Plusieurs auteurs ont montré que les personnes qui s’adonnent à des jeux de hasard et d’argent (J... more Plusieurs auteurs ont montré que les personnes qui s’adonnent à des jeux de hasard et d’argent (JHA) sont plus impliquées dans la délinquance que les non-joueurs et qu’il y a une association entre la gravité des habitudes de JHA et la gravité de la délinquance. Toutefois, les connaissances actuelles sont limitées en ce qui concerne ce lien chez les adolescents et plus particulièrement chez les jeunes filles. De plus, ces études sont très peu révélatrices quant aux types de délits commis par les jeunes joueurs et les jeunes joueuses en fonction de leur profil de joueur. Dans le cadre d’une étude sur la pratique des JHA sur Internet, 1870 élèves de troisième, quatrième et cinquième secondaire ont été recrutés dans des écoles de trois régions du Québec. Les instruments de mesure DSM-IV-MR-J (Fisher, 2000) et MASPAQ (Le Blanc, 2010) ont été utilisés pour mesurer les habitudes de JHA des jeunes et leurs conduites déviantes. Cet article a pour objectifs : 1- de dresser le portrait des hab...
Poker players are at high risk of experiencing gambling problems. Despite the feminization of gam... more Poker players are at high risk of experiencing gambling problems. Despite the feminization of gambling, little is known about the problems associated with poker playing among women. This cross-sectional study aims to examine relationships between gambling problems and factors generally associated with gambling problems (gambling behaviours, substance use and mental health) among women poker players . A total of 46 women were recruited through a broader prospective cohort study from the province of Quebec, Canada. The outcome variable of interest was participants’ scores on the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI); the predictive variables were gambling behaviours, alcohol and drug misuse (DEBA-Alcohol and drugs) and mental health (Beck anxiety and depression). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that the factors associated with gambling problems among women poker players are distinct from those of men. For women, severity of gambling problems is positively associated wi...
The 14-item Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) is one of the most frequently internationally ad... more The 14-item Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) is one of the most frequently internationally adapted psychometric instruments developed to assess generalized problematic Internet use. Multiple adaptations of this instrument have led to versions in different languages (e.g., Arabic and French), and different numbers of items (e.g., from 5 to 16 items instead of the original 14). However, to date, the CIUS has never been simultaneously compared and validated in several languages and different versions. Consequently, the present study tested the psychometric properties of four CIUS versions (i.e., CIUS-14, CIUS-9, CIUS-7, and CIUS-5) across eight languages (i.e., German, French, English, Finnish, Spanish, Italian, Polish, and Hungarian) to (a) examine their psychometric properties, and (b) test their measurement invariance. These analyses also identified the optimal versions of the CIUS. The data were collected via online surveys administered to 4,226 voluntary participants from 15 countries, aged at least 18 years, and recruited from academic environments. All brief versions of the CIUS in all eight languages were validated. Dimensional, configural, and metric invariance were established across all languages for the CIUS-5, CIUS-7, and CIUS-9, but the CIUS-5 and CIUS-7 were slightly more suitable because their model fitted the ordinal estimate better, while for cross-comparisons, the CIUS-9 was slightly better. The brief versions of the CIUS are therefore reliable and structurally stable instruments that can be used for cross-cultural research across adult populations.
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
Poker playing is a concern because of the large amounts of money spent and the high prevalence of... more Poker playing is a concern because of the large amounts of money spent and the high prevalence of gambling problems. Few studies have taken an interest in poker players’ (PPs’) perspectives. The goal of this qualitative study was to describe PPs’ perceptions of the change in their poker playing and to compare their perception to the variation in the score of a screening tool. A convenience sample of 25 PPs participated in a qualitative interview and completed the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) 2 years in a row. Of these 25 PPs, 19 perceived a decrease in their poker habits, three perceived an increase, and the other three, no change. The perception of 60% of the PPs was inconsistent with the PGSI; most of those who perceived a decrease in fact had an increase. This study highlights how difficult it is for gamblers to be aware of the changes in their gambling and the importance to develop tools for responsible gambling. These tools would allow gamblers to become aware of their current gambling habits and their evolution.
L’adolescence est souvent le berceau de plusieurs conduites déviantes cooccurrentes. La consommat... more L’adolescence est souvent le berceau de plusieurs conduites déviantes cooccurrentes. La consommation de substances psychoactives (SPA) et la délinquance figurent parmi ces conduites et entretiennent des liens multiples et parfois complexes. Cette étude vise à explorer le modèle drogue-délinquance économico-compulsif auprès des jeunes. Plus précisément, elle a pour but de : 1) dresser un portrait des habitudes de consommation de SPA et de la délinquance lucrative des jeunes de l’échantillon ; 2) documenter la relation entre la gravité de la consommation de SPA et la commission de délits lucratifs ; ainsi que 3) celle entre le type de SPA consommées et la commission de délits lucratifs ; et de 4) vérifier l’interaction entre le type de SPA consommées et le genre dans la prédiction de la commission de délits lucratifs. Un instrument de mesure sur la gravité des habitudes de consommation de SPA (DEP-ADO) et un autre sur la délinquance (MASPAQ) des adolescents ont été administrés à 1447 ...
Introduction: Adolescents make regular use of a wide range of technologies, such as console video... more Introduction: Adolescents make regular use of a wide range of technologies, such as console video games, mobile phones and a variety of Internet applications. Although this usage is not problematic for most individuals, some adolescents do use them excessively. Objective: The main objective of this article is to explore the presence of clusters within a sample of adolescents based on dimensions associated with risky behaviors (substance use, gambling and delinquency) and problematic use of technologies (Internet and console video games). Methods: The sample consists of 1,870 adolescents in the 14-18 year age group who were recruited in French-language high schools in Quebec (Canada). Results: The main results showed that one in ten adolescents was a high Internet user. A cluster analysis identified three groups of participants: non-problematic boys, non-problematic girls, and adolescents with multiple problems. The latter group included all of the high Internet users and some high video game users. These participants had the highest severity scores for substance use and delinquency and received higher scores for psychological distress, impulsivity and sensation seeking. Conclusions: These results support the presence of a subgroup of adolescents with high levels of co-occurring risky behaviors and suggest that excessive use of technology may also be a characteristic of this group.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
There is limited research exploring the perceptions of people who gamble on the self-control stra... more There is limited research exploring the perceptions of people who gamble on the self-control strategies used to limit their gambling. This qualitative study examines self-control strategies used to limit money spent gambling, frequency of gambling, and time spent gambling. A total of 56 people who gamble (27 males and 29 females) participated in nine focus groups and five individual interviews in Montreal, Calgary, and Toronto (Canada). Self-control strategies used to limit their gambling expenditure were more common than frequency or time limiting strategies. Strategies to limit expenditure included: restricting access to money; keeping track of money allocated to gambling activities; and avoiding certain types of gambling activities. Various contextual factors were identified to influence those strategies, including social influences; winning or losing; using substances. Findings from this study emphasize the importance of communicating clear gambling limits to people who gamble, ...
Online poker is considered more at-risk than land-based poker in terms of intense gambling behavi... more Online poker is considered more at-risk than land-based poker in terms of intense gambling behaviors and gambling problems. The development of many online gambling sites has raised public health concerns about the potential increase in online poker players. Longitudinal studies are useful to better understand the evolution of gambling behaviors; however, very few consider online poker players. Using a prospective design, this study aims to identify online and land-based trajectories over a two-year period and the factors influencing those trajectories. Results are based on data collected at three time-points over the course of a prospective cohort study conducted in Quebec (n = 304). A latent class growth analysis was performed to determine trajectories based on the main poker modality played, either online or land-based poker. Multinomial multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the correlates of poker playing trajectories. Over two years, three poker playing trajectories were identified, comprising two stable trajectories [stable land-based (51.5%) and stable online (36.3%)] and an unstable trajectory [unstable online land-based (12.1%)]. The second trajectory included online poker players at baseline who transitioned to land-based poker. Number of gambling activities increased the odds of being in the first trajectory as compared to the others. Severity of gambling problems was a significant predictor of the second "unstable" or the third "stable online" trajectories, but not for the first "stable land-based" poker trajectory. The majority of poker players remained in either the land-based or online trajectories over two years. No poker players transitioned from land-based to online poker.
La passion est étudiée depuis une quinzaine d’années chez les joueurs de jeu de hasard et d’argen... more La passion est étudiée depuis une quinzaine d’années chez les joueurs de jeu de hasard et d’argent. Elle comprend deux formes, soit la passion obsessive (PO) qui est contrôlante et la passion harmonieuse (PH) qui laisse de la place à d’autres activités du joueur. Les études transversales associent la PO aux problèmes de jeu, ce qui n’est pas le cas de la PH. Toutefois, la pertinence de l’utilisation du concept de passion et son influence sur les comportements de jeu, selon le discours des joueurs, sont totalement méconnues. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient d’examiner la pertinence du concept de passion chez des joueurs poker (JdP) et de comprendre les liens entre les deux formes de passion et les problèmes de jeu. Cette étude qualitative descriptive est la deuxième composante d’une étude mixte séquentielle auprès de JdP du Québec (n=12). L’analyse de contenu thématique a été réalisée en privilégiant la thématisation en continu. Parmi les participants, la majorité a été ou est ac...
Objectifs: La présente étude dresse le profil clinique des adolescents ayant consulté un centre d... more Objectifs: La présente étude dresse le profil clinique des adolescents ayant consulté un centre de traitement de la dépendance (CTD) au Québec en raison d’une utilisation problématique d’Internet (UPI) afin de développer les connaissances sur cette clientèle spécifique et de cibler avec justesse leurs besoins par rapport au traitement. Méthode: L’étude est réalisée auprès de 80 adolescents âgés entre 14 et 17 ans (M = 15,59) ayant consulté un CTD pour une UPI. Les adolescents ont pris part à une entrevue qui documente les habitudes d’utilisation d’Internet et leurs conséquences, la concomitance de troubles de santé mentale, ainsi que les relations familiales et sociales. Résultats: L’échantillon est composé de 75 garçons (93,8%) et de 5 filles (6,3%), qui passaient en moyenne 55,8 heures (ET = 27,22) par semaine sur Internet pour des activités non-scolaires ou professionnelle. Près de la totalité de ces jeunes (97,5%) présente un trouble de santé mentale en concomitance et plus de 7...
Despite the popularity in poker-related activities in recent years, few studies have focused on t... more Despite the popularity in poker-related activities in recent years, few studies have focused on the evolution of gambling habits of poker players over a long period of time. The aim of this study is to examine factors influencing trajectories of poker players. The results are based on data collected at a four-time measurement of a prospective cohort study conducted in Quebec (n = 304 poker players). A latent class growth analysis was performed to identify trajectories based on the Problem Gambling Severity Index score. Multinomial multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the correlates of gambling trajectories. Over the 3 years of the study, three gambling problem trajectories were identified, comprising one decreasing trajectory (1st: non-problematic-diminishing), one stable trajectory (2nd: low risk-stable), and one increasing trajectory (3th: problem gamblers-increasing). Internet as the main poker form and number of game played were associated with at-risk trajectories. Depression symptoms were significant predictors of the third trajectory whereas impulsivity predicted the second trajectory. This study shows that the risk is remaining low over years for the vast majority of poker players. However, the vulnerable poker players at the beginning of the study remain on a problematic increasing trajectory. It is therefore important to prioritize individuals in the third trajectory for interventions.
Couple treatment for pathological gambling is an innovative strategy. There are some results supp... more Couple treatment for pathological gambling is an innovative strategy. There are some results supporting its potential effectiveness, but little is known about the subjective experiences of the participants.The aim of this article is to document the experiences of gamblers and their partners participating in one of two treatments, namely individual or couple.In a study aiming to evaluate the efficacy of the Integrative Couple Treatment for Pathological Gambling (ICT-PG), couples who were entering specialized treatment for the addiction of one member who was a pathological gambler were randomly assigned to individual or ICT-PG. Nine months after their admission to treatment, gamblers and partners (= 21 couples;= 13 ICT-PG;= 8 individual treatment) were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. A sequenced thematization method was used to extract the major themes.This study highlighted five major themes in the therapeutic process noted by the gamblers and their partners mainly after t...
Plusieurs auteurs ont montré que les personnes qui s’adonnent à des jeux de hasard et d’argent (J... more Plusieurs auteurs ont montré que les personnes qui s’adonnent à des jeux de hasard et d’argent (JHA) sont plus impliquées dans la délinquance que les non-joueurs et qu’il y a une association entre la gravité des habitudes de JHA et la gravité de la délinquance. Toutefois, les connaissances actuelles sont limitées en ce qui concerne ce lien chez les adolescents et plus particulièrement chez les jeunes filles. De plus, ces études sont très peu révélatrices quant aux types de délits commis par les jeunes joueurs et les jeunes joueuses en fonction de leur profil de joueur. Dans le cadre d’une étude sur la pratique des JHA sur Internet, 1870 élèves de troisième, quatrième et cinquième secondaire ont été recrutés dans des écoles de trois régions du Québec. Les instruments de mesure DSM-IV-MR-J (Fisher, 2000) et MASPAQ (Le Blanc, 2010) ont été utilisés pour mesurer les habitudes de JHA des jeunes et leurs conduites déviantes. Cet article a pour objectifs : 1- de dresser le portrait des hab...
Poker players are at high risk of experiencing gambling problems. Despite the feminization of gam... more Poker players are at high risk of experiencing gambling problems. Despite the feminization of gambling, little is known about the problems associated with poker playing among women. This cross-sectional study aims to examine relationships between gambling problems and factors generally associated with gambling problems (gambling behaviours, substance use and mental health) among women poker players . A total of 46 women were recruited through a broader prospective cohort study from the province of Quebec, Canada. The outcome variable of interest was participants’ scores on the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI); the predictive variables were gambling behaviours, alcohol and drug misuse (DEBA-Alcohol and drugs) and mental health (Beck anxiety and depression). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that the factors associated with gambling problems among women poker players are distinct from those of men. For women, severity of gambling problems is positively associated wi...
The 14-item Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) is one of the most frequently internationally ad... more The 14-item Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) is one of the most frequently internationally adapted psychometric instruments developed to assess generalized problematic Internet use. Multiple adaptations of this instrument have led to versions in different languages (e.g., Arabic and French), and different numbers of items (e.g., from 5 to 16 items instead of the original 14). However, to date, the CIUS has never been simultaneously compared and validated in several languages and different versions. Consequently, the present study tested the psychometric properties of four CIUS versions (i.e., CIUS-14, CIUS-9, CIUS-7, and CIUS-5) across eight languages (i.e., German, French, English, Finnish, Spanish, Italian, Polish, and Hungarian) to (a) examine their psychometric properties, and (b) test their measurement invariance. These analyses also identified the optimal versions of the CIUS. The data were collected via online surveys administered to 4,226 voluntary participants from 15 countries, aged at least 18 years, and recruited from academic environments. All brief versions of the CIUS in all eight languages were validated. Dimensional, configural, and metric invariance were established across all languages for the CIUS-5, CIUS-7, and CIUS-9, but the CIUS-5 and CIUS-7 were slightly more suitable because their model fitted the ordinal estimate better, while for cross-comparisons, the CIUS-9 was slightly better. The brief versions of the CIUS are therefore reliable and structurally stable instruments that can be used for cross-cultural research across adult populations.
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
Poker playing is a concern because of the large amounts of money spent and the high prevalence of... more Poker playing is a concern because of the large amounts of money spent and the high prevalence of gambling problems. Few studies have taken an interest in poker players’ (PPs’) perspectives. The goal of this qualitative study was to describe PPs’ perceptions of the change in their poker playing and to compare their perception to the variation in the score of a screening tool. A convenience sample of 25 PPs participated in a qualitative interview and completed the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) 2 years in a row. Of these 25 PPs, 19 perceived a decrease in their poker habits, three perceived an increase, and the other three, no change. The perception of 60% of the PPs was inconsistent with the PGSI; most of those who perceived a decrease in fact had an increase. This study highlights how difficult it is for gamblers to be aware of the changes in their gambling and the importance to develop tools for responsible gambling. These tools would allow gamblers to become aware of their current gambling habits and their evolution.
L’adolescence est souvent le berceau de plusieurs conduites déviantes cooccurrentes. La consommat... more L’adolescence est souvent le berceau de plusieurs conduites déviantes cooccurrentes. La consommation de substances psychoactives (SPA) et la délinquance figurent parmi ces conduites et entretiennent des liens multiples et parfois complexes. Cette étude vise à explorer le modèle drogue-délinquance économico-compulsif auprès des jeunes. Plus précisément, elle a pour but de : 1) dresser un portrait des habitudes de consommation de SPA et de la délinquance lucrative des jeunes de l’échantillon ; 2) documenter la relation entre la gravité de la consommation de SPA et la commission de délits lucratifs ; ainsi que 3) celle entre le type de SPA consommées et la commission de délits lucratifs ; et de 4) vérifier l’interaction entre le type de SPA consommées et le genre dans la prédiction de la commission de délits lucratifs. Un instrument de mesure sur la gravité des habitudes de consommation de SPA (DEP-ADO) et un autre sur la délinquance (MASPAQ) des adolescents ont été administrés à 1447 ...
Introduction: Adolescents make regular use of a wide range of technologies, such as console video... more Introduction: Adolescents make regular use of a wide range of technologies, such as console video games, mobile phones and a variety of Internet applications. Although this usage is not problematic for most individuals, some adolescents do use them excessively. Objective: The main objective of this article is to explore the presence of clusters within a sample of adolescents based on dimensions associated with risky behaviors (substance use, gambling and delinquency) and problematic use of technologies (Internet and console video games). Methods: The sample consists of 1,870 adolescents in the 14-18 year age group who were recruited in French-language high schools in Quebec (Canada). Results: The main results showed that one in ten adolescents was a high Internet user. A cluster analysis identified three groups of participants: non-problematic boys, non-problematic girls, and adolescents with multiple problems. The latter group included all of the high Internet users and some high video game users. These participants had the highest severity scores for substance use and delinquency and received higher scores for psychological distress, impulsivity and sensation seeking. Conclusions: These results support the presence of a subgroup of adolescents with high levels of co-occurring risky behaviors and suggest that excessive use of technology may also be a characteristic of this group.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
There is limited research exploring the perceptions of people who gamble on the self-control stra... more There is limited research exploring the perceptions of people who gamble on the self-control strategies used to limit their gambling. This qualitative study examines self-control strategies used to limit money spent gambling, frequency of gambling, and time spent gambling. A total of 56 people who gamble (27 males and 29 females) participated in nine focus groups and five individual interviews in Montreal, Calgary, and Toronto (Canada). Self-control strategies used to limit their gambling expenditure were more common than frequency or time limiting strategies. Strategies to limit expenditure included: restricting access to money; keeping track of money allocated to gambling activities; and avoiding certain types of gambling activities. Various contextual factors were identified to influence those strategies, including social influences; winning or losing; using substances. Findings from this study emphasize the importance of communicating clear gambling limits to people who gamble, ...
Online poker is considered more at-risk than land-based poker in terms of intense gambling behavi... more Online poker is considered more at-risk than land-based poker in terms of intense gambling behaviors and gambling problems. The development of many online gambling sites has raised public health concerns about the potential increase in online poker players. Longitudinal studies are useful to better understand the evolution of gambling behaviors; however, very few consider online poker players. Using a prospective design, this study aims to identify online and land-based trajectories over a two-year period and the factors influencing those trajectories. Results are based on data collected at three time-points over the course of a prospective cohort study conducted in Quebec (n = 304). A latent class growth analysis was performed to determine trajectories based on the main poker modality played, either online or land-based poker. Multinomial multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the correlates of poker playing trajectories. Over two years, three poker playing trajectories were identified, comprising two stable trajectories [stable land-based (51.5%) and stable online (36.3%)] and an unstable trajectory [unstable online land-based (12.1%)]. The second trajectory included online poker players at baseline who transitioned to land-based poker. Number of gambling activities increased the odds of being in the first trajectory as compared to the others. Severity of gambling problems was a significant predictor of the second "unstable" or the third "stable online" trajectories, but not for the first "stable land-based" poker trajectory. The majority of poker players remained in either the land-based or online trajectories over two years. No poker players transitioned from land-based to online poker.
La passion est étudiée depuis une quinzaine d’années chez les joueurs de jeu de hasard et d’argen... more La passion est étudiée depuis une quinzaine d’années chez les joueurs de jeu de hasard et d’argent. Elle comprend deux formes, soit la passion obsessive (PO) qui est contrôlante et la passion harmonieuse (PH) qui laisse de la place à d’autres activités du joueur. Les études transversales associent la PO aux problèmes de jeu, ce qui n’est pas le cas de la PH. Toutefois, la pertinence de l’utilisation du concept de passion et son influence sur les comportements de jeu, selon le discours des joueurs, sont totalement méconnues. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient d’examiner la pertinence du concept de passion chez des joueurs poker (JdP) et de comprendre les liens entre les deux formes de passion et les problèmes de jeu. Cette étude qualitative descriptive est la deuxième composante d’une étude mixte séquentielle auprès de JdP du Québec (n=12). L’analyse de contenu thématique a été réalisée en privilégiant la thématisation en continu. Parmi les participants, la majorité a été ou est ac...
Objectifs: La présente étude dresse le profil clinique des adolescents ayant consulté un centre d... more Objectifs: La présente étude dresse le profil clinique des adolescents ayant consulté un centre de traitement de la dépendance (CTD) au Québec en raison d’une utilisation problématique d’Internet (UPI) afin de développer les connaissances sur cette clientèle spécifique et de cibler avec justesse leurs besoins par rapport au traitement. Méthode: L’étude est réalisée auprès de 80 adolescents âgés entre 14 et 17 ans (M = 15,59) ayant consulté un CTD pour une UPI. Les adolescents ont pris part à une entrevue qui documente les habitudes d’utilisation d’Internet et leurs conséquences, la concomitance de troubles de santé mentale, ainsi que les relations familiales et sociales. Résultats: L’échantillon est composé de 75 garçons (93,8%) et de 5 filles (6,3%), qui passaient en moyenne 55,8 heures (ET = 27,22) par semaine sur Internet pour des activités non-scolaires ou professionnelle. Près de la totalité de ces jeunes (97,5%) présente un trouble de santé mentale en concomitance et plus de 7...
Despite the popularity in poker-related activities in recent years, few studies have focused on t... more Despite the popularity in poker-related activities in recent years, few studies have focused on the evolution of gambling habits of poker players over a long period of time. The aim of this study is to examine factors influencing trajectories of poker players. The results are based on data collected at a four-time measurement of a prospective cohort study conducted in Quebec (n = 304 poker players). A latent class growth analysis was performed to identify trajectories based on the Problem Gambling Severity Index score. Multinomial multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the correlates of gambling trajectories. Over the 3 years of the study, three gambling problem trajectories were identified, comprising one decreasing trajectory (1st: non-problematic-diminishing), one stable trajectory (2nd: low risk-stable), and one increasing trajectory (3th: problem gamblers-increasing). Internet as the main poker form and number of game played were associated with at-risk trajectories. Depression symptoms were significant predictors of the third trajectory whereas impulsivity predicted the second trajectory. This study shows that the risk is remaining low over years for the vast majority of poker players. However, the vulnerable poker players at the beginning of the study remain on a problematic increasing trajectory. It is therefore important to prioritize individuals in the third trajectory for interventions.
Couple treatment for pathological gambling is an innovative strategy. There are some results supp... more Couple treatment for pathological gambling is an innovative strategy. There are some results supporting its potential effectiveness, but little is known about the subjective experiences of the participants.The aim of this article is to document the experiences of gamblers and their partners participating in one of two treatments, namely individual or couple.In a study aiming to evaluate the efficacy of the Integrative Couple Treatment for Pathological Gambling (ICT-PG), couples who were entering specialized treatment for the addiction of one member who was a pathological gambler were randomly assigned to individual or ICT-PG. Nine months after their admission to treatment, gamblers and partners (= 21 couples;= 13 ICT-PG;= 8 individual treatment) were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. A sequenced thematization method was used to extract the major themes.This study highlighted five major themes in the therapeutic process noted by the gamblers and their partners mainly after t...
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