Notre propos concerne la surete de fonctionnement d'un systeme socio-technique, compose d'... more Notre propos concerne la surete de fonctionnement d'un systeme socio-technique, compose d'un collectif d'agents humains controlant un systeme technique complexe. Nous presentons d'abord des concepts de base de la surete de fonctionnement et une certaine approche de la fiabilite humaine, soulignant en particulier la richesse des agents humains et leur contribution a la surete de fonctionnement du systeme. Notre etude s'appuie sur l'analyse d'activites reelles de conduite collective d'un systeme critique (en l'occurrence un reacteur nucleaire) en vue de contribuer a l'identification des relations entre activites collectives et surete de fonctionnement, plus particulierement entre mecanismes implicites de cooperation et tolerance aux erreurs.
SUMMARY The goal of this paper is to analyse the role of implicit activity in cooperation and to ... more SUMMARY The goal of this paper is to analyse the role of implicit activity in cooperation and to define a methodology that allows us to take it into account the design phase of cooperative systems. Firstly, we will identify the most relevant cognitive processes in complex cooperative situations. Secondly we will analyse, using two field studies, how implicit and explicit activities interact in a real situation. This article supports the idea that the implicit activities are, contrarily to explicit ones, non deterministic and mandatory to achieve some tasks in unforseen environment. This has important theoretical and methodological consequences for ergonomic design. For example, if we accept this point of view its necessary to abandon the idea of a "zero fault" engineering in favor of a representation where it is necessary to combine optimally some explicit functionning modes (like procedures) with more open and self organised modes. This would allow the system to respond o...
L'experience a eu pour but d'etudier les strategies de lecture de phrases ambigues en ara... more L'experience a eu pour but d'etudier les strategies de lecture de phrases ambigues en arabe. En arabe non «vocalise», l'absence de voyelles prive le lecteur des informations specifiant le mode du verbe (actif ou passif). Or, en arabe, le verbe apparait le plus souvent en tete de phrase. Le lecteur ne peut pas attribuer de roles fonctionnels aux constituants de la phrase tant qu'il n'a pas analyse les elements situes en fin de phrase. On a teste l'hypothese selon laquelle cette propriete structurelle serait a l'origine de strategies perceptives particulieres
SUMMARY The goal of this paper is to analyse the role of implicit activity in cooperation and to ... more SUMMARY The goal of this paper is to analyse the role of implicit activity in cooperation and to define a methodology that allows us to take it into account the design phase of cooperative systems. Firstly, we will identify the most relevant cognitive processes in complex cooperative situations. Secondly we will analyse, using two field studies, how implicit and explicit
The aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of two approaches for the design of co... more The aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of two approaches for the design of communication technologies applied to telemedicine in emergency situations. The first approach is within the framework of classical ergonomics and tests the effectiveness of a device for the teletransmission of video data by placing operators in a close to reality
In these experiments, we compared reading processes in arabic and in french. We observed that tex... more In these experiments, we compared reading processes in arabic and in french. We observed that texts are read at the same speed in the two languages and that oculomotor activity is related to the morphological structure of words. Arabic text reading processes seem impaired when introducing vowels. We conclude that lexical access of non concatenative languages like arabic or hebrew may be very different from access in concatenative ones like french or english.
Un parcours d'analyse et de modélisation de l'activité …, 2003
Le projet de cet article est de résumer rapidement (et donc fatalement de manière sommaire) l... more Le projet de cet article est de résumer rapidement (et donc fatalement de manière sommaire) l'évolution collective d'un programme de recherche théorique, technologique et sociétal mené depuis plus d'une dizaine d'années dans notre laboratoire sur l'analyse, la ...
Summary The aim of this paper is two fold 1) to describe a specific methodology for the design of... more Summary The aim of this paper is two fold 1) to describe a specific methodology for the design of complex cooperative systems when there is only a very short amount of time available to obtain field data and 2) to characterize a specific domain of co-operative ...
Notre propos concerne la surete de fonctionnement d'un systeme socio-technique, compose d'... more Notre propos concerne la surete de fonctionnement d'un systeme socio-technique, compose d'un collectif d'agents humains controlant un systeme technique complexe. Nous presentons d'abord des concepts de base de la surete de fonctionnement et une certaine approche de la fiabilite humaine, soulignant en particulier la richesse des agents humains et leur contribution a la surete de fonctionnement du systeme. Notre etude s'appuie sur l'analyse d'activites reelles de conduite collective d'un systeme critique (en l'occurrence un reacteur nucleaire) en vue de contribuer a l'identification des relations entre activites collectives et surete de fonctionnement, plus particulierement entre mecanismes implicites de cooperation et tolerance aux erreurs.
SUMMARY The goal of this paper is to analyse the role of implicit activity in cooperation and to ... more SUMMARY The goal of this paper is to analyse the role of implicit activity in cooperation and to define a methodology that allows us to take it into account the design phase of cooperative systems. Firstly, we will identify the most relevant cognitive processes in complex cooperative situations. Secondly we will analyse, using two field studies, how implicit and explicit activities interact in a real situation. This article supports the idea that the implicit activities are, contrarily to explicit ones, non deterministic and mandatory to achieve some tasks in unforseen environment. This has important theoretical and methodological consequences for ergonomic design. For example, if we accept this point of view its necessary to abandon the idea of a "zero fault" engineering in favor of a representation where it is necessary to combine optimally some explicit functionning modes (like procedures) with more open and self organised modes. This would allow the system to respond o...
L'experience a eu pour but d'etudier les strategies de lecture de phrases ambigues en ara... more L'experience a eu pour but d'etudier les strategies de lecture de phrases ambigues en arabe. En arabe non «vocalise», l'absence de voyelles prive le lecteur des informations specifiant le mode du verbe (actif ou passif). Or, en arabe, le verbe apparait le plus souvent en tete de phrase. Le lecteur ne peut pas attribuer de roles fonctionnels aux constituants de la phrase tant qu'il n'a pas analyse les elements situes en fin de phrase. On a teste l'hypothese selon laquelle cette propriete structurelle serait a l'origine de strategies perceptives particulieres
SUMMARY The goal of this paper is to analyse the role of implicit activity in cooperation and to ... more SUMMARY The goal of this paper is to analyse the role of implicit activity in cooperation and to define a methodology that allows us to take it into account the design phase of cooperative systems. Firstly, we will identify the most relevant cognitive processes in complex cooperative situations. Secondly we will analyse, using two field studies, how implicit and explicit
The aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of two approaches for the design of co... more The aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of two approaches for the design of communication technologies applied to telemedicine in emergency situations. The first approach is within the framework of classical ergonomics and tests the effectiveness of a device for the teletransmission of video data by placing operators in a close to reality
In these experiments, we compared reading processes in arabic and in french. We observed that tex... more In these experiments, we compared reading processes in arabic and in french. We observed that texts are read at the same speed in the two languages and that oculomotor activity is related to the morphological structure of words. Arabic text reading processes seem impaired when introducing vowels. We conclude that lexical access of non concatenative languages like arabic or hebrew may be very different from access in concatenative ones like french or english.
Un parcours d'analyse et de modélisation de l'activité …, 2003
Le projet de cet article est de résumer rapidement (et donc fatalement de manière sommaire) l... more Le projet de cet article est de résumer rapidement (et donc fatalement de manière sommaire) l'évolution collective d'un programme de recherche théorique, technologique et sociétal mené depuis plus d'une dizaine d'années dans notre laboratoire sur l'analyse, la ...
Summary The aim of this paper is two fold 1) to describe a specific methodology for the design of... more Summary The aim of this paper is two fold 1) to describe a specific methodology for the design of complex cooperative systems when there is only a very short amount of time available to obtain field data and 2) to characterize a specific domain of co-operative ...
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Papers by B. Pavard