Dr. Ahmed Osman Ibrahim admires writing about architectural design in the local, the regional and the international context. He is a having teaching experiences in various architecture departments and programs in both Sudan and Saudi Arabia at masters, bachelor and diploma levels, and theory of design and building services are his most favorite field of teaching. Dr. Ahmed Osman Ibrahim wrote many books in the theory of design and design process. He has the experience of writing so many essays since 2003 in the daily newspaper of Alkhartuom and Alsudani about issues pertaining to traditional, modern and contemporary architecture and architecture education in the Sudan. He was a Head of Department and a Deputy Dean of the College of Engineering of the University of Juba as well as a Dean for the College of Architecture of the Future University having administrative experience since 2003 until 2011. Dr. Ahmed Osman Ibrahim has as well administrative experience in Saudi Arabia since 2011 until now, as he has been the Post Graduate Program Coordinator and Coordinator for Quality and Development at Qassim University, College of Architecture and the Coordinator for Quality and Development and the Coordinator for ABET at Hail University College of Engineering, Architectural Engineering Program. He was also an external Examiner and architecture program designer and an evaluator for various architecture programs at both Sudan and Saudi Arabia. He has been a practicing architect ever science the bachelor school days until today.
Turbulent and non-turbulent analysis of thermomagnetic convection, heating rate and mass transpor... more Turbulent and non-turbulent analysis of thermomagnetic convection, heating rate and mass transport of Darcian radiating nanofluid flow through porous slanted sheet is the aim of present study. Influence of microgravity is more useful for the movement of thermophoresis nanoparticles with maximum temperature and density. Joule heating, porous medium, magnetic field and thermal radiations are incorporated for the performance of thermal convection. Governing equations are reduced in dimensionless form. Oscillatory stokes conditions are applied to separate the steady, real and imaginary equations. Finite difference, Primitive transformation, and Gaussian elimination techniques are applied for numerical outputs. For asymptotic results, the appropriate range of parameters such as 0.1 ≤ JH ≤ 15.0, 0.1 ≤ Pr ≤ 12.0, 0.1 ≤ Rd ≤ 25.0, 0.0 ≤ λT ≤ 5.0, 0.1 ≤ NT ≤ 1.0, 0.1 ≤ Fr ≥ 6.0, and 0.1 ≤ δ ≤ 1.0 is utilized. Main novelty of work is to examine the steady state and oscillatory behavior of friction-rate, heat/mass transport over slanted two-angles π/6 and π/4. Maximum amplitude in fluid velocity is observed by increasing radiations and buoyant forces. Temperature distribution and nanomaterial concentrations enhance as Joule-heating and Prandtl number increases under microgravity region. Amplitude and oscillation of heat and mass rate is increased as reaction rate, Joule heating and Orchheimer parameter increases. Enhancing behavior of energy transport is observed for maximum choice of Prandtl index with small magnetic effects. It is depicted that high rate of oscillating frequency in heat transmission is detected with maximum radiation effects.
A supramolecular structure is formed during the synthesis of a dihydrogen phosphate hybrid salt w... more A supramolecular structure is formed during the synthesis of a dihydrogen phosphate hybrid salt with the organic aromatic amine molecule 6-amino-1H-indazole. This work looks into the interactions between 6-amino-1H-indazole molecules and dihydrogen phosphate ions, which sheds light on the formation mechanisms and stability of the resulting crystal lattice. A slow evaporation process resulted in single crystal formation of [C7H9N3][H2PO4]2. The compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group of the monoclinic system, with dimensions a = 7.074(13)Å, b = 14.134(3)Å, c = 12.716(3)Å, β = 91.231(15)◦, and Z=4. Hydrogen bonds are essential for connecting the dihydrogen phosphate anions [H2PO4]- and the organic cations [C7H9N3]2+ in the mineral structure. According to Hirshfeld’s analysis oxygen-hydrogen interactions are the most important in the crystal of all potential chemical linkages. The IR and Raman spectra of the chemical collected at room temperature were analyzed in relation to literature data and theoretical groupings. Photoluminescence and UV measurements are linked to a number of electrical activities in the title chemical.
This study employs diverse machine learning models, including classic artificial neural network (... more This study employs diverse machine learning models, including classic artificial neural network (ANN), hybrid ANN models, and the imperialist competitive algorithm and emotional artificial neural network (EANN), to predict crucial parameters such as freshwater production and vapor temperatures. Evaluation metrics reveal the integrated ANN-ICA model outperforms the classic ANN, achieving a remarkable 20% reduction in mean squared error (MSE). The emotional artificial neural network (EANN) demonstrates superior accuracy, attaining an impressive 99% coefficient of determination (R2) in predicting freshwater production and vapor temperatures. The comprehensive comparative analysis extends to environmental assessments, displaying the solar desalination system’s compatibility with renewable energy sources. Results highlight the potential for the proposed system to conserve water resources and reduce environmental impact, with a substantial decrease in total dissolved solids (TDS) from over 6,000 ppm to below 50 ppm. The findings underscore the efficacy of machine learning models in optimizing solar-driven desalination systems, providing valuable insights into their capabilities for addressing water scarcity challenges and contributing to the global shift toward sustainable and environmentally friendly water production methods
The surging demand for electricity, fueled by environmental concerns, economic considerations, an... more The surging demand for electricity, fueled by environmental concerns, economic considerations, and the integration of distributed energy resources, underscores the need for innovative approaches to smart home energy management. This research introduces a novel optimization algorithm that leverages electric vehicles (EVs) as integral components, addressing the intricate dynamics of household load management. The study’s significance lies in optimizing energy consumption, reducing costs, and enhancing power grid reliability. Three distinct modes of smart home load management are investigated, ranging from no household load management to load outages, with a focus on the time-of-use (ToU) tariff impact, inclining block rate (IBR) pricing, and the combined effect of ToU and IBR on load management outcomes. The algorithm, a multi-objective approach, minimizes the peak demand and optimizes cost factors, resulting in a 7.9% reduction in integrated payment costs. Notably, EVs play a pivotal role in load planning, showcasing a 16.4% reduction in peak loads and a 7.9% decrease in payment expenses. Numerical results affirm the algorithm’s adaptability, even under load interruptions, preventing excessive increases in paid costs. Incorporating dynamic pricing structures like inclining block rates alongside the time of use reveals a 7.9% reduction in payment costs and a 16.4% decrease in peak loads. In conclusion, this research provides a robust optimization framework for smart home energy management, demonstrating economic benefits, peak load reduction potential, and enhanced reliability through strategic EV integration and dynamic pricing.
In various thermodynamic procedures and the optimisation of thermal manipulation, nanofluids flow... more In various thermodynamic procedures and the optimisation of thermal manipulation, nanofluids flowing through porous media represent an emerging perspective. The main objective of this study, from the perspective of thermal applications, was the investigation of the flow of nanofluid over a horizontal stretched surface embedded in a porous medium. The effects of the chemical reactions on the surface, magnetic field, and thermal radiations were invoked in the mathematical formulation. The non-Darcy model examines the fluid flow in the porous media. The principles of thermodynamics were employed to integrate entropy optimisation methods with the established theoretical approach to analyse the thermal behaviour of nanomaterials in the chemical reactive diffusion processes. Using the Tiwari-Das nanofluid model, the volume fraction of the nanomaterials was merged in the mathematical equation for the flow model. Water was taken as a base fluid and nanoparticles composed of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and silver (Ag) were used. The significance of radiation, heat production, and ohmic heating were included in the energy equation. Furthermore, an innovative mathematical model for the diffusion of the autocatalytic reactive species in the boundary layer flow was developed for a linear horizontally stretched surface embedded in a homogeneous non-Darcy porous medium saturated with the nanofluid. The computerbased built-in bvp5c method was used to compute numerically these equations for varied parameters. It is clear that the magnetic parameter has a reversal influence on the entropy rate and velocity. Temperature and velocity are affected in the opposite direction from a higher volume fraction estimate. Thermal field and entropy were increased when the radiation action intensified. The inclusion of nanoparticle fraction by the volume fraction of nanoparticles and Brinkman number also enhances the system entropy. Entropy production can be minimized with the involvement of the porosity factor within the surface.
International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 2023, 18, 872–880, 2023
The implementation of green buildings is widely regarded as a primary solution for optimizing fue... more The implementation of green buildings is widely regarded as a primary solution for optimizing fuel consumption in the construction and housing sector. Through an examination of relevant research literature, the most prominent hindrances to the implementation and proliferation of green buildings in Saudi Arabia were identified. Furthermore, the present study employed the Fuzzy Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (FDEMATE) to prioritize the aforementioned obstacles via the Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP), while the Decision Super model was utilized. The findings indicate that the primary criteria section identified marketing barriers as the most significant obstacle, with a weight of 0.213, followed by risk and cost barriers with a weight of 0.207, knowledge and information barriers with a weight of 0.195, government-related barriers with a weight of 0.193 and human resources barriers with a weight of 0.192, respectively, ranked from first to fifth. According to the study’s analysis, marketing obstacles carried the most weight, followed by risk and cost obstacles, government obstacles, knowledge and information obstacles and resources obstacles. The country has not adequately promoted green building technology. According to experts in the field, this is the greatest obstacle to implementing environmentally friendly building practices.
Degradation of Vibrio cholerae from drinking water by the underwater capillary discharge, 2023
Abstract: Underwater plasma discharge is considered a
nontoxic and effectual purification approac... more Abstract: Underwater plasma discharge is considered a nontoxic and effectual purification approach to control waterborne bacterial pathogens. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae contaminated drinking water was sterilized by using underwater capillary discharge generation via high voltage, oxygen (O2) injection, and hydrogen peroxide (H2 2 O ) addition. The effects of oxidant species generated by plasma discharge on V. cholerae disinfection have been studied and reported. The electrical and optical analysis of capillary discharge revealed the generation of reactive oxygen species (OH., H and O), which are highly useful for bacterial disinfection along with enhanced power and energy of discharge pulses. Complete elimination of V. cholerae (0 CFUs (colony forming units)) from the water after O2 injected and H2 2 O added plasma discharge was achieved, and 100% inactivation of V. cholera from drinking water was proven. The retardant effect of the initial V. cholerae colonies with time variation was reported through optical density (OD600 nm) measurements. The time course study of bactericidal activity of plasma treatment on V. cholerae, observed every 12 h up to 36 h, revealed a high retardant effect on V. cholerae CFUs. Underwater capillary discharge is an efficient approach for the inactivation of V. cholerae from drinking water.
The discipline of environmental design is a branch of the physical fields of design. Architectura... more The discipline of environmental design is a branch of the physical fields of design. Architectural design is a discipline of environmental design. Architectural design styles are of four categories; styles influenced by other styles, styles transmitted to other places, physical revived styles, and spiritual revived styles. Each one comprises of different styles. The research looks at the impact of the introduction of intensive architectural design educational programs, fair architectural design competitions, economical considerations, and finally the impact political wills have on diversified creative and innovative architectural design styles. As the research adopted the four categories mentioned earlier each one is exemplified by one building considered as the case study. These four criterions; the advanced technology of the time, which leads to costly money expenditure, the unique design concepts and philosophies, the compatibility with the site, and the solvency symbolism especially when has effects on people's sociocultural lives were studied and analyzed in this order in each case study. The writer is a practising architect and a lecturer since 1998 in the Sudan. Presently an assistant professor teaching theory of design at the Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. He has attempts of writings in the theory of design and so many other architecture issues. He wrote so many essays in many daily news papers in the Sudan.
In Saudi Arabia, housing projects for the low-income group supported by different government poli... more In Saudi Arabia, housing projects for the low-income group supported by different government policies as that of the Ministry of Planning and Economy. The post-occupancy evaluation (POE) method is a tool used to assess the functional, social, and technical satisfaction derived by residents from the housing project. The objectives of this study in Saudi Arabia are to investigate the POE process and its applicability, raise awareness of users' rights and needs and offer recommendations for low income housing strategy based on the POE method. The research adopted a quantitative approach using sample survey interview. The survey design based on the POE process. The questionnaires distributed to the residents of the Al-Ghazalah Development Housing Complex to evaluate the three aspects of building performance the functional, social and technical. A feedback from the residents collated and analyzed to reach to conclusion and recommendations. There are three main reasons for using a questionnaire in this study. Firstly, the issue of housing is personal and the respondents could have been reluctant in answering since questions through a face-to-face interview. Secondly, using a questionnaire less expensive and more reliable to the researcher. The researcher chooses the residents of the Al-Ghazalah Development Housing Complex as a sample in this study in order to limit the number of the community to determine the extent of their satisfaction regarding their houses. The researcher distributed 250 questionnaires to the residents of the Al-Ghazalah Development Housing Complex of Hail region in order to collect data on the bases of one survey per a house. The researcher distributed the questionnaires by himself in order to ensure a greater response rate. The questionnaire designed with the respondents in mind. As the residents deal with their houses on daily basis, they assumed to tell about and assess the functional, social, and technical of their houses better than anyone else. The residents have been dealing with the houses in different environmental, social-cultural conditions for long periods, which enabled them comment easily and reliably on whatever issue they asked about. Finally, the houses built for the residents and for their well-being, and no one could determine their well-being better than they can. The sample of the study was 250 questionnaires given to the residents of Al-Ghazalah development housing Complex of Hail region, however, finally there were 90 respondents. The research was questioning whether the residents of Al-Ghazalah Development Housing Complex satisfied with the current living conditions on the bases of three possible questions: whether users of the complex of investigation not satisfied with its functional aspects, or weather not satisfied with its social aspect and weather satisfied with the technical aspects.
This research aims at shedding light on the most significant contemporary style, Deconstructivism... more This research aims at shedding light on the most significant contemporary style, Deconstructivism architecture, by defining it, showing the difficulties it faced when began, proofing that it is a style and not a merely fashion and eventually assuring that it has distinctive architectural elements that are employed by all Deconstructivist architects in almost all Deconstructivism architecture buildings. These architectural elements are termed as Follies, without which buildings would not be acquiring a complete acceptance as Deconstructivism architecture. The method adopted in coming out with this research is theoretical in nature as the Deconstructivism architectural elements, the Follies, are thoroughly studied and analyzed to conclude by describing their distinctive formal profiles. The research goes on giving exemplars for buildings designed by the seven most famous Deconstructivist architects, Frank Gehry, Peter Eisenman, Bernard Tchumi, Daniel Libeskind, Rem Koolhaas, Zaha Hadid and Coop Himmelblau. who were the only ones hosted in the New York Museum of Modern Art in 1988, the first time Deconstructivism architects works were ever brought together, one exemplar for each, by showing where such Follies are employed in their buildings to show how the most renowned Deconstructivism architecture buildings gained their fame and social acceptance and appreciations. Follies are attributes of Deconstructivism style especially when vividly found at the external premises of any Deconstructivism building considering the fact that those found inside buildings emphasizing the much, such buildings are belonging to Deconstructivism architecture. The research resulted in showing that Follies in architecture are buildings or parts of buildings constructed primarily for decoration as they are as well meant to act as points of reference that help visitors gain a sense of direction and navigate throughout the space. Most significantly, the research concluded that all Deconstructivism architecture buildings are characterized by architectural elements termed as Follies, without which buildings would not be acquiring a complete acceptance as Deconstructivism architecture. Deconstructivism architecture was mostly known before for its unprecedented structural treatment of surfaces and the adoption of shapes that don't have linear lines and form that don't have linear edges that produce buildings characterized by massive volumes and distorted architectural design elements. The research comes out with the most distinctive profiles, the Follies, that become not only formal attributes of Deconstructivism style that are constructed primarily for decoration but also help in directing people towards where they intend to go towards, around or inside all Deconstructivism architecture buildings.
A Short Review of Influencing Factors of Islamic Architecture in Aleppo, Syria
This research aims to examine Aleppo's distinctive architectural design profiles, most precisely ... more This research aims to examine Aleppo's distinctive architectural design profiles, most precisely those of residential buildings, and to highlight factors that indicate how the Islamic culture influenced the architectural structure in the pre-civil war era. Descriptive research, observation, and documentation of architectural elements that determine the general characteristics of housing in the city of Aleppo were used. The study focused on Wakil and Zamriah houses as case studies because of their accessibility and excellent exemplary style. The current study sheds light on the history of Aleppo's urban development and its influence by the Islamic civilization during the late Ottoman era up to the Syrian civil war in 2011. It is shown how Islamic civilization influenced Aleppo's residential buildings in terms of simplicity, respect for human scale, equality, and privacy.
This paper examines the phenomenon of expressing cultural identity in architectural design. It ex... more This paper examines the phenomenon of expressing cultural identity in architectural design. It examines the phenomenon in the context of Hausa land. Different cultural groups have different styles of architecture; as such designers need to make sure they try as much as possible to reflect the sense of cultural group to which their designs are to be sited in. The paper focuses on the designers, their perceptions, and the approaches they use in conveying national identity. The research aims to provide a basis for the reflection of Hausa cultural identity in architectural design. Thus it examines current efforts use to identify the Hausa architectural identity in this dispensation, many studies show how the identity of architecture characteristics was based on elements use to express the culture and traditions of a particular place or people. A survey of four case studies was conducted and the level of cultural identity reflection was assessed and the views of seven architects and custodians of culture were conducted using interviews. Visual survey and checklist methods were used in conducting the case study surveys in the different facilities visited. Deductions were made on how to reflect different cultural identity principles and elements in the design to express the culture of a particular cultural group. The research established that architects and designers used numerous approaches to express a cultural identity in their designs.
Out of various architectural research methods ranging from quantitative and qualitative types, ex... more Out of various architectural research methods ranging from quantitative and qualitative types, experimental field measurement type is mostly used compared to others due to its practicability. Therefore, there is a need to take into consideration the right step to follow to achieve the needed goal of using this type of methodology. However, this paper present processes and procedures of experimental field measurement for accurate research result(s). These processes include the selection of the right case study building, the use of viable and versatile devices and or equipment, re-calibration and verification for the reliability of the devices, proper launching and readout of the devices especially if the devices are data loggers and proper mounting of the devices for good recording purposes. The study also uncovered the limitation of this methodology despite its merits. The paper furthermore revealed an area where this methodology is mostly applicable.
Turbulent and non-turbulent analysis of thermomagnetic convection, heating rate and mass transpor... more Turbulent and non-turbulent analysis of thermomagnetic convection, heating rate and mass transport of Darcian radiating nanofluid flow through porous slanted sheet is the aim of present study. Influence of microgravity is more useful for the movement of thermophoresis nanoparticles with maximum temperature and density. Joule heating, porous medium, magnetic field and thermal radiations are incorporated for the performance of thermal convection. Governing equations are reduced in dimensionless form. Oscillatory stokes conditions are applied to separate the steady, real and imaginary equations. Finite difference, Primitive transformation, and Gaussian elimination techniques are applied for numerical outputs. For asymptotic results, the appropriate range of parameters such as 0.1 ≤ JH ≤ 15.0, 0.1 ≤ Pr ≤ 12.0, 0.1 ≤ Rd ≤ 25.0, 0.0 ≤ λT ≤ 5.0, 0.1 ≤ NT ≤ 1.0, 0.1 ≤ Fr ≥ 6.0, and 0.1 ≤ δ ≤ 1.0 is utilized. Main novelty of work is to examine the steady state and oscillatory behavior of friction-rate, heat/mass transport over slanted two-angles π/6 and π/4. Maximum amplitude in fluid velocity is observed by increasing radiations and buoyant forces. Temperature distribution and nanomaterial concentrations enhance as Joule-heating and Prandtl number increases under microgravity region. Amplitude and oscillation of heat and mass rate is increased as reaction rate, Joule heating and Orchheimer parameter increases. Enhancing behavior of energy transport is observed for maximum choice of Prandtl index with small magnetic effects. It is depicted that high rate of oscillating frequency in heat transmission is detected with maximum radiation effects.
A supramolecular structure is formed during the synthesis of a dihydrogen phosphate hybrid salt w... more A supramolecular structure is formed during the synthesis of a dihydrogen phosphate hybrid salt with the organic aromatic amine molecule 6-amino-1H-indazole. This work looks into the interactions between 6-amino-1H-indazole molecules and dihydrogen phosphate ions, which sheds light on the formation mechanisms and stability of the resulting crystal lattice. A slow evaporation process resulted in single crystal formation of [C7H9N3][H2PO4]2. The compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group of the monoclinic system, with dimensions a = 7.074(13)Å, b = 14.134(3)Å, c = 12.716(3)Å, β = 91.231(15)◦, and Z=4. Hydrogen bonds are essential for connecting the dihydrogen phosphate anions [H2PO4]- and the organic cations [C7H9N3]2+ in the mineral structure. According to Hirshfeld’s analysis oxygen-hydrogen interactions are the most important in the crystal of all potential chemical linkages. The IR and Raman spectra of the chemical collected at room temperature were analyzed in relation to literature data and theoretical groupings. Photoluminescence and UV measurements are linked to a number of electrical activities in the title chemical.
This study employs diverse machine learning models, including classic artificial neural network (... more This study employs diverse machine learning models, including classic artificial neural network (ANN), hybrid ANN models, and the imperialist competitive algorithm and emotional artificial neural network (EANN), to predict crucial parameters such as freshwater production and vapor temperatures. Evaluation metrics reveal the integrated ANN-ICA model outperforms the classic ANN, achieving a remarkable 20% reduction in mean squared error (MSE). The emotional artificial neural network (EANN) demonstrates superior accuracy, attaining an impressive 99% coefficient of determination (R2) in predicting freshwater production and vapor temperatures. The comprehensive comparative analysis extends to environmental assessments, displaying the solar desalination system’s compatibility with renewable energy sources. Results highlight the potential for the proposed system to conserve water resources and reduce environmental impact, with a substantial decrease in total dissolved solids (TDS) from over 6,000 ppm to below 50 ppm. The findings underscore the efficacy of machine learning models in optimizing solar-driven desalination systems, providing valuable insights into their capabilities for addressing water scarcity challenges and contributing to the global shift toward sustainable and environmentally friendly water production methods
The surging demand for electricity, fueled by environmental concerns, economic considerations, an... more The surging demand for electricity, fueled by environmental concerns, economic considerations, and the integration of distributed energy resources, underscores the need for innovative approaches to smart home energy management. This research introduces a novel optimization algorithm that leverages electric vehicles (EVs) as integral components, addressing the intricate dynamics of household load management. The study’s significance lies in optimizing energy consumption, reducing costs, and enhancing power grid reliability. Three distinct modes of smart home load management are investigated, ranging from no household load management to load outages, with a focus on the time-of-use (ToU) tariff impact, inclining block rate (IBR) pricing, and the combined effect of ToU and IBR on load management outcomes. The algorithm, a multi-objective approach, minimizes the peak demand and optimizes cost factors, resulting in a 7.9% reduction in integrated payment costs. Notably, EVs play a pivotal role in load planning, showcasing a 16.4% reduction in peak loads and a 7.9% decrease in payment expenses. Numerical results affirm the algorithm’s adaptability, even under load interruptions, preventing excessive increases in paid costs. Incorporating dynamic pricing structures like inclining block rates alongside the time of use reveals a 7.9% reduction in payment costs and a 16.4% decrease in peak loads. In conclusion, this research provides a robust optimization framework for smart home energy management, demonstrating economic benefits, peak load reduction potential, and enhanced reliability through strategic EV integration and dynamic pricing.
In various thermodynamic procedures and the optimisation of thermal manipulation, nanofluids flow... more In various thermodynamic procedures and the optimisation of thermal manipulation, nanofluids flowing through porous media represent an emerging perspective. The main objective of this study, from the perspective of thermal applications, was the investigation of the flow of nanofluid over a horizontal stretched surface embedded in a porous medium. The effects of the chemical reactions on the surface, magnetic field, and thermal radiations were invoked in the mathematical formulation. The non-Darcy model examines the fluid flow in the porous media. The principles of thermodynamics were employed to integrate entropy optimisation methods with the established theoretical approach to analyse the thermal behaviour of nanomaterials in the chemical reactive diffusion processes. Using the Tiwari-Das nanofluid model, the volume fraction of the nanomaterials was merged in the mathematical equation for the flow model. Water was taken as a base fluid and nanoparticles composed of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and silver (Ag) were used. The significance of radiation, heat production, and ohmic heating were included in the energy equation. Furthermore, an innovative mathematical model for the diffusion of the autocatalytic reactive species in the boundary layer flow was developed for a linear horizontally stretched surface embedded in a homogeneous non-Darcy porous medium saturated with the nanofluid. The computerbased built-in bvp5c method was used to compute numerically these equations for varied parameters. It is clear that the magnetic parameter has a reversal influence on the entropy rate and velocity. Temperature and velocity are affected in the opposite direction from a higher volume fraction estimate. Thermal field and entropy were increased when the radiation action intensified. The inclusion of nanoparticle fraction by the volume fraction of nanoparticles and Brinkman number also enhances the system entropy. Entropy production can be minimized with the involvement of the porosity factor within the surface.
International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 2023, 18, 872–880, 2023
The implementation of green buildings is widely regarded as a primary solution for optimizing fue... more The implementation of green buildings is widely regarded as a primary solution for optimizing fuel consumption in the construction and housing sector. Through an examination of relevant research literature, the most prominent hindrances to the implementation and proliferation of green buildings in Saudi Arabia were identified. Furthermore, the present study employed the Fuzzy Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (FDEMATE) to prioritize the aforementioned obstacles via the Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP), while the Decision Super model was utilized. The findings indicate that the primary criteria section identified marketing barriers as the most significant obstacle, with a weight of 0.213, followed by risk and cost barriers with a weight of 0.207, knowledge and information barriers with a weight of 0.195, government-related barriers with a weight of 0.193 and human resources barriers with a weight of 0.192, respectively, ranked from first to fifth. According to the study’s analysis, marketing obstacles carried the most weight, followed by risk and cost obstacles, government obstacles, knowledge and information obstacles and resources obstacles. The country has not adequately promoted green building technology. According to experts in the field, this is the greatest obstacle to implementing environmentally friendly building practices.
Degradation of Vibrio cholerae from drinking water by the underwater capillary discharge, 2023
Abstract: Underwater plasma discharge is considered a
nontoxic and effectual purification approac... more Abstract: Underwater plasma discharge is considered a nontoxic and effectual purification approach to control waterborne bacterial pathogens. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae contaminated drinking water was sterilized by using underwater capillary discharge generation via high voltage, oxygen (O2) injection, and hydrogen peroxide (H2 2 O ) addition. The effects of oxidant species generated by plasma discharge on V. cholerae disinfection have been studied and reported. The electrical and optical analysis of capillary discharge revealed the generation of reactive oxygen species (OH., H and O), which are highly useful for bacterial disinfection along with enhanced power and energy of discharge pulses. Complete elimination of V. cholerae (0 CFUs (colony forming units)) from the water after O2 injected and H2 2 O added plasma discharge was achieved, and 100% inactivation of V. cholera from drinking water was proven. The retardant effect of the initial V. cholerae colonies with time variation was reported through optical density (OD600 nm) measurements. The time course study of bactericidal activity of plasma treatment on V. cholerae, observed every 12 h up to 36 h, revealed a high retardant effect on V. cholerae CFUs. Underwater capillary discharge is an efficient approach for the inactivation of V. cholerae from drinking water.
The discipline of environmental design is a branch of the physical fields of design. Architectura... more The discipline of environmental design is a branch of the physical fields of design. Architectural design is a discipline of environmental design. Architectural design styles are of four categories; styles influenced by other styles, styles transmitted to other places, physical revived styles, and spiritual revived styles. Each one comprises of different styles. The research looks at the impact of the introduction of intensive architectural design educational programs, fair architectural design competitions, economical considerations, and finally the impact political wills have on diversified creative and innovative architectural design styles. As the research adopted the four categories mentioned earlier each one is exemplified by one building considered as the case study. These four criterions; the advanced technology of the time, which leads to costly money expenditure, the unique design concepts and philosophies, the compatibility with the site, and the solvency symbolism especially when has effects on people's sociocultural lives were studied and analyzed in this order in each case study. The writer is a practising architect and a lecturer since 1998 in the Sudan. Presently an assistant professor teaching theory of design at the Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. He has attempts of writings in the theory of design and so many other architecture issues. He wrote so many essays in many daily news papers in the Sudan.
In Saudi Arabia, housing projects for the low-income group supported by different government poli... more In Saudi Arabia, housing projects for the low-income group supported by different government policies as that of the Ministry of Planning and Economy. The post-occupancy evaluation (POE) method is a tool used to assess the functional, social, and technical satisfaction derived by residents from the housing project. The objectives of this study in Saudi Arabia are to investigate the POE process and its applicability, raise awareness of users' rights and needs and offer recommendations for low income housing strategy based on the POE method. The research adopted a quantitative approach using sample survey interview. The survey design based on the POE process. The questionnaires distributed to the residents of the Al-Ghazalah Development Housing Complex to evaluate the three aspects of building performance the functional, social and technical. A feedback from the residents collated and analyzed to reach to conclusion and recommendations. There are three main reasons for using a questionnaire in this study. Firstly, the issue of housing is personal and the respondents could have been reluctant in answering since questions through a face-to-face interview. Secondly, using a questionnaire less expensive and more reliable to the researcher. The researcher chooses the residents of the Al-Ghazalah Development Housing Complex as a sample in this study in order to limit the number of the community to determine the extent of their satisfaction regarding their houses. The researcher distributed 250 questionnaires to the residents of the Al-Ghazalah Development Housing Complex of Hail region in order to collect data on the bases of one survey per a house. The researcher distributed the questionnaires by himself in order to ensure a greater response rate. The questionnaire designed with the respondents in mind. As the residents deal with their houses on daily basis, they assumed to tell about and assess the functional, social, and technical of their houses better than anyone else. The residents have been dealing with the houses in different environmental, social-cultural conditions for long periods, which enabled them comment easily and reliably on whatever issue they asked about. Finally, the houses built for the residents and for their well-being, and no one could determine their well-being better than they can. The sample of the study was 250 questionnaires given to the residents of Al-Ghazalah development housing Complex of Hail region, however, finally there were 90 respondents. The research was questioning whether the residents of Al-Ghazalah Development Housing Complex satisfied with the current living conditions on the bases of three possible questions: whether users of the complex of investigation not satisfied with its functional aspects, or weather not satisfied with its social aspect and weather satisfied with the technical aspects.
This research aims at shedding light on the most significant contemporary style, Deconstructivism... more This research aims at shedding light on the most significant contemporary style, Deconstructivism architecture, by defining it, showing the difficulties it faced when began, proofing that it is a style and not a merely fashion and eventually assuring that it has distinctive architectural elements that are employed by all Deconstructivist architects in almost all Deconstructivism architecture buildings. These architectural elements are termed as Follies, without which buildings would not be acquiring a complete acceptance as Deconstructivism architecture. The method adopted in coming out with this research is theoretical in nature as the Deconstructivism architectural elements, the Follies, are thoroughly studied and analyzed to conclude by describing their distinctive formal profiles. The research goes on giving exemplars for buildings designed by the seven most famous Deconstructivist architects, Frank Gehry, Peter Eisenman, Bernard Tchumi, Daniel Libeskind, Rem Koolhaas, Zaha Hadid and Coop Himmelblau. who were the only ones hosted in the New York Museum of Modern Art in 1988, the first time Deconstructivism architects works were ever brought together, one exemplar for each, by showing where such Follies are employed in their buildings to show how the most renowned Deconstructivism architecture buildings gained their fame and social acceptance and appreciations. Follies are attributes of Deconstructivism style especially when vividly found at the external premises of any Deconstructivism building considering the fact that those found inside buildings emphasizing the much, such buildings are belonging to Deconstructivism architecture. The research resulted in showing that Follies in architecture are buildings or parts of buildings constructed primarily for decoration as they are as well meant to act as points of reference that help visitors gain a sense of direction and navigate throughout the space. Most significantly, the research concluded that all Deconstructivism architecture buildings are characterized by architectural elements termed as Follies, without which buildings would not be acquiring a complete acceptance as Deconstructivism architecture. Deconstructivism architecture was mostly known before for its unprecedented structural treatment of surfaces and the adoption of shapes that don't have linear lines and form that don't have linear edges that produce buildings characterized by massive volumes and distorted architectural design elements. The research comes out with the most distinctive profiles, the Follies, that become not only formal attributes of Deconstructivism style that are constructed primarily for decoration but also help in directing people towards where they intend to go towards, around or inside all Deconstructivism architecture buildings.
A Short Review of Influencing Factors of Islamic Architecture in Aleppo, Syria
This research aims to examine Aleppo's distinctive architectural design profiles, most precisely ... more This research aims to examine Aleppo's distinctive architectural design profiles, most precisely those of residential buildings, and to highlight factors that indicate how the Islamic culture influenced the architectural structure in the pre-civil war era. Descriptive research, observation, and documentation of architectural elements that determine the general characteristics of housing in the city of Aleppo were used. The study focused on Wakil and Zamriah houses as case studies because of their accessibility and excellent exemplary style. The current study sheds light on the history of Aleppo's urban development and its influence by the Islamic civilization during the late Ottoman era up to the Syrian civil war in 2011. It is shown how Islamic civilization influenced Aleppo's residential buildings in terms of simplicity, respect for human scale, equality, and privacy.
This paper examines the phenomenon of expressing cultural identity in architectural design. It ex... more This paper examines the phenomenon of expressing cultural identity in architectural design. It examines the phenomenon in the context of Hausa land. Different cultural groups have different styles of architecture; as such designers need to make sure they try as much as possible to reflect the sense of cultural group to which their designs are to be sited in. The paper focuses on the designers, their perceptions, and the approaches they use in conveying national identity. The research aims to provide a basis for the reflection of Hausa cultural identity in architectural design. Thus it examines current efforts use to identify the Hausa architectural identity in this dispensation, many studies show how the identity of architecture characteristics was based on elements use to express the culture and traditions of a particular place or people. A survey of four case studies was conducted and the level of cultural identity reflection was assessed and the views of seven architects and custodians of culture were conducted using interviews. Visual survey and checklist methods were used in conducting the case study surveys in the different facilities visited. Deductions were made on how to reflect different cultural identity principles and elements in the design to express the culture of a particular cultural group. The research established that architects and designers used numerous approaches to express a cultural identity in their designs.
Out of various architectural research methods ranging from quantitative and qualitative types, ex... more Out of various architectural research methods ranging from quantitative and qualitative types, experimental field measurement type is mostly used compared to others due to its practicability. Therefore, there is a need to take into consideration the right step to follow to achieve the needed goal of using this type of methodology. However, this paper present processes and procedures of experimental field measurement for accurate research result(s). These processes include the selection of the right case study building, the use of viable and versatile devices and or equipment, re-calibration and verification for the reliability of the devices, proper launching and readout of the devices especially if the devices are data loggers and proper mounting of the devices for good recording purposes. The study also uncovered the limitation of this methodology despite its merits. The paper furthermore revealed an area where this methodology is mostly applicable.
Even though the American author, critic and philosopher Henry David Thoreau once said” “How vain ... more Even though the American author, critic and philosopher Henry David Thoreau once said” “How vain it is to sit down to write when you have not stood up to live” so many people will still continue admiring writing in its various forms. In this book it is found that architectural design styles are thoroughly investigated. Modern architecture styles (1850- until today) come to be known via writings and works of renowned revolutionary architects beginning by pioneers of Modern architecture as Joseph Paxton and Auguste Perret reaching to Frank Gehry and Zaha Hadid who were all together contributed to the diverse Modern and Contemporary architecture style this book is meant to shed light on their significance. Charles Jencks who continued what the preceding theorists as Vitruvius, Palladio, Vignola, Voysey, Lethaby, Le Corbusier, and Venturi in regards to diversification in architecture style laid the foundation for the categorization of the diversified styles this book traced and gave exemplars to, which could assist readers to easily appreciate their profiles and be able to differentiate between them. What is peculiar about this book is it, and for the first time, does not only incorporate great buildings, which have been emerging for couple of years in Saudi Arabia in particular and the Arab region in general, but also categorize these buildings into the main architecture styles known and common to architects and people alike. Buildings such as the National Commercial Bank of Jeddah, Al Faisaliyah Center and the Kingdom Center of Riyadh, and Abraj Al Bait of Mecca were, for the first time ever, being categorized as Post Modern architecture buildings, a fact that would definitely boost the quest for the search for styles diversification Saudi Arabia deserves and surely needs to look for. The book’s categorization of architecture styles extends to the Arab region where famous buildings such as The Arab Organizations Headquarters Building in Kuwait and The Sudanese football sport association in Sudan are as well exemplars of Post Modern architecture buildings. The book comes to conclude that Saudi Arabia and the Arab region to which Saudi Arabia belongs are until today dominantly employing very limited architectural design styles with the exception of few Contemporary architecture styles as Critical regionalism architecture found in many Arab region countries and Deconstructivism architecture found only in Saudi Arabia as the King ii Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC) in Riyadh and the Sheikh Zayed Bridge in The United Arab Emirates. Saudi Arabia architecture students and future practicing architects and their counterparts in the other Arab region countries by reading and digesting the significance of architecture styles diversification shown in this book, as the writer hopefully anticipates, they will able to employ such styles and the future upcoming styles in the various forthcoming building projects. This book is inspirational for architecture students and practicing architects alike in their search for ambitious up to date architecture styles every nation is proudly boasting to have buildings in such styles to show how rich they are in sense, heritage and fortune.
Desig Styles in the Architecture of Corporate Headquarters, 2013
The discipline of environmental design is a branch of the physical fields of design. Architectura... more The discipline of environmental design is a branch of the physical fields of design. Architectural design is a discipline of environmental design. Architectural design styles are of four categories; styles influenced by other styles, styles transmitted to other places, physical revived styles, and spiritual revived styles. Each one comprises of different styles. The research looks at the impact of the introduction of intensive architectural design educational programs, fair architectural design competitions, economical considerations, and finally the impact political wills have on diversified creative and innovative architectural design styles. As the research adopted the four categories mentioned earlier each one is exemplified by one building considered as the case study. These four criterions; the advanced technology of the time, which leads to costly money expenditure, the unique design concepts and philosophies, the compatibility with the site, and the solvency symbolism especially when has effects on people's sociocultural lives were studied and analyzed in this order in each case study. The writer is a practising architect and a lecturer since 1998 in the Sudan. Presently an assistant professor teaching theory of design at the Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. He has attempts of writings in the theory of design and so many other architecture issues. He wrote so many essays in many daily news papers in the Sudan.
Desig Styles in the Architecture of Corporate Headquarters, 2013
The discipline of environmental design is a branch of the physical fields of design. Architectura... more The discipline of environmental design is a branch of the physical fields of design. Architectural design is a discipline of environmental design. Architectural design styles are of four categories; styles influenced by other styles, styles transmitted to other places, physical revived styles, and spiritual revived styles. Each one comprises of different styles. The research looks at the impact of the introduction of intensive architectural design educational programs, fair architectural design competitions, economical considerations, and finally the impact political wills have on diversified creative and innovative architectural design styles. As the research adopted the four categories mentioned earlier each one is exemplified by one building considered as the case study. These four criterions; the advanced technology of the time, which leads to costly money expenditure, the unique design concepts and philosophies, the compatibility with the site, and the solvency symbolism especially when has effects on people's sociocultural lives were studied and analyzed in this order in each case study. The writer is a practising architect and a lecturer since 1998 in the Sudan. Presently an assistant professor teaching theory of design at the Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. He has attempts of writings in the theory of design and so many other architecture issues. He wrote so many essays in many daily news papers in the Sudan.
Uploads
Papers by Ahmed O S M A N Ibrahim
range of parameters such as 0.1 ≤ JH ≤ 15.0, 0.1 ≤ Pr ≤ 12.0, 0.1 ≤ Rd ≤ 25.0, 0.0 ≤ λT ≤ 5.0, 0.1 ≤ NT ≤ 1.0, 0.1 ≤ Fr ≥ 6.0, and 0.1 ≤ δ ≤ 1.0 is utilized. Main novelty of work is to examine the steady state and oscillatory behavior of friction-rate, heat/mass transport over slanted two-angles π/6 and π/4. Maximum amplitude in fluid velocity is observed by increasing radiations and buoyant forces. Temperature distribution and nanomaterial concentrations enhance as Joule-heating and Prandtl number increases under microgravity region. Amplitude and oscillation of heat and mass rate is increased as reaction rate, Joule heating and Orchheimer parameter increases. Enhancing behavior of energy transport is observed for maximum choice of Prandtl index with small magnetic effects. It is depicted that high rate of oscillating frequency in heat transmission is detected with maximum radiation effects.
aromatic amine molecule 6-amino-1H-indazole. This work looks into the interactions between 6-amino-1H-indazole molecules and dihydrogen phosphate ions, which sheds light on the formation mechanisms and stability of
the resulting crystal lattice. A slow evaporation process resulted in single crystal formation of [C7H9N3][H2PO4]2.
The compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group of the monoclinic system, with dimensions a =
7.074(13)Å, b = 14.134(3)Å, c = 12.716(3)Å, β = 91.231(15)◦, and Z=4. Hydrogen bonds are essential for
connecting the dihydrogen phosphate anions [H2PO4]- and the organic cations [C7H9N3]2+ in the mineral
structure. According to Hirshfeld’s analysis oxygen-hydrogen interactions are the most important in the crystal of
all potential chemical linkages. The IR and Raman spectra of the chemical collected at room temperature were
analyzed in relation to literature data and theoretical groupings. Photoluminescence and UV measurements are
linked to a number of electrical activities in the title chemical.
competitive algorithm and emotional artificial neural network (EANN), to predict crucial parameters such as freshwater production and vapor
temperatures. Evaluation metrics reveal the integrated ANN-ICA model outperforms the classic ANN, achieving a remarkable 20% reduction
in mean squared error (MSE). The emotional artificial neural network (EANN) demonstrates superior accuracy, attaining an impressive 99%
coefficient of determination (R2) in predicting freshwater production and vapor temperatures. The comprehensive comparative analysis
extends to environmental assessments, displaying the solar desalination system’s compatibility with renewable energy sources. Results highlight the potential for the proposed system to conserve water resources and reduce environmental impact, with a substantial decrease in
total dissolved solids (TDS) from over 6,000 ppm to below 50 ppm. The findings underscore the efficacy of machine learning models in optimizing solar-driven desalination systems, providing valuable insights into their capabilities for addressing water scarcity challenges and
contributing to the global shift toward sustainable and environmentally friendly water production methods
ranging from no household load management to load outages, with a focus on the time-of-use (ToU) tariff impact, inclining block rate (IBR) pricing, and the combined effect of ToU and IBR on load management outcomes. The algorithm, a multi-objective approach, minimizes the peak demand and optimizes cost factors, resulting in a 7.9% reduction in integrated payment costs. Notably, EVs play a pivotal role in load planning, showcasing a 16.4% reduction in peak loads and a 7.9% decrease in payment expenses. Numerical results affirm the algorithm’s adaptability, even under load interruptions, preventing excessive increases in paid costs. Incorporating dynamic pricing structures like inclining block rates alongside the time of use reveals a 7.9% reduction in payment costs and a 16.4% decrease in peak loads. In conclusion, this research provides a robust optimization framework for smart home energy management, demonstrating economic benefits, peak load reduction potential, and enhanced reliability through strategic EV integration and dynamic pricing.
through porous media represent an emerging perspective. The main objective of this study, from the
perspective of thermal applications, was the investigation of the flow of nanofluid over a horizontal
stretched surface embedded in a porous medium. The effects of the chemical reactions on the surface,
magnetic field, and thermal radiations were invoked in the mathematical formulation. The non-Darcy
model examines the fluid flow in the porous media. The principles of thermodynamics were employed to
integrate entropy optimisation methods with the established theoretical approach to analyse the thermal
behaviour of nanomaterials in the chemical reactive diffusion processes. Using the Tiwari-Das nanofluid
model, the volume fraction of the nanomaterials was merged in the mathematical equation for the flow
model. Water was taken as a base fluid and nanoparticles composed of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and silver
(Ag) were used. The significance of radiation, heat production, and ohmic heating were included in the
energy equation. Furthermore, an innovative mathematical model for the diffusion of the autocatalytic
reactive species in the boundary layer flow was developed for a linear horizontally stretched surface
embedded in a homogeneous non-Darcy porous medium saturated with the nanofluid. The computerbased
built-in bvp5c method was used to compute numerically these equations for varied parameters. It is
clear that the magnetic parameter has a reversal influence on the entropy rate and velocity. Temperature
and velocity are affected in the opposite direction from a higher volume fraction estimate. Thermal field
and entropy were increased when the radiation action intensified. The inclusion of nanoparticle fraction by
the volume fraction of nanoparticles and Brinkman number also enhances the system entropy. Entropy
production can be minimized with the involvement of the porosity factor within the surface.
consumption in the construction and housing sector. Through an examination of relevant research literature,
the most prominent hindrances to the implementation and proliferation of green buildings in Saudi Arabia
were identified. Furthermore, the present study employed the Fuzzy Decision-making Trial and Evaluation
Laboratory (FDEMATE) to prioritize the aforementioned obstacles via the Fuzzy Analytic Network Process
(FANP), while the Decision Super model was utilized. The findings indicate that the primary criteria
section identified marketing barriers as the most significant obstacle, with a weight of 0.213, followed by
risk and cost barriers with a weight of 0.207, knowledge and information barriers with a weight of 0.195,
government-related barriers with a weight of 0.193 and human resources barriers with a weight of 0.192,
respectively, ranked from first to fifth. According to the study’s analysis, marketing obstacles carried the
most weight, followed by risk and cost obstacles, government obstacles, knowledge and information obstacles
and resources obstacles. The country has not adequately promoted green building technology. According to
experts in the field, this is the greatest obstacle to implementing environmentally friendly building practices.
nontoxic and effectual purification approach to control
waterborne bacterial pathogens. In the present study,
Vibrio cholerae contaminated drinking water was sterilized by using underwater capillary discharge generation
via high voltage, oxygen (O2) injection, and hydrogen
peroxide (H2 2 O ) addition. The effects of oxidant species
generated by plasma discharge on V. cholerae disinfection have been studied and reported. The electrical and
optical analysis of capillary discharge revealed the generation of reactive oxygen species (OH., H and O), which are
highly useful for bacterial disinfection along with enhanced
power and energy of discharge pulses. Complete elimination
of V. cholerae (0 CFUs (colony forming units)) from the water
after O2 injected and H2 2 O added plasma discharge was
achieved, and 100% inactivation of V. cholera from drinking
water was proven. The retardant effect of the initial
V. cholerae colonies with time variation was reported
through optical density (OD600 nm) measurements. The
time course study of bactericidal activity of plasma treatment on V. cholerae, observed every 12 h up to 36 h,
revealed a high retardant effect on V. cholerae CFUs.
Underwater capillary discharge is an efficient approach
for the inactivation of V. cholerae from drinking water.
range of parameters such as 0.1 ≤ JH ≤ 15.0, 0.1 ≤ Pr ≤ 12.0, 0.1 ≤ Rd ≤ 25.0, 0.0 ≤ λT ≤ 5.0, 0.1 ≤ NT ≤ 1.0, 0.1 ≤ Fr ≥ 6.0, and 0.1 ≤ δ ≤ 1.0 is utilized. Main novelty of work is to examine the steady state and oscillatory behavior of friction-rate, heat/mass transport over slanted two-angles π/6 and π/4. Maximum amplitude in fluid velocity is observed by increasing radiations and buoyant forces. Temperature distribution and nanomaterial concentrations enhance as Joule-heating and Prandtl number increases under microgravity region. Amplitude and oscillation of heat and mass rate is increased as reaction rate, Joule heating and Orchheimer parameter increases. Enhancing behavior of energy transport is observed for maximum choice of Prandtl index with small magnetic effects. It is depicted that high rate of oscillating frequency in heat transmission is detected with maximum radiation effects.
aromatic amine molecule 6-amino-1H-indazole. This work looks into the interactions between 6-amino-1H-indazole molecules and dihydrogen phosphate ions, which sheds light on the formation mechanisms and stability of
the resulting crystal lattice. A slow evaporation process resulted in single crystal formation of [C7H9N3][H2PO4]2.
The compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group of the monoclinic system, with dimensions a =
7.074(13)Å, b = 14.134(3)Å, c = 12.716(3)Å, β = 91.231(15)◦, and Z=4. Hydrogen bonds are essential for
connecting the dihydrogen phosphate anions [H2PO4]- and the organic cations [C7H9N3]2+ in the mineral
structure. According to Hirshfeld’s analysis oxygen-hydrogen interactions are the most important in the crystal of
all potential chemical linkages. The IR and Raman spectra of the chemical collected at room temperature were
analyzed in relation to literature data and theoretical groupings. Photoluminescence and UV measurements are
linked to a number of electrical activities in the title chemical.
competitive algorithm and emotional artificial neural network (EANN), to predict crucial parameters such as freshwater production and vapor
temperatures. Evaluation metrics reveal the integrated ANN-ICA model outperforms the classic ANN, achieving a remarkable 20% reduction
in mean squared error (MSE). The emotional artificial neural network (EANN) demonstrates superior accuracy, attaining an impressive 99%
coefficient of determination (R2) in predicting freshwater production and vapor temperatures. The comprehensive comparative analysis
extends to environmental assessments, displaying the solar desalination system’s compatibility with renewable energy sources. Results highlight the potential for the proposed system to conserve water resources and reduce environmental impact, with a substantial decrease in
total dissolved solids (TDS) from over 6,000 ppm to below 50 ppm. The findings underscore the efficacy of machine learning models in optimizing solar-driven desalination systems, providing valuable insights into their capabilities for addressing water scarcity challenges and
contributing to the global shift toward sustainable and environmentally friendly water production methods
ranging from no household load management to load outages, with a focus on the time-of-use (ToU) tariff impact, inclining block rate (IBR) pricing, and the combined effect of ToU and IBR on load management outcomes. The algorithm, a multi-objective approach, minimizes the peak demand and optimizes cost factors, resulting in a 7.9% reduction in integrated payment costs. Notably, EVs play a pivotal role in load planning, showcasing a 16.4% reduction in peak loads and a 7.9% decrease in payment expenses. Numerical results affirm the algorithm’s adaptability, even under load interruptions, preventing excessive increases in paid costs. Incorporating dynamic pricing structures like inclining block rates alongside the time of use reveals a 7.9% reduction in payment costs and a 16.4% decrease in peak loads. In conclusion, this research provides a robust optimization framework for smart home energy management, demonstrating economic benefits, peak load reduction potential, and enhanced reliability through strategic EV integration and dynamic pricing.
through porous media represent an emerging perspective. The main objective of this study, from the
perspective of thermal applications, was the investigation of the flow of nanofluid over a horizontal
stretched surface embedded in a porous medium. The effects of the chemical reactions on the surface,
magnetic field, and thermal radiations were invoked in the mathematical formulation. The non-Darcy
model examines the fluid flow in the porous media. The principles of thermodynamics were employed to
integrate entropy optimisation methods with the established theoretical approach to analyse the thermal
behaviour of nanomaterials in the chemical reactive diffusion processes. Using the Tiwari-Das nanofluid
model, the volume fraction of the nanomaterials was merged in the mathematical equation for the flow
model. Water was taken as a base fluid and nanoparticles composed of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and silver
(Ag) were used. The significance of radiation, heat production, and ohmic heating were included in the
energy equation. Furthermore, an innovative mathematical model for the diffusion of the autocatalytic
reactive species in the boundary layer flow was developed for a linear horizontally stretched surface
embedded in a homogeneous non-Darcy porous medium saturated with the nanofluid. The computerbased
built-in bvp5c method was used to compute numerically these equations for varied parameters. It is
clear that the magnetic parameter has a reversal influence on the entropy rate and velocity. Temperature
and velocity are affected in the opposite direction from a higher volume fraction estimate. Thermal field
and entropy were increased when the radiation action intensified. The inclusion of nanoparticle fraction by
the volume fraction of nanoparticles and Brinkman number also enhances the system entropy. Entropy
production can be minimized with the involvement of the porosity factor within the surface.
consumption in the construction and housing sector. Through an examination of relevant research literature,
the most prominent hindrances to the implementation and proliferation of green buildings in Saudi Arabia
were identified. Furthermore, the present study employed the Fuzzy Decision-making Trial and Evaluation
Laboratory (FDEMATE) to prioritize the aforementioned obstacles via the Fuzzy Analytic Network Process
(FANP), while the Decision Super model was utilized. The findings indicate that the primary criteria
section identified marketing barriers as the most significant obstacle, with a weight of 0.213, followed by
risk and cost barriers with a weight of 0.207, knowledge and information barriers with a weight of 0.195,
government-related barriers with a weight of 0.193 and human resources barriers with a weight of 0.192,
respectively, ranked from first to fifth. According to the study’s analysis, marketing obstacles carried the
most weight, followed by risk and cost obstacles, government obstacles, knowledge and information obstacles
and resources obstacles. The country has not adequately promoted green building technology. According to
experts in the field, this is the greatest obstacle to implementing environmentally friendly building practices.
nontoxic and effectual purification approach to control
waterborne bacterial pathogens. In the present study,
Vibrio cholerae contaminated drinking water was sterilized by using underwater capillary discharge generation
via high voltage, oxygen (O2) injection, and hydrogen
peroxide (H2 2 O ) addition. The effects of oxidant species
generated by plasma discharge on V. cholerae disinfection have been studied and reported. The electrical and
optical analysis of capillary discharge revealed the generation of reactive oxygen species (OH., H and O), which are
highly useful for bacterial disinfection along with enhanced
power and energy of discharge pulses. Complete elimination
of V. cholerae (0 CFUs (colony forming units)) from the water
after O2 injected and H2 2 O added plasma discharge was
achieved, and 100% inactivation of V. cholera from drinking
water was proven. The retardant effect of the initial
V. cholerae colonies with time variation was reported
through optical density (OD600 nm) measurements. The
time course study of bactericidal activity of plasma treatment on V. cholerae, observed every 12 h up to 36 h,
revealed a high retardant effect on V. cholerae CFUs.
Underwater capillary discharge is an efficient approach
for the inactivation of V. cholerae from drinking water.
Charles Jencks who continued what the preceding theorists as Vitruvius, Palladio, Vignola, Voysey, Lethaby, Le Corbusier, and Venturi in regards to diversification in architecture style laid the foundation for the categorization of the diversified styles this book traced and gave exemplars to, which could assist readers to easily appreciate their profiles and be able to differentiate between them. What is peculiar about this book is it, and for the first time, does not only incorporate great buildings, which have been emerging for couple of years in Saudi Arabia in particular and the Arab region in general, but also categorize these buildings into the main architecture styles known and common to architects and people alike. Buildings such as the National Commercial Bank of Jeddah, Al Faisaliyah Center and the Kingdom Center of Riyadh, and Abraj Al Bait of Mecca were, for the first time ever, being categorized as Post Modern architecture buildings, a fact that would definitely boost the quest for the search for styles diversification Saudi Arabia deserves and surely needs to look for. The book’s categorization of architecture styles extends to the Arab region where famous buildings such as The Arab Organizations Headquarters Building in Kuwait and The Sudanese football sport association in Sudan are as well exemplars of Post Modern architecture buildings. The book comes to conclude that Saudi Arabia and the Arab region to which Saudi Arabia belongs are until today dominantly employing very limited architectural design styles with the exception of few Contemporary architecture styles as Critical regionalism architecture found in many Arab region countries and Deconstructivism architecture found only in Saudi Arabia as the King
ii
Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC) in Riyadh and the Sheikh Zayed Bridge in The United Arab Emirates. Saudi Arabia architecture students and future practicing architects and their counterparts in the other Arab region countries by reading and digesting the significance of architecture styles diversification shown in this book, as the writer hopefully anticipates, they will able to employ such styles and the future upcoming styles in the various forthcoming building projects. This book is inspirational for architecture students and practicing architects alike in their search for ambitious up to date architecture styles every nation is proudly boasting to have buildings in such styles to show how rich they are in sense, heritage and fortune.