American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings
The pathophysiology of bronchopneumonia (BP) is such that peripheral airways fill with neutrophil... more The pathophysiology of bronchopneumonia (BP) is such that peripheral airways fill with neutrophilic exudate, which results in pulmonary consolidation and atelectasis. This exudate increases the proportion of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), with proportions ranging from 10% to 20% suggestive of BP. Pulmonary ultrasonography (US), which differentiates between aerated and nonaerated lung tissue, has good sensitivity (Se = 85%) and specificity (Sp = 98%) for detection of BP in clinically ill calves and might be useful for diagnosis of subclinical BP. The purpose of this study was to compare thoracic US with BALF as a means to diagnose subclinical BP in dairy calves, with gross postmortem examination used as the gold standard.
American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings
Stress- and virus-induced immunosuppression are considered major risk factors for the development... more Stress- and virus-induced immunosuppression are considered major risk factors for the development of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef calves. Although vaccines and the metaphylactic use of antibiotics are available to minimize BRD in herds, it continues to be the leading cause of morbidity in feedlot calves. Research in mice found that lethal bacterial pneumonia was prevented by stimulating the innate immune system. The purpose of this study was to determine if stimulation of innate immune responses on arrival to a feedlot could decrease the prevalence and severity of naturally occurring BRD in beef calves.
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research-revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire, Apr 1, 2022
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) often occurs during specific periods of increased susceptibility... more Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) often occurs during specific periods of increased susceptibility when stress, viral infection, or reduced air quality are thought to suppress respiratory defences. The innate immune system is rapidly responsive and broadly protective and could be a target for preventing BRD during these periods of increased susceptibility. This study tested the hypothesis that stimulation of pulmonary innate immune responses by aerosol delivery of a lysate of killed Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria would protect calves against Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia. Ten clean-catch colostrum-deprived Holstein calves were randomly assigned to receive either aerosolized bacterial lysate or saline 24 hours before M. haemolytica challenge. Effects of this treatment on clinical, hematologic, microbiologic, and pathologic outcomes were assessed. Compared to controls, lysate-treated calves had lower serum haptoglobin and blood leukocyte and neutrophil concentrations following M. haemolytica challenge. There were no differences in temperature, heart and respiratory rates, clinical scores, ultrasound lesions, or number of M. haemolytica in the nasal cavity or lung. Thus, treatment with bacterial lysate prior to M. haemolytica challenge appeared to ameliorate early measures of inflammation but did not provide sufficient protection to substantially alter the course of disease.
Additional file 9. Gross lung lesions at 24 h after aerosol administration of Staphylococcus aure... more Additional file 9. Gross lung lesions at 24 h after aerosol administration of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli lysate.
Additional file 7. PANTHER classification of 19 upregulated proteins and 26 downregulated protein... more Additional file 7. PANTHER classification of 19 upregulated proteins and 26 downregulated proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following aerosolization of bacterial lysate in 4 calves.
BACKGROUND Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major problem affecting beef cattle after arriva... more BACKGROUND Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major problem affecting beef cattle after arrival to feedlots. Alternatives to antibiotics are needed for prevention. HYPOTHESIS Stimulation of pulmonary innate immune responses at the time of arrival to a feedlot reduces the occurrence and severity of BRD. ANIMALS Sixty beef steers at high risk of BRD. METHODS Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Calves received saline or a lysate of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by aerosol, at 16 hours after feedlot arrival. Calves were monitored for 28 days for disease outcomes and levels of Mycoplasma bovis and Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal swabs. RESULTS Death from M bovis pneumonia was significantly greater in lysate-treated animals (6/29, 24%) compared to controls (1/29, 3%; odds ratio = 10.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-96.0; P = .04). By 28 days after arrival, 29/29 lysate-treated calves had ultrasonographic pulmonary consolidation compared to 24/29 control calves (P = .05). Lysate-treated calves had lower weight gain compared to control calves (-8.8 kg, 95% CI = -17.1 to -0.5; P = .04), and higher body temperatures on days 4, 7, and 21 (0.19°C; 95% CI = 0.01-0.37; P = .04). Nasal M bovis numbers increased over time and were higher in lysate-treated calves (0.76 log CFU, 95% CI = 0.3-1.2; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Aerosol administration of a bacterial lysate exacerbated BRD in healthy high-risk beef calves, suggesting that respiratory tract inflammation adversely affects how calves respond to subsequent natural infection with M bovis and other respiratory pathogens.
Background Constitutive and inducible defenses protect the respiratory tract from bacterial infec... more Background Constitutive and inducible defenses protect the respiratory tract from bacterial infection. The objective of this study was to characterize the response to an aerosolized lysate of killed bacteria, as a basis for studying the regulation and in vivo effects of these inducible innate immune responses. Results Bacterial lysate consisting of heat-killed and sonicated Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was aerosolized to 6 calves and systemic and pulmonary innate immune and inflammatory responses were measured in the first 24 h relative to baseline. Evaluated parameters included clinical parameters (body temperature and heart and respiratory rates), blood acute phase proteins and leukocyte counts, and leukocytes and proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Mild clinical signs with increased heart rates and rectal temperatures developed following administration of the lysate, with resolution by 24 h. Serum haptoglobin and plasma fibrinogen concentrations were elevated ...
BackgroundLittle is known about the veterinary referral process and factors that contribute to po... more BackgroundLittle is known about the veterinary referral process and factors that contribute to positive outcomes.ObjectiveTo investigate equine referring veterinarians' (rDVMs') satisfaction with their most recent referral experience and compare rDVM and specialist perspectives.Sample187 rDVMs and 92 specialists (referral care providers).MethodsCross‐sectional observational study. An online survey was administered to both rDVMs and specialists. Referring veterinarian satisfaction with their most recent referral experience was evaluated. Both rDVMs and specialists were asked to identify factors influencing a rDVM's decision where to refer, and the top 3 factors they perceive are barriers to referral care.ResultsMedian rDVM satisfaction with their most recent referral care experience was 80 of 100 (mean, 75; range, 8–100). Referring veterinarians provided the lowest satisfaction score for the item asking about “The competition the referral hospital poses to your practice” ...
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Jan 15, 2018
OBJECTIVE To explore referring equine veterinarians' expectations of equine veterinary referr... more OBJECTIVE To explore referring equine veterinarians' expectations of equine veterinary referral centers and specialists. DESIGN Qualitative, focus group interview-based study. SAMPLE 6 focus groups comprised of equine practitioners with experience in referral of clients and patients to equine specialists or referral centers (48 referring veterinarians [rDVMs]). PROCEDURES Focus group sessions were conducted independently and followed a standardized discussion guide consisting of open-ended questions and follow-up probes. Discussions were recorded, and thematic analysis was performed on the content. RESULTS The overarching theme of participants' discussions was that specialists and referral centers are an extension of the care that rDVMs provide to their clients and patients. The 5 areas that participants described as important to this expectation were rDVM-client relationships, rDVM involvement during referral care, collegial rDVM-specialist relationships, communication betw...
Leukemia is broadly divided into acute and chronic lymphocytic and myeloid types based on the pro... more Leukemia is broadly divided into acute and chronic lymphocytic and myeloid types based on the proportion of blasts, morphology of cells, and expression of specific antigens on neoplastic cells. Classifying leukemia in horses can be challenging if blasts predominate and since few antibodies to identify cell types are available. The objective of this study was to describe in detail the clinical and pathologic features of acute leukemia in horses. Twelve horses ranging from 0.2 to 25.9 years of age were diagnosed with acute leukemia. Six cases were classified as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) based on predominance of blasts, lack of granulocytic or monocytic differentiation, and detection of CD3, CD20, and/or CD79a antigens by immunohistochemistry. Six other cases were classified as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with myelomonocytic ( n = 4), basophilic ( n = 1), and eosinophilic ( n = 1) differentiation based on > 20% bone marrow blasts and partial leukocytic differentiation. React...
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2015
Evaluation of the upper and lower respiratory tract of horses requires strategic selection of pos... more Evaluation of the upper and lower respiratory tract of horses requires strategic selection of possible diagnostic tests based on location of suspected pathologic lesions and purpose of testing and must also include consideration of patient status. This article discusses the various diagnostic modalities that may be applied to the respiratory system of horses under field conditions, indications for use, and aspects of sample collection, handling, and laboratory processing that can impact test results and ultimately a successful diagnosis in cases of respiratory disease.
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne, 2014
A 9-day-old Thoroughbred filly was presented for diarrhea and lethargy. Diagnostic test results w... more A 9-day-old Thoroughbred filly was presented for diarrhea and lethargy. Diagnostic test results were compatible with severe renal dysfunction. Diffuse cystic lesions of both kidneys were identified on ultrasonographic examination. Postmortem examination confirmed the presence of multiple renal cysts. Congenital nephropathy compatible with bilateral diffuse cystic renal dysplasia was diagnosed.
Annexins A1 and A2 are proteins known to function in the stress response, dampening inflammatory ... more Annexins A1 and A2 are proteins known to function in the stress response, dampening inflammatory responses and mediating fibrinolysis. We found, in healthy cattle recently arrived to a feedlot, that lower levels of these proteins correlated with later development of pneumonia. Here we determine the localization of annexin A1 and A2 proteins in the respiratory tract and in leukocytes, in healthy calves and those with Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia. In healthy calves, immunohistochemistry revealed cytoplasmic expression of annexin A1 in the surface epithelium of large airways, tracheobronchial glands and goblet cells, to a lesser degree in small airways, but not in alveolar epithelium. Immunocytochemistry labeled annexin A1 in the cytoplasm of neutrophils from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, while minimal surface expression was detected by flow cytometry in monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. Annexin A2 expression was detected in surface epithelium of small airways, some...
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire, 2010
The objective of this project was to develop and implement an active surveillance program for the... more The objective of this project was to develop and implement an active surveillance program for the early and rapid detection of equine influenza viruses in Ontario. For this purpose, from October 2003 to October 2005, nasopharyngeal swabs and acute and convalescent serum samples were collected from 115 client-owned horses in 23 outbreaks of respiratory disease in Ontario. Sera were paired and tested for antibody to equine influenza 1 (AE1-H7N7), equine influenza 2 (AE2-H3N8), equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV1 and EHV4), and equine rhinitis A and B (ERAV and ERBV). Overall, the cause-specific morbidity rate of equine influenza virus in the respiratory outbreaks was 56.5% as determined by the single radial hemolysis (SRH) test. The AE2-H3N8 was isolated from 15 horses in 5 outbreaks. A 4-fold increase in antibody levels or the presence of a high titer against ERAV or ERBV was observed in 10 out of 13 outbreaks in which AE2-H3N8 was diagnosed as the primary cause of disease. In conclusio...
Strategies to control bovine respiratory disease depend on accurate classification of disease ris... more Strategies to control bovine respiratory disease depend on accurate classification of disease risk. An objective method to refine the risk classification of beef calves could be economically beneficial, improve welfare by preventing unexpected disease occurrences, refine and reduce the use of antibiotics in beef production, and facilitate alternative methods of disease control. The objective of this study was to identify proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of stressed healthy calves that predict later disease outcome, serve as biomarkers of susceptibility to pneumonia, and play a role in pathogenesis. BALF was collected from 162 healthy beef calves 1–2 days after weaning and transportation. Difference in gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and mass spectrometry were used to compare proteins in samples from 7 calves that later developed respiratory disease compared to 7 calves that remained healthy. Calves that later developed pneumonia had significantly lower levels of annexin A1...
American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings
The pathophysiology of bronchopneumonia (BP) is such that peripheral airways fill with neutrophil... more The pathophysiology of bronchopneumonia (BP) is such that peripheral airways fill with neutrophilic exudate, which results in pulmonary consolidation and atelectasis. This exudate increases the proportion of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), with proportions ranging from 10% to 20% suggestive of BP. Pulmonary ultrasonography (US), which differentiates between aerated and nonaerated lung tissue, has good sensitivity (Se = 85%) and specificity (Sp = 98%) for detection of BP in clinically ill calves and might be useful for diagnosis of subclinical BP. The purpose of this study was to compare thoracic US with BALF as a means to diagnose subclinical BP in dairy calves, with gross postmortem examination used as the gold standard.
American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings
Stress- and virus-induced immunosuppression are considered major risk factors for the development... more Stress- and virus-induced immunosuppression are considered major risk factors for the development of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef calves. Although vaccines and the metaphylactic use of antibiotics are available to minimize BRD in herds, it continues to be the leading cause of morbidity in feedlot calves. Research in mice found that lethal bacterial pneumonia was prevented by stimulating the innate immune system. The purpose of this study was to determine if stimulation of innate immune responses on arrival to a feedlot could decrease the prevalence and severity of naturally occurring BRD in beef calves.
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research-revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire, Apr 1, 2022
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) often occurs during specific periods of increased susceptibility... more Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) often occurs during specific periods of increased susceptibility when stress, viral infection, or reduced air quality are thought to suppress respiratory defences. The innate immune system is rapidly responsive and broadly protective and could be a target for preventing BRD during these periods of increased susceptibility. This study tested the hypothesis that stimulation of pulmonary innate immune responses by aerosol delivery of a lysate of killed Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria would protect calves against Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia. Ten clean-catch colostrum-deprived Holstein calves were randomly assigned to receive either aerosolized bacterial lysate or saline 24 hours before M. haemolytica challenge. Effects of this treatment on clinical, hematologic, microbiologic, and pathologic outcomes were assessed. Compared to controls, lysate-treated calves had lower serum haptoglobin and blood leukocyte and neutrophil concentrations following M. haemolytica challenge. There were no differences in temperature, heart and respiratory rates, clinical scores, ultrasound lesions, or number of M. haemolytica in the nasal cavity or lung. Thus, treatment with bacterial lysate prior to M. haemolytica challenge appeared to ameliorate early measures of inflammation but did not provide sufficient protection to substantially alter the course of disease.
Additional file 9. Gross lung lesions at 24 h after aerosol administration of Staphylococcus aure... more Additional file 9. Gross lung lesions at 24 h after aerosol administration of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli lysate.
Additional file 7. PANTHER classification of 19 upregulated proteins and 26 downregulated protein... more Additional file 7. PANTHER classification of 19 upregulated proteins and 26 downregulated proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following aerosolization of bacterial lysate in 4 calves.
BACKGROUND Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major problem affecting beef cattle after arriva... more BACKGROUND Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major problem affecting beef cattle after arrival to feedlots. Alternatives to antibiotics are needed for prevention. HYPOTHESIS Stimulation of pulmonary innate immune responses at the time of arrival to a feedlot reduces the occurrence and severity of BRD. ANIMALS Sixty beef steers at high risk of BRD. METHODS Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Calves received saline or a lysate of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by aerosol, at 16 hours after feedlot arrival. Calves were monitored for 28 days for disease outcomes and levels of Mycoplasma bovis and Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal swabs. RESULTS Death from M bovis pneumonia was significantly greater in lysate-treated animals (6/29, 24%) compared to controls (1/29, 3%; odds ratio = 10.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-96.0; P = .04). By 28 days after arrival, 29/29 lysate-treated calves had ultrasonographic pulmonary consolidation compared to 24/29 control calves (P = .05). Lysate-treated calves had lower weight gain compared to control calves (-8.8 kg, 95% CI = -17.1 to -0.5; P = .04), and higher body temperatures on days 4, 7, and 21 (0.19°C; 95% CI = 0.01-0.37; P = .04). Nasal M bovis numbers increased over time and were higher in lysate-treated calves (0.76 log CFU, 95% CI = 0.3-1.2; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Aerosol administration of a bacterial lysate exacerbated BRD in healthy high-risk beef calves, suggesting that respiratory tract inflammation adversely affects how calves respond to subsequent natural infection with M bovis and other respiratory pathogens.
Background Constitutive and inducible defenses protect the respiratory tract from bacterial infec... more Background Constitutive and inducible defenses protect the respiratory tract from bacterial infection. The objective of this study was to characterize the response to an aerosolized lysate of killed bacteria, as a basis for studying the regulation and in vivo effects of these inducible innate immune responses. Results Bacterial lysate consisting of heat-killed and sonicated Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was aerosolized to 6 calves and systemic and pulmonary innate immune and inflammatory responses were measured in the first 24 h relative to baseline. Evaluated parameters included clinical parameters (body temperature and heart and respiratory rates), blood acute phase proteins and leukocyte counts, and leukocytes and proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Mild clinical signs with increased heart rates and rectal temperatures developed following administration of the lysate, with resolution by 24 h. Serum haptoglobin and plasma fibrinogen concentrations were elevated ...
BackgroundLittle is known about the veterinary referral process and factors that contribute to po... more BackgroundLittle is known about the veterinary referral process and factors that contribute to positive outcomes.ObjectiveTo investigate equine referring veterinarians' (rDVMs') satisfaction with their most recent referral experience and compare rDVM and specialist perspectives.Sample187 rDVMs and 92 specialists (referral care providers).MethodsCross‐sectional observational study. An online survey was administered to both rDVMs and specialists. Referring veterinarian satisfaction with their most recent referral experience was evaluated. Both rDVMs and specialists were asked to identify factors influencing a rDVM's decision where to refer, and the top 3 factors they perceive are barriers to referral care.ResultsMedian rDVM satisfaction with their most recent referral care experience was 80 of 100 (mean, 75; range, 8–100). Referring veterinarians provided the lowest satisfaction score for the item asking about “The competition the referral hospital poses to your practice” ...
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Jan 15, 2018
OBJECTIVE To explore referring equine veterinarians' expectations of equine veterinary referr... more OBJECTIVE To explore referring equine veterinarians' expectations of equine veterinary referral centers and specialists. DESIGN Qualitative, focus group interview-based study. SAMPLE 6 focus groups comprised of equine practitioners with experience in referral of clients and patients to equine specialists or referral centers (48 referring veterinarians [rDVMs]). PROCEDURES Focus group sessions were conducted independently and followed a standardized discussion guide consisting of open-ended questions and follow-up probes. Discussions were recorded, and thematic analysis was performed on the content. RESULTS The overarching theme of participants' discussions was that specialists and referral centers are an extension of the care that rDVMs provide to their clients and patients. The 5 areas that participants described as important to this expectation were rDVM-client relationships, rDVM involvement during referral care, collegial rDVM-specialist relationships, communication betw...
Leukemia is broadly divided into acute and chronic lymphocytic and myeloid types based on the pro... more Leukemia is broadly divided into acute and chronic lymphocytic and myeloid types based on the proportion of blasts, morphology of cells, and expression of specific antigens on neoplastic cells. Classifying leukemia in horses can be challenging if blasts predominate and since few antibodies to identify cell types are available. The objective of this study was to describe in detail the clinical and pathologic features of acute leukemia in horses. Twelve horses ranging from 0.2 to 25.9 years of age were diagnosed with acute leukemia. Six cases were classified as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) based on predominance of blasts, lack of granulocytic or monocytic differentiation, and detection of CD3, CD20, and/or CD79a antigens by immunohistochemistry. Six other cases were classified as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with myelomonocytic ( n = 4), basophilic ( n = 1), and eosinophilic ( n = 1) differentiation based on > 20% bone marrow blasts and partial leukocytic differentiation. React...
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 2015
Evaluation of the upper and lower respiratory tract of horses requires strategic selection of pos... more Evaluation of the upper and lower respiratory tract of horses requires strategic selection of possible diagnostic tests based on location of suspected pathologic lesions and purpose of testing and must also include consideration of patient status. This article discusses the various diagnostic modalities that may be applied to the respiratory system of horses under field conditions, indications for use, and aspects of sample collection, handling, and laboratory processing that can impact test results and ultimately a successful diagnosis in cases of respiratory disease.
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne, 2014
A 9-day-old Thoroughbred filly was presented for diarrhea and lethargy. Diagnostic test results w... more A 9-day-old Thoroughbred filly was presented for diarrhea and lethargy. Diagnostic test results were compatible with severe renal dysfunction. Diffuse cystic lesions of both kidneys were identified on ultrasonographic examination. Postmortem examination confirmed the presence of multiple renal cysts. Congenital nephropathy compatible with bilateral diffuse cystic renal dysplasia was diagnosed.
Annexins A1 and A2 are proteins known to function in the stress response, dampening inflammatory ... more Annexins A1 and A2 are proteins known to function in the stress response, dampening inflammatory responses and mediating fibrinolysis. We found, in healthy cattle recently arrived to a feedlot, that lower levels of these proteins correlated with later development of pneumonia. Here we determine the localization of annexin A1 and A2 proteins in the respiratory tract and in leukocytes, in healthy calves and those with Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia. In healthy calves, immunohistochemistry revealed cytoplasmic expression of annexin A1 in the surface epithelium of large airways, tracheobronchial glands and goblet cells, to a lesser degree in small airways, but not in alveolar epithelium. Immunocytochemistry labeled annexin A1 in the cytoplasm of neutrophils from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, while minimal surface expression was detected by flow cytometry in monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. Annexin A2 expression was detected in surface epithelium of small airways, some...
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire, 2010
The objective of this project was to develop and implement an active surveillance program for the... more The objective of this project was to develop and implement an active surveillance program for the early and rapid detection of equine influenza viruses in Ontario. For this purpose, from October 2003 to October 2005, nasopharyngeal swabs and acute and convalescent serum samples were collected from 115 client-owned horses in 23 outbreaks of respiratory disease in Ontario. Sera were paired and tested for antibody to equine influenza 1 (AE1-H7N7), equine influenza 2 (AE2-H3N8), equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV1 and EHV4), and equine rhinitis A and B (ERAV and ERBV). Overall, the cause-specific morbidity rate of equine influenza virus in the respiratory outbreaks was 56.5% as determined by the single radial hemolysis (SRH) test. The AE2-H3N8 was isolated from 15 horses in 5 outbreaks. A 4-fold increase in antibody levels or the presence of a high titer against ERAV or ERBV was observed in 10 out of 13 outbreaks in which AE2-H3N8 was diagnosed as the primary cause of disease. In conclusio...
Strategies to control bovine respiratory disease depend on accurate classification of disease ris... more Strategies to control bovine respiratory disease depend on accurate classification of disease risk. An objective method to refine the risk classification of beef calves could be economically beneficial, improve welfare by preventing unexpected disease occurrences, refine and reduce the use of antibiotics in beef production, and facilitate alternative methods of disease control. The objective of this study was to identify proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of stressed healthy calves that predict later disease outcome, serve as biomarkers of susceptibility to pneumonia, and play a role in pathogenesis. BALF was collected from 162 healthy beef calves 1–2 days after weaning and transportation. Difference in gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and mass spectrometry were used to compare proteins in samples from 7 calves that later developed respiratory disease compared to 7 calves that remained healthy. Calves that later developed pneumonia had significantly lower levels of annexin A1...
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Papers by Joanne Hewson