BackgroundResearch on mother–child verbal interaction is largely inspired by Vygotsky. The result... more BackgroundResearch on mother–child verbal interaction is largely inspired by Vygotsky. The results align with his view that children acquire language and culture-specific ways of using language through actively participating in daily conversations with adults. Supporting Vygotsky’s concept of the Zone of Proximal Development, the facilitative features of such conversations have been found to depend on age, the level of the child’s language skills, and the interactional context. Most previous studies in the field have been conducted in English-speaking Western families with a focus on the first years of children’s lives. As Estonian middle-class mothers have been found to put greater emphasis on controlling children than mothers from other cultural contexts, we included the frequency of using directives as one of the features of mothers’ speech that might have an impact on child language development.AimAccordingly, the current study explored the relative impact of various aspects of ...
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Kui teil palutakse meenutada viimati... more Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Kui teil palutakse meenutada viimati kogetud konfliktset olukorda, ei pea te ilmselt oma mõtetes väga kaugesse minevikku rändama. Pikemalt peaksite ehk aga mõtisklema selle üle, millest lähtuvalt te konflikti lahendasite või miks teie naabrimees sarnase konflikti hoopis teisiti lahendas. Doktoritöös keskendusin lasteaialaste ja teismeliste konfliktsetele suhetele vanemate ja eakaaslastega ning uurisin kuivõrd on nende konfliktide lahendamise viisid seletatavad individuaalsete ja situatioonist tulenevate erinevustega. Tulemused viitavad mitmete indiviidi ja situatsiooniga seonduvate tegurite koosmõjule. Nii lasteaialapsed kui teismelised juhindusid konflikti lahendades selle tüübist. Enesekehtestamine oli sagedasem tõsisemate ja provokatiivsete situatsioonide puhul, näiteks narrimine eelkoolieas ja tagarääkimine teismeeas. Eelkooliealiste laste puhul uurisime ka konflikti osapoolte mõju üksteisele ning leidsime, et agressii...
This study explored associations between mothers’ language teaching practices and children’s lang... more This study explored associations between mothers’ language teaching practices and children’s language skills concurrently and longitudinally, while also taking into account the children’s sex and mothers’ education. Estonian mothers of 76 children reported their language teaching practices at child ages 3;0 and 4;0. Children’s language comprehension and production were measured via the examiner-administered New Reynell Developmental Language Scales (NRDLS). The results indicated that at Wave 1, girls scored higher on language comprehension and production than boys. Mothers’ higher education predicted higher scores on language production. Maternal corrective feedback was a negative predictor of children’s concurrent language comprehension. At Wave 2, neither maternal teaching practices, maternal education nor child’s sex predicted the language measures of interest. The longitudinal results showed that later language production scores were negatively predicted by mothers’ corrective f...
The study examined associations among adolescents’ perceived mother-child and father-child relati... more The study examined associations among adolescents’ perceived mother-child and father-child relationship quality (intimacy, conflict, and admiration), perceived peer acceptance, and their values (individualism and collectivism) in a sample of 795 Estonian, German, and Russian 15-year-olds. Adolescents from the three cultural contexts differed in terms of their relationships with parents and peers but were similar in valuing both individualism and collectivism highly. Individualistic values were positively linked to adolescents’ peer acceptance in individualistic cultures, whereas collectivistic values of adolescents were positively associated with the quality of their relationships with parents in all cultures. Across cultures, maternal and paternal admiration showed the strongest positive association with peer acceptance of adolescents. Among Estonian adolescents, further associations emerged: higher levels of intimacy with fathers and conflict levels in both mother-child and father...
The study examined cultural similarities and differences in how adolescents deal with conflicting... more The study examined cultural similarities and differences in how adolescents deal with conflicting expectations of parents and peers. It was tested to what extent adolescents’ interdependence values and satisfaction with family and friendships predict the way they would solve the disagreement, where they had planned to go out with friends, but their parents wanted them to stay at home to do chores. Moreover, adolescents’ reasons for their reported actions were examined. The sample included 894 Estonian, German, and Russian adolescents ( M age around 15 years). Russian adolescents were more likely than their Estonian and German peers to comply with parents’ requests. This was possibly due to interdependence values being more important for them. Satisfaction with family relationships and friendships was not linked to adolescents’ compliance. Adolescents from all cultures were similar in terms of suggesting self-oriented reasons for noncompliance, while Estonian and German adolescents e...
ABSTRACT The study examined the relative importance of the quality of relationships with parents ... more ABSTRACT The study examined the relative importance of the quality of relationships with parents and grandparents, maternal acceptance and control, the structure of the family, the number of siblings, and adolescents' own attachment style to their perceived peer acceptance. The sample consisted of 300 adolescents (mean age = 15.5) and 300 mothers (mean age = 41.5). Regarding the role of family relationships, the results indicated that only the quality of the mother–child relationship was related to adolescents' peer acceptance. Maternal acceptance and control, however, were unrelated to youth's perceptions of acceptance by peers. Adolescents who had more siblings, lived in a single-mother family, and were high in anxious attachment reported lower peer acceptance.
We examined the relationship between adolescent bystanders' strategies for intervening in the... more We examined the relationship between adolescent bystanders' strategies for intervening in the bullying-like situation and their gender, values, and cultural origin. The sample consisted of 682 Estonian and Russian-Estonian adolescents (M age = 13.02 years). They were shown a video of a bullying-like situation with a non-intervening adult bystander and asked to describe what they would do if they, instead of the adult, witnessed that situation. Only 10% said that they would not intervene. Girls were more likely than boys to suggest multiple actions. Adolescents who valued conformity were less likely to propose using physical aggression. Doing nothing was less likely suggested by those who placed more importance on conformity and less on power. Estonian adolescents were more likely than their Russian-Estonian peers to suggest finding out what is going on, and less likely to say that they would do nothing. The findings suggest that although most adolescents express willingness to h...
Children’s Social Worlds in Cultural Context, 2019
Early peer conflict has received much research attention in developmental psychology, but cross-c... more Early peer conflict has received much research attention in developmental psychology, but cross-cultural research is still scarce. This chapter reviews some of the existing studies to explore to what degree early peer interactions during conflicts reflect cultural values. The chapter is divided into four subsections: (1) overview of the theoretical perspectives suggesting cultural differences in early peer conflict, (2) methodological issues that somewhat limit the comparability of cross-cultural studies, (3) cultural similarities and differences in preschool children’s conflicts and their managements, and (4) main conclusions and future directions. The reviewed studies show that early peer interactions during conflicts do reflect dominant cultural values. Cultural differences in the way children resolve conflicts with peers tend to be most emphasized. More specifically, cultural values shape the way children balance autonomy and relatedness during peer conflicts. These differences ...
Uurimuse eesmärk oli välja selgitada, kuidas seostuvad hilisteismeliste väärtustega tajutud eakaa... more Uurimuse eesmärk oli välja selgitada, kuidas seostuvad hilisteismeliste väärtustega tajutud eakaaslaste ja õpetajate hoolivus, aga ka kooli asukoht ja pere sotsiaalmajandusliku staatuse näitajad. Uurimuses osales 528 kümnenda klassi õpilast (keskmine vanus 16,25). Nende väärtusi hinnati Schwartzi portreeküsimustikuga ning tajutud eakaaslaste ja õpetajate hoolivust kahe üksikväitega. Tulemused näitasid, et teismelised väärtustasid enim heasoovlikkust ja hedonismi. Väikelinna koolide õpilastele oli võim vähem oluline ning turvalisus olulisem kui suurlinna koolide õpilastele. Teismelised, kelle emal oli kõrgem haridus, pidasid kõikehaaravust vähem oluliseks kui need, kelle emal oli madalam haridustase. Kui eakaaslaste hoolivus teismeliste väärtustega ei seostunud, siis õpetajate hoolivus seostus enamiku väärtustega. Mida hoolivamatena tajuti õpetajaid, seda kõrgemalt väärtustati teiste inimeste heaolule, looduse hoidmisele ja reeglite järgimisele orienteeritud väärtusi. Summary
This two-wave longitudinal study explored how Estonian children's language environment relate... more This two-wave longitudinal study explored how Estonian children's language environment relates to their language skills. The Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) system's automated measures were used as a source of information about children's home language environment. Children's expressive vocabulary was measured via the parent-reported Estonian CDI III (ECDI-III), and language comprehension and production were measured via the examiner-administered New Reynell Developmental Language Scales (NRDLS). The assessments were made 1 year apart at ages 3;0 (years; months) (N = 22) and 4;0 (N = 19). The results revealed wide variability in children's home language environment and language skills. Girls' language production scores were higher; they heard a larger quantity of adult words and spent less time in noisy environments than boys at Wave 2. At Wave 1, children's word count was positively associated with productive language scores, whereas silence was neg...
BackgroundResearch on mother–child verbal interaction is largely inspired by Vygotsky. The result... more BackgroundResearch on mother–child verbal interaction is largely inspired by Vygotsky. The results align with his view that children acquire language and culture-specific ways of using language through actively participating in daily conversations with adults. Supporting Vygotsky’s concept of the Zone of Proximal Development, the facilitative features of such conversations have been found to depend on age, the level of the child’s language skills, and the interactional context. Most previous studies in the field have been conducted in English-speaking Western families with a focus on the first years of children’s lives. As Estonian middle-class mothers have been found to put greater emphasis on controlling children than mothers from other cultural contexts, we included the frequency of using directives as one of the features of mothers’ speech that might have an impact on child language development.AimAccordingly, the current study explored the relative impact of various aspects of ...
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Kui teil palutakse meenutada viimati... more Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Kui teil palutakse meenutada viimati kogetud konfliktset olukorda, ei pea te ilmselt oma mõtetes väga kaugesse minevikku rändama. Pikemalt peaksite ehk aga mõtisklema selle üle, millest lähtuvalt te konflikti lahendasite või miks teie naabrimees sarnase konflikti hoopis teisiti lahendas. Doktoritöös keskendusin lasteaialaste ja teismeliste konfliktsetele suhetele vanemate ja eakaaslastega ning uurisin kuivõrd on nende konfliktide lahendamise viisid seletatavad individuaalsete ja situatioonist tulenevate erinevustega. Tulemused viitavad mitmete indiviidi ja situatsiooniga seonduvate tegurite koosmõjule. Nii lasteaialapsed kui teismelised juhindusid konflikti lahendades selle tüübist. Enesekehtestamine oli sagedasem tõsisemate ja provokatiivsete situatsioonide puhul, näiteks narrimine eelkoolieas ja tagarääkimine teismeeas. Eelkooliealiste laste puhul uurisime ka konflikti osapoolte mõju üksteisele ning leidsime, et agressii...
This study explored associations between mothers’ language teaching practices and children’s lang... more This study explored associations between mothers’ language teaching practices and children’s language skills concurrently and longitudinally, while also taking into account the children’s sex and mothers’ education. Estonian mothers of 76 children reported their language teaching practices at child ages 3;0 and 4;0. Children’s language comprehension and production were measured via the examiner-administered New Reynell Developmental Language Scales (NRDLS). The results indicated that at Wave 1, girls scored higher on language comprehension and production than boys. Mothers’ higher education predicted higher scores on language production. Maternal corrective feedback was a negative predictor of children’s concurrent language comprehension. At Wave 2, neither maternal teaching practices, maternal education nor child’s sex predicted the language measures of interest. The longitudinal results showed that later language production scores were negatively predicted by mothers’ corrective f...
The study examined associations among adolescents’ perceived mother-child and father-child relati... more The study examined associations among adolescents’ perceived mother-child and father-child relationship quality (intimacy, conflict, and admiration), perceived peer acceptance, and their values (individualism and collectivism) in a sample of 795 Estonian, German, and Russian 15-year-olds. Adolescents from the three cultural contexts differed in terms of their relationships with parents and peers but were similar in valuing both individualism and collectivism highly. Individualistic values were positively linked to adolescents’ peer acceptance in individualistic cultures, whereas collectivistic values of adolescents were positively associated with the quality of their relationships with parents in all cultures. Across cultures, maternal and paternal admiration showed the strongest positive association with peer acceptance of adolescents. Among Estonian adolescents, further associations emerged: higher levels of intimacy with fathers and conflict levels in both mother-child and father...
The study examined cultural similarities and differences in how adolescents deal with conflicting... more The study examined cultural similarities and differences in how adolescents deal with conflicting expectations of parents and peers. It was tested to what extent adolescents’ interdependence values and satisfaction with family and friendships predict the way they would solve the disagreement, where they had planned to go out with friends, but their parents wanted them to stay at home to do chores. Moreover, adolescents’ reasons for their reported actions were examined. The sample included 894 Estonian, German, and Russian adolescents ( M age around 15 years). Russian adolescents were more likely than their Estonian and German peers to comply with parents’ requests. This was possibly due to interdependence values being more important for them. Satisfaction with family relationships and friendships was not linked to adolescents’ compliance. Adolescents from all cultures were similar in terms of suggesting self-oriented reasons for noncompliance, while Estonian and German adolescents e...
ABSTRACT The study examined the relative importance of the quality of relationships with parents ... more ABSTRACT The study examined the relative importance of the quality of relationships with parents and grandparents, maternal acceptance and control, the structure of the family, the number of siblings, and adolescents' own attachment style to their perceived peer acceptance. The sample consisted of 300 adolescents (mean age = 15.5) and 300 mothers (mean age = 41.5). Regarding the role of family relationships, the results indicated that only the quality of the mother–child relationship was related to adolescents' peer acceptance. Maternal acceptance and control, however, were unrelated to youth's perceptions of acceptance by peers. Adolescents who had more siblings, lived in a single-mother family, and were high in anxious attachment reported lower peer acceptance.
We examined the relationship between adolescent bystanders' strategies for intervening in the... more We examined the relationship between adolescent bystanders' strategies for intervening in the bullying-like situation and their gender, values, and cultural origin. The sample consisted of 682 Estonian and Russian-Estonian adolescents (M age = 13.02 years). They were shown a video of a bullying-like situation with a non-intervening adult bystander and asked to describe what they would do if they, instead of the adult, witnessed that situation. Only 10% said that they would not intervene. Girls were more likely than boys to suggest multiple actions. Adolescents who valued conformity were less likely to propose using physical aggression. Doing nothing was less likely suggested by those who placed more importance on conformity and less on power. Estonian adolescents were more likely than their Russian-Estonian peers to suggest finding out what is going on, and less likely to say that they would do nothing. The findings suggest that although most adolescents express willingness to h...
Children’s Social Worlds in Cultural Context, 2019
Early peer conflict has received much research attention in developmental psychology, but cross-c... more Early peer conflict has received much research attention in developmental psychology, but cross-cultural research is still scarce. This chapter reviews some of the existing studies to explore to what degree early peer interactions during conflicts reflect cultural values. The chapter is divided into four subsections: (1) overview of the theoretical perspectives suggesting cultural differences in early peer conflict, (2) methodological issues that somewhat limit the comparability of cross-cultural studies, (3) cultural similarities and differences in preschool children’s conflicts and their managements, and (4) main conclusions and future directions. The reviewed studies show that early peer interactions during conflicts do reflect dominant cultural values. Cultural differences in the way children resolve conflicts with peers tend to be most emphasized. More specifically, cultural values shape the way children balance autonomy and relatedness during peer conflicts. These differences ...
Uurimuse eesmärk oli välja selgitada, kuidas seostuvad hilisteismeliste väärtustega tajutud eakaa... more Uurimuse eesmärk oli välja selgitada, kuidas seostuvad hilisteismeliste väärtustega tajutud eakaaslaste ja õpetajate hoolivus, aga ka kooli asukoht ja pere sotsiaalmajandusliku staatuse näitajad. Uurimuses osales 528 kümnenda klassi õpilast (keskmine vanus 16,25). Nende väärtusi hinnati Schwartzi portreeküsimustikuga ning tajutud eakaaslaste ja õpetajate hoolivust kahe üksikväitega. Tulemused näitasid, et teismelised väärtustasid enim heasoovlikkust ja hedonismi. Väikelinna koolide õpilastele oli võim vähem oluline ning turvalisus olulisem kui suurlinna koolide õpilastele. Teismelised, kelle emal oli kõrgem haridus, pidasid kõikehaaravust vähem oluliseks kui need, kelle emal oli madalam haridustase. Kui eakaaslaste hoolivus teismeliste väärtustega ei seostunud, siis õpetajate hoolivus seostus enamiku väärtustega. Mida hoolivamatena tajuti õpetajaid, seda kõrgemalt väärtustati teiste inimeste heaolule, looduse hoidmisele ja reeglite järgimisele orienteeritud väärtusi. Summary
This two-wave longitudinal study explored how Estonian children's language environment relate... more This two-wave longitudinal study explored how Estonian children's language environment relates to their language skills. The Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) system's automated measures were used as a source of information about children's home language environment. Children's expressive vocabulary was measured via the parent-reported Estonian CDI III (ECDI-III), and language comprehension and production were measured via the examiner-administered New Reynell Developmental Language Scales (NRDLS). The assessments were made 1 year apart at ages 3;0 (years; months) (N = 22) and 4;0 (N = 19). The results revealed wide variability in children's home language environment and language skills. Girls' language production scores were higher; they heard a larger quantity of adult words and spent less time in noisy environments than boys at Wave 2. At Wave 1, children's word count was positively associated with productive language scores, whereas silence was neg...
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