfil the city’s increasing commuting demand, as well as to provide more sustainable transportation options.
Populated with 170 shopping malls operating seven days a week, Jakarta is regarded as one of glob... more Populated with 170 shopping malls operating seven days a week, Jakarta is regarded as one of global cities with the most shopping malls in the world (Kasdiono 2014). According to a report published by Cushman & Wakefield (2015), as per second quarter of 2015, total available retail space built-up area in Jakarta is 3,984,730 m2.
This large quantity of retail space area generates equivalently excessive amount of energy consumption. Eight of ten largest power consumers in Indonesia are shopping malls located in Jakarta, the rest two are major international airports of Indonesia (Intana 2012). A shopping mall in Jakarta could spend the same amount of electricity as two cities in different part of Java, combined (Ali 2013). At its peak, use of electricity in a large shopping mall in Jakarta could reach the capacity of 40 MW (Nurismarsyah 2014).
It is critical to implement energy efficiency program in these shopping malls in order to save cost on energy (from the business perspective), to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions (from environmental perspective), as well as to provide larger energy reserve for area outside Jakarta where power scarcity still occurs (from social perspective).
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Papers by Rachmat R Fauzi
Case studies include several vernacular architectures from different parts of the world, embedded to their own distinct climatic, geographical, cultural, social settings, as well as different use of materials. Comparison is made between these case studies and a conclusion is generated to validate whether or not use of materials in vernacular architecture can be acknowledge as a sustainability feature.
Books by Rachmat R Fauzi
This large quantity of retail space area generates equivalently excessive amount of energy consumption. Eight of ten largest power consumers in Indonesia are shopping malls located in Jakarta, the rest two are major international airports of Indonesia (Intana 2012). A shopping mall in Jakarta could spend the same amount of electricity as two cities in different part of Java, combined (Ali 2013). At its peak, use of electricity in a large shopping mall in Jakarta could reach the capacity of 40 MW (Nurismarsyah 2014).
It is critical to implement energy efficiency program in these shopping malls in order to save cost on energy (from the business perspective), to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions (from environmental perspective), as well as to provide larger energy reserve for area outside Jakarta where power scarcity still occurs (from social perspective).
Case studies include several vernacular architectures from different parts of the world, embedded to their own distinct climatic, geographical, cultural, social settings, as well as different use of materials. Comparison is made between these case studies and a conclusion is generated to validate whether or not use of materials in vernacular architecture can be acknowledge as a sustainability feature.
This large quantity of retail space area generates equivalently excessive amount of energy consumption. Eight of ten largest power consumers in Indonesia are shopping malls located in Jakarta, the rest two are major international airports of Indonesia (Intana 2012). A shopping mall in Jakarta could spend the same amount of electricity as two cities in different part of Java, combined (Ali 2013). At its peak, use of electricity in a large shopping mall in Jakarta could reach the capacity of 40 MW (Nurismarsyah 2014).
It is critical to implement energy efficiency program in these shopping malls in order to save cost on energy (from the business perspective), to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions (from environmental perspective), as well as to provide larger energy reserve for area outside Jakarta where power scarcity still occurs (from social perspective).