An efficient colchicine-mediated chromosome doubling of diploid feverfew followed by the morphoph... more An efficient colchicine-mediated chromosome doubling of diploid feverfew followed by the morphophenological, physiological, phytochemical, and cytological changes of the obtained tetraploid plants was conducted. One-week-old seedlings of feverfew were treated with 0.05% (w/v) colchicine for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h. Tetraploid plants were regenerated after 4 months, showing significant changes in stomatal size and density; sizes of seed; flower, pollen, leaf, trichome, cell, nucleus, and parthenolide content; chromosome number; ploidy level; chlorophyll content index; and quantum efficiency of photosystem II. Such characteristics of induced tetraploid feverfews can be useful in medicinal and ornamental applications, e.g., the study of flower morphogenesis, trichome differentiation, and parthenolide biosynthesis. The increase in parthenolide in tetraploids of the next generation (selfed T0 plants) showed that ploidy induction is a good breeding method for feverfew.
Applied microbiology and biotechnology, Jan 14, 2015
Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are one of the most diverse groups of secondary metabolites that mai... more Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are one of the most diverse groups of secondary metabolites that mainly have been observed in the Asteraceae. They are composed of a C15 skeleton bearing functional groups, e.g., hydroxy, keto, or epoxy. Sesquiterpene lactones have been shown to display several biological activities; hence, their therapeutic effects are indispensable. To overcome low yield of sesquiterpene lactone content in native plants, manipulation of their biosynthetic pathway(s) has become an interesting approach for many researchers. Several genetic engineering strategies have been used in plants or microbial systems for elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway and high-level production of sesquiterpene lactones. Here, we will introduce ongoing research and perspectives about the manipulation of sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis by various non-traditional metabolic engineering strategies, along with successful examples of high-yield production of sesquiterpene lactones mainly focu...
Up-regulation of germacrene A synthase and down-regulation of parthenolide hydroxylase genes play... more Up-regulation of germacrene A synthase and down-regulation of parthenolide hydroxylase genes play key role in parthenolide accumulation of feverfew plants treated with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid. Parthenolide is an important sesquiterpene lactone due to its anti-migraine and anti-cancer properties. Parthenolide amount was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography after foliar application of methyl jasmonate (100 µM) or salicylic acid (1.0 mM) on feverfew leaves in time course experiment (3-96 h). Results indicate that exogenous application of methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid activated parthenolide biosynthesis. Parthenolide content reached its highest amount at 24 h after methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid treatments, which were 3.1- and 1.96-fold higher than control plants, respectively. Parthenolide transiently increased due to methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid treatments until 24 h, but did not show significant difference compared with control plants at 48 ...
The relationship between vernalization requirement and quantitative and qualitative changes in to... more The relationship between vernalization requirement and quantitative and qualitative changes in total leaf soluble proteins were determined in one spring (cv. Kohdasht) and two winter (cvs. Sardari and Norstar) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to 4°C. Plants were sampled on days 2, 14, 21 and 35 of exposure to 4°C. The final leaf number (FLN) was determined throughout the vernalization periods (0, 7, 14, 24, and 35 d) at 4°C. The final leaf number decreased until days 24 and 35 in Sardari and Norstar cultivars, respectively, indicating the vernalization saturation at these times. No clear changes were detected in the final leaf number of Kohdash cultivar, verifying no vernalization requirement for this spring wheat cultivar. Comparing with control, clear cold-induced 2-fold increases in proteins quantity occurred after 48 h following the 4°C-treatment in the leaves of the both winter wheat cultivars but, such response was not detected in the spring cultivar. However, the electrophoretic protein patterns showed between-cultivar and between-temperature treatment differences. With increasing exposure time to 4°C, the winter cultivars tended to produce more HMW polypeptides than the spring cultivar. Similar proteins were induced in both Sardari and Norstar winter wheat cultivars, however, the long vernalization requirement in Norstar resulted in high level and longer duration of expression of cold-induced proteins compared to Sardari with a short vernalization requirement. These observations indicate that vernalization response regulates the expression of low temperature (LT) tolerance proteins and determines the duration of expression of LT-induced proteins.
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) is a plant from the Asteraceae family discovered as a ... more Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) is a plant from the Asteraceae family discovered as a plant-based insecticidal source which is producing beneficial secondary metabolites such as sesquiterpenes and pyrethrins, hence raised attention due to the insecticidal properties of its secondary metabolites. To improve our knowledge about the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and pyrethrin I, we directed a survey to analyze the gene expression in different developmental stages of leaves and also in chloroform dipped leaves (to remove glandular trichomes). Along with this, histochemical experiments were carried out on leaves to detect the accumulation site of lipids, monoterpene phenols, and sesquiterpenes. Gene expression results showed that chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDS), and 13-Lipoxygenase (13-LOX) putative genes were highly expressed in intact leaves (leaves with glandular trichomes). In contrast, their expression significantly decreased...
Thyme species are a good source of thymol and carvacrol, which play a key role in controlling dis... more Thyme species are a good source of thymol and carvacrol, which play a key role in controlling diseases. For the first time, the expression patterns of γ-terpinene synthase (TPS2), CYP71D178, and CYP71D180 genes and the amount of phenolics compounds were evaluated in T. migricus and T. daenensis after different methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments. The highest thymol and carvacrol contents were observed in T. migricus (86.27%) and T. daenensis (17.87%) at MeJA 100 µM, which was consistent with the expression patterns of the three investigated genes. All species treated showed high total phenolic and flavonoid content compared to control plants for which the highest amounts were observed in T. vulgaris treated with 100 µM and 10 µM MeJA. Furthermore, in the 100 µM MeJA treatment, the relative expression of TPS2 and CYP71D178 in T. migricus increased 7.47 and 9.86-fold compared with the control, respectively. The highest level of CYP71D180 transcripts (5.15-fold) was also observed for T....
Introduction: Resveratrol is an antioxidant secondary metabolite which belongs to a specific phyt... more Introduction: Resveratrol is an antioxidant secondary metabolite which belongs to a specific phytoalexins called stilbenes. Grape has been considered as the main source of resveratrol in the human diet. Many studies have been conducted on genus Vitis due to the presence of high levels of polyphenolic compounds in different tissues. In recent years, a lot of effort has been made to increase resveratrol yield in Vitis vinifera via tissue and hairy roots culture. Materials and Methods: In the present study, hairy roots have been produced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC15834 and successfully produced resveratrol in internode of grape genotype W16. Transformations of hairy roots were recognized by PCR using specific primers of rolB gene. After stimulation, the effect of abiotic elicitors with different concentrations including methyl jasmonate, sodium acetate, acetic acid and ammonium nitrate were tested on the production of hairy root biomass and resveratrol. Resveratrol content...
An efficient colchicine-mediated chromosome doubling of diploid feverfew followed by the morphoph... more An efficient colchicine-mediated chromosome doubling of diploid feverfew followed by the morphophenological, physiological, phytochemical, and cytological changes of the obtained tetraploid plants was conducted. One-week-old seedlings of feverfew were treated with 0.05% (w/v) colchicine for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h. Tetraploid plants were regenerated after 4 months, showing significant changes in stomatal size and density; sizes of seed; flower, pollen, leaf, trichome, cell, nucleus, and parthenolide content; chromosome number; ploidy level; chlorophyll content index; and quantum efficiency of photosystem II. Such characteristics of induced tetraploid feverfews can be useful in medicinal and ornamental applications, e.g., the study of flower morphogenesis, trichome differentiation, and parthenolide biosynthesis. The increase in parthenolide in tetraploids of the next generation (selfed T0 plants) showed that ploidy induction is a good breeding method for feverfew.
Applied microbiology and biotechnology, Jan 14, 2015
Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are one of the most diverse groups of secondary metabolites that mai... more Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are one of the most diverse groups of secondary metabolites that mainly have been observed in the Asteraceae. They are composed of a C15 skeleton bearing functional groups, e.g., hydroxy, keto, or epoxy. Sesquiterpene lactones have been shown to display several biological activities; hence, their therapeutic effects are indispensable. To overcome low yield of sesquiterpene lactone content in native plants, manipulation of their biosynthetic pathway(s) has become an interesting approach for many researchers. Several genetic engineering strategies have been used in plants or microbial systems for elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway and high-level production of sesquiterpene lactones. Here, we will introduce ongoing research and perspectives about the manipulation of sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis by various non-traditional metabolic engineering strategies, along with successful examples of high-yield production of sesquiterpene lactones mainly focu...
Up-regulation of germacrene A synthase and down-regulation of parthenolide hydroxylase genes play... more Up-regulation of germacrene A synthase and down-regulation of parthenolide hydroxylase genes play key role in parthenolide accumulation of feverfew plants treated with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid. Parthenolide is an important sesquiterpene lactone due to its anti-migraine and anti-cancer properties. Parthenolide amount was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography after foliar application of methyl jasmonate (100 µM) or salicylic acid (1.0 mM) on feverfew leaves in time course experiment (3-96 h). Results indicate that exogenous application of methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid activated parthenolide biosynthesis. Parthenolide content reached its highest amount at 24 h after methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid treatments, which were 3.1- and 1.96-fold higher than control plants, respectively. Parthenolide transiently increased due to methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid treatments until 24 h, but did not show significant difference compared with control plants at 48 ...
The relationship between vernalization requirement and quantitative and qualitative changes in to... more The relationship between vernalization requirement and quantitative and qualitative changes in total leaf soluble proteins were determined in one spring (cv. Kohdasht) and two winter (cvs. Sardari and Norstar) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to 4°C. Plants were sampled on days 2, 14, 21 and 35 of exposure to 4°C. The final leaf number (FLN) was determined throughout the vernalization periods (0, 7, 14, 24, and 35 d) at 4°C. The final leaf number decreased until days 24 and 35 in Sardari and Norstar cultivars, respectively, indicating the vernalization saturation at these times. No clear changes were detected in the final leaf number of Kohdash cultivar, verifying no vernalization requirement for this spring wheat cultivar. Comparing with control, clear cold-induced 2-fold increases in proteins quantity occurred after 48 h following the 4°C-treatment in the leaves of the both winter wheat cultivars but, such response was not detected in the spring cultivar. However, the electrophoretic protein patterns showed between-cultivar and between-temperature treatment differences. With increasing exposure time to 4°C, the winter cultivars tended to produce more HMW polypeptides than the spring cultivar. Similar proteins were induced in both Sardari and Norstar winter wheat cultivars, however, the long vernalization requirement in Norstar resulted in high level and longer duration of expression of cold-induced proteins compared to Sardari with a short vernalization requirement. These observations indicate that vernalization response regulates the expression of low temperature (LT) tolerance proteins and determines the duration of expression of LT-induced proteins.
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) is a plant from the Asteraceae family discovered as a ... more Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) is a plant from the Asteraceae family discovered as a plant-based insecticidal source which is producing beneficial secondary metabolites such as sesquiterpenes and pyrethrins, hence raised attention due to the insecticidal properties of its secondary metabolites. To improve our knowledge about the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and pyrethrin I, we directed a survey to analyze the gene expression in different developmental stages of leaves and also in chloroform dipped leaves (to remove glandular trichomes). Along with this, histochemical experiments were carried out on leaves to detect the accumulation site of lipids, monoterpene phenols, and sesquiterpenes. Gene expression results showed that chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDS), and 13-Lipoxygenase (13-LOX) putative genes were highly expressed in intact leaves (leaves with glandular trichomes). In contrast, their expression significantly decreased...
Thyme species are a good source of thymol and carvacrol, which play a key role in controlling dis... more Thyme species are a good source of thymol and carvacrol, which play a key role in controlling diseases. For the first time, the expression patterns of γ-terpinene synthase (TPS2), CYP71D178, and CYP71D180 genes and the amount of phenolics compounds were evaluated in T. migricus and T. daenensis after different methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments. The highest thymol and carvacrol contents were observed in T. migricus (86.27%) and T. daenensis (17.87%) at MeJA 100 µM, which was consistent with the expression patterns of the three investigated genes. All species treated showed high total phenolic and flavonoid content compared to control plants for which the highest amounts were observed in T. vulgaris treated with 100 µM and 10 µM MeJA. Furthermore, in the 100 µM MeJA treatment, the relative expression of TPS2 and CYP71D178 in T. migricus increased 7.47 and 9.86-fold compared with the control, respectively. The highest level of CYP71D180 transcripts (5.15-fold) was also observed for T....
Introduction: Resveratrol is an antioxidant secondary metabolite which belongs to a specific phyt... more Introduction: Resveratrol is an antioxidant secondary metabolite which belongs to a specific phytoalexins called stilbenes. Grape has been considered as the main source of resveratrol in the human diet. Many studies have been conducted on genus Vitis due to the presence of high levels of polyphenolic compounds in different tissues. In recent years, a lot of effort has been made to increase resveratrol yield in Vitis vinifera via tissue and hairy roots culture. Materials and Methods: In the present study, hairy roots have been produced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC15834 and successfully produced resveratrol in internode of grape genotype W16. Transformations of hairy roots were recognized by PCR using specific primers of rolB gene. After stimulation, the effect of abiotic elicitors with different concentrations including methyl jasmonate, sodium acetate, acetic acid and ammonium nitrate were tested on the production of hairy root biomass and resveratrol. Resveratrol content...
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