International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022
Family functioning has been associated with psychological well-being and physical health. The 12-... more Family functioning has been associated with psychological well-being and physical health. The 12-item McMaster Family Assessment Device–General Functioning Subscale (FAD-GF) has been widely used to assess individuals’ overall level of family functioning. However, it has shown an inconsistent factor structure across various studies. The present study investigated its psychometric qualities in two studies with two different adult samples in Malaysia. In Study 1 (N = 417, 55.3% females, 19 to 26 years old), exploratory factor analyses were conducted, and four models were found: a three-factor model with 11 items, a two-factor model with 12 items, and one-factor models with six negatively worded items and six positively worded items, respectively. Study 2 (N = 358, 65.1% females, 18 to 60 years old) compared models found in past studies and those found in Study 1 through confirmatory factor analyses on another sample of adults. Among the six competing models, the two-factor model with t...
The 16-item Filial Piety Scale (FPS) has been used in different cultural groups to measure indivi... more The 16-item Filial Piety Scale (FPS) has been used in different cultural groups to measure individuals’ loyalty to their family and traditions. Nevertheless, the language could be a barrier for Malay-speaking populations to fully comprehend the items. Thus, the present study translated the FPS into the Malay language (FPS-M) and examined psychometric qualities of the scale in a sample of 621 secondary school students in Malaysia, which was randomly split into an exploration sample and a validation sample. Traditional confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling were applied to the exploration sample to identify the best-fit model. Results indicated that the hypothetical two-correlated-factor model was superior to the single-factor model. The model was then verified using the validation sample. The FPS-M reported good internal consistency and positive correlation with self-reported life satisfaction. However, the measurement invariance test revealed that ...
The 8-item Short Grit Scale (Grit-S; Duckworth & Quinn, 2009) is a measure of the two aspects of ... more The 8-item Short Grit Scale (Grit-S; Duckworth & Quinn, 2009) is a measure of the two aspects of grit: consistency of interests and perseverance of effort. While the majority of the past studies supported the two-factor model, some found cultural differences. Two studies were carried out to test the factor structure of the Grit-S in a sample of Malaysian undergraduate students (total N = 1109). Exploratory factor analysis (Study 1) revealed two factors. Item 2 for perseverance subscale was removed due to unsatisfactory factor loading. Further analysis of the seven items supported the two-factor model. Confirmatory factor analyses (Study 2) supported the superiority of the two correlated-factor model with 7 items. Moreover, the consistency and perseverance scores showed acceptable internal consistency. The current research contributes to the literature by lending further support to the theoretical two-factor structure of the Grit-S and revealing potential cultural differences in the ...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021
The impact of happiness on creativity is well-established. However, little is known about the eff... more The impact of happiness on creativity is well-established. However, little is known about the effect of creativity on well-being. Two studies were thus conducted to examine the impact of creativity on subjective well-being. In the first study, 256 undergraduate students (Study 1a) and 291 working adults (Study 1b) self-reported their creativity, stress, and subjective well-being. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed a positive relationship between creativity and subjective well-being after controlling the effect of self-perceived stress and demographics in both samples. Study 2 then employed an experimental design to examine the causal relationship between creativity and subjective well-being. Half of the 68 undergraduates underwent a creativity priming task followed by a divergent thinking test as well as self-reported stress and subjective well-being. The priming task was found to boost creative performance in the pilot study (Study 2a) and the actual study (Study 2b)....
The impact of demoralization among the general population has received little attention due to th... more The impact of demoralization among the general population has received little attention due to the lack of an appropriate measurement. Three studies involving 1,143 high school and undergraduate students in Taiwan were thus conducted to develop and validate a tool to assess demoralization. A pool of 50 items was first developed and administered to high school students. Exploratory factor analysis results supported a 5-factor solution with 15 items (Study 1). Study 2 compared the potential models using confirmatory factor analysis and found the 5-factor second-order model with 15 items the best fit model. The 15-item Mandarin version of Demoralization Scale (DS-M-15) was also found to have good internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and (concurrent and predictive) validity in a sample of undergraduate students (Study 3). Taken together, the converging findings show that the DS-M-15 is a promising tool for assessing demoralization among Chinese adolescents and emerging adults.
Although romantic relationships have been found to boost well-being, some studies demonstrated th... more Although romantic relationships have been found to boost well-being, some studies demonstrated that staying single has similar beneficial effects. One cause of such contradiction is probably due to the lack of a quantitative measurement of attitudes toward singlehood. To address this methodological gap, four studies involving 1,276 undergraduate students in Malaysia and India were conducted to develop and examine the psychometric qualities of the Attitudes toward Singlehood Scale (AtSS). Study 1 selected 15 items from the pool and identified a 3-factor solution using exploratory factor analysis. However, a 9-item second-order factor model was found superior in Study 2 using confirmatory factor analysis. The 9-item AtSS demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability measured two weeks apart as well as construct and criterion validity. Study 3 further supported the superiority of the 9-item second-order factor model with replicated results of Study 2 on a new sampl...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a measurement for individuals to self-report the... more The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a measurement for individuals to self-report the extent to which they accept and respect their bodies. Although the BAS-2 has been translated into the Malay language and found to have promising qualities, the psychometric characteristics of the English version of BAS-2 remain unknown in the Malaysian context. The present study thus administered the English version BAS-2 and selfie-editing frequency scale to 797 individuals aged 18 to 56 years old in Malaysia. The dataset that was randomly divided into two halves were submitted to exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis respectively. Both of the factor analyses consistently support a one-factor model. The Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald omega coefficients were greater than 0.90, indicating that the BAS-2 has good internal consistency. The incremental validity is also evident. A hierarchical multiple regression showed that the BAS-2 score had a positive relationship w...
Before Malaysian government liberalising its private tertiary education in the 1996 Education Act... more Before Malaysian government liberalising its private tertiary education in the 1996 Education Act, Taiwan was one of the popular choices for students from Chinese Independent Schools (CIS) to further their tertiary education. However, the number of CIS students choosing Taiwan as the destination of their tertiary education keeps hiking up substantially despite more choices of higher education provided locally after the liberalisation. In light of this, this study aims to explore factors affecting country choice of Malaysian students from CIS in the meantime while they were to further their tertiary education. A mixed-method design was employed to investigate factors shaping this peculiar phenomenon. The researchers identified eight push-pull factors from the data coding of a focus group discussion in the first phase of the study. Based on the results, a questionnaire was crafted in the second phase of the study. Then, by engaging a purposive sampling, 869 Senior Three CIS students w...
A number of studies have shown that exposure to songs with prosocial lyrics fosters prosocial beh... more A number of studies have shown that exposure to songs with prosocial lyrics fosters prosocial behavior, the act of benefiting others. However, little attention has been given to the influence of prosocial songs in Malaysia context. Consequently, it remains unclear whether Malaysians will respond to the songs as Western participants did. To address this fundamental gap, the present study aimed to examine effectiveness of songs that have been validated in past studies. Eighty undergraduates listened to 12 songs, including 6 prosocial songs and 6 neutral songs, and reported to what extent the songs evoke prosocial feeling. The results showed statistically significant difference between prosocial songs and neutral songs. Moreover, three of the prosocial songs (Heal the World, Lean on Me, & Count on Me) were found to have higher prosocial level than the other three songs, as well as neutral songs. The findings not only confirm effectiveness of the prosocial songs in Malaysia context but ...
A number of studies have found cultural differences in perceptions of creativity. Culture not onl... more A number of studies have found cultural differences in perceptions of creativity. Culture not only influences the definition and scope of creativity but also the criteria in creativity judgments. Collectivistic individuals emphasize the meritorious salience of creativity whereas individualistic individuals emphasize the aesthetic salience of creativity. The impact of culture on individual's creativity perception has, however, received little attention in Malaysia. As an exploratory study, the present research examined Chinese-Malaysian undergraduates' recognition of famous creative persons. Consistent with previous studies, participants nominated people who are of meritorious salience, such as scientists and inventors. On the other hand, in contrast to past findings, creators who are of aesthetic salience such as artists, musicians, and writers, were also nominated. Interestingly, athletes and video game players were deemed as creative as inventors. The findings not only she...
The current study examined whether creativity is domain-specific or domain-general. Malaysian und... more The current study examined whether creativity is domain-specific or domain-general. Malaysian undergraduate students’ (N = 724) self-perceived creativity over 56 different items were assessed with the Creativity Domain Questionnaire (CDQ). Two-level exploratory factor analyses showed a hierarchical model composed of a general creativity with 5 specific creativity domains embedded: Social Interaction, Art, Problem Management, Performance, and Science. A further confirmatory factor analysis indicated the model has a good fit with data after model refinement. These results indicate that creativity is both domain-specific and domain-general. Additionally, the results indicated that the CDQ is valid in examining self-reported creativity among Malaysians. Furthermore, the uniqueness of self-reported creativity of Malaysian undergraduate students was revealed.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Executive functions (EFs) are a set of high-level cognitive and behavioral monitoring skills that... more Executive functions (EFs) are a set of high-level cognitive and behavioral monitoring skills that are important to employees’ work performance. The 25-item Executive Skills Questionnaire-Revised (ESQ-R) measures executive dysfunction in five dimensions (e.g., emotional regulation). Nevertheless, the usability of this newly developed scale for employees remains unclear. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the adopted ESQ-R for working adults in Malaysia. A total of 325 employees responded to an online survey consisted of the ESQ-R, Executive Function Index (EFI), self-rated creativity scale (SRCS), and 9-item Utretch Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9) and Employee Well-being Scale. Several CFAs were conducted to compare three competing models. While all models showed a good fit, the 5-factor second-order model that is in line with the theoretical structure is preferable. The ESQ-R showed excellent internal consistency. Moreover, the ESQ-R score was negatively corre...
The 8-item Short Grit Scale (Grit-S; Duckworth & Quinn, 2009) is a measure of the two aspects of ... more The 8-item Short Grit Scale (Grit-S; Duckworth & Quinn, 2009) is a measure of the two aspects of grit: consistency of interests and perseverance of effort. While the majority of the past studies supported the two-factor model, some found cultural differences. Two studies were carried out to test the factor structure of the GritS in a sample of Malaysian undergraduate students (total N = 1109). Exploratory factor analysis (Study 1) revealed two factors. Item 2 for perseverance subscale was removed due to unsatisfactory factor loading. Further analysis of the seven items supported the two-factor model. Confirmatory factor analyses (Study 2) supported the superiority of the two correlated-factor model with 7 items. Moreover, the consistency and perseverance scores showed acceptable internal consistency. The current research contributes to the literature by lending further support to the theoretical two-factor structure of the GritS and revealing potential cultural differences in the items. Future studies are thus recommended to address these cultural differences and confirm the usability of the 7-item GritS in the Malaysian context. Abstrak Skala Kegigihan 8-aitem (Grit-S; Duckworth & Quinn, 2009) mengukur dua aspek: ketekunan upaya dan konsistensi minat. Sementara mayoritas penelitian mendukung model dua-faktor, beberapa peneliti menemukan perbedaan budaya pada penelitian GritS. Dua studi dilakukan untuk memeriksa struktur faktor GritS dalam sampel mahasiswa strata satu Malaysia (jumlah N = 1109). Teknik eksploratori analisis faktor (Studi 1) mengungkapkan dua faktor. Aitem 2 untuk dimensi ketekunan telah dihapus karena factor loading yang minim. Analisis lebih lanjut dari tujuh aitem mendukung model dua-faktor. Analisis Faktor Konfirmatori (Studi 2) mendukung keunggulan model grit dua faktor berkorelasi dengan 7 aitem. Selain itu, dimensi ketekunan upaya dan konsistensi minat menunjukkan reliabilitas konsistensi internal yang memadai. Penelitian ini memberikan sumbangsih pada literature grit dengan mendukung adanya struktur dua-faktor dari GritS dan potensi perbedaan budaya dalam tinjauan aitem. Penelitian selanjutnya direkomendasikan untuk menitikberatkan perbedaan budaya dan mendukung penggunaan 7-aitem GritS di Malaysia.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022
Family functioning has been associated with psychological well-being and physical health. The 12-... more Family functioning has been associated with psychological well-being and physical health. The 12-item McMaster Family Assessment Device–General Functioning Subscale (FAD-GF) has been widely used to assess individuals’ overall level of family functioning. However, it has shown an inconsistent factor structure across various studies. The present study investigated its psychometric qualities in two studies with two different adult samples in Malaysia. In Study 1 (N = 417, 55.3% females, 19 to 26 years old), exploratory factor analyses were conducted, and four models were found: a three-factor model with 11 items, a two-factor model with 12 items, and one-factor models with six negatively worded items and six positively worded items, respectively. Study 2 (N = 358, 65.1% females, 18 to 60 years old) compared models found in past studies and those found in Study 1 through confirmatory factor analyses on another sample of adults. Among the six competing models, the two-factor model with t...
The 16-item Filial Piety Scale (FPS) has been used in different cultural groups to measure indivi... more The 16-item Filial Piety Scale (FPS) has been used in different cultural groups to measure individuals’ loyalty to their family and traditions. Nevertheless, the language could be a barrier for Malay-speaking populations to fully comprehend the items. Thus, the present study translated the FPS into the Malay language (FPS-M) and examined psychometric qualities of the scale in a sample of 621 secondary school students in Malaysia, which was randomly split into an exploration sample and a validation sample. Traditional confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling were applied to the exploration sample to identify the best-fit model. Results indicated that the hypothetical two-correlated-factor model was superior to the single-factor model. The model was then verified using the validation sample. The FPS-M reported good internal consistency and positive correlation with self-reported life satisfaction. However, the measurement invariance test revealed that ...
The 8-item Short Grit Scale (Grit-S; Duckworth & Quinn, 2009) is a measure of the two aspects of ... more The 8-item Short Grit Scale (Grit-S; Duckworth & Quinn, 2009) is a measure of the two aspects of grit: consistency of interests and perseverance of effort. While the majority of the past studies supported the two-factor model, some found cultural differences. Two studies were carried out to test the factor structure of the Grit-S in a sample of Malaysian undergraduate students (total N = 1109). Exploratory factor analysis (Study 1) revealed two factors. Item 2 for perseverance subscale was removed due to unsatisfactory factor loading. Further analysis of the seven items supported the two-factor model. Confirmatory factor analyses (Study 2) supported the superiority of the two correlated-factor model with 7 items. Moreover, the consistency and perseverance scores showed acceptable internal consistency. The current research contributes to the literature by lending further support to the theoretical two-factor structure of the Grit-S and revealing potential cultural differences in the ...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021
The impact of happiness on creativity is well-established. However, little is known about the eff... more The impact of happiness on creativity is well-established. However, little is known about the effect of creativity on well-being. Two studies were thus conducted to examine the impact of creativity on subjective well-being. In the first study, 256 undergraduate students (Study 1a) and 291 working adults (Study 1b) self-reported their creativity, stress, and subjective well-being. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed a positive relationship between creativity and subjective well-being after controlling the effect of self-perceived stress and demographics in both samples. Study 2 then employed an experimental design to examine the causal relationship between creativity and subjective well-being. Half of the 68 undergraduates underwent a creativity priming task followed by a divergent thinking test as well as self-reported stress and subjective well-being. The priming task was found to boost creative performance in the pilot study (Study 2a) and the actual study (Study 2b)....
The impact of demoralization among the general population has received little attention due to th... more The impact of demoralization among the general population has received little attention due to the lack of an appropriate measurement. Three studies involving 1,143 high school and undergraduate students in Taiwan were thus conducted to develop and validate a tool to assess demoralization. A pool of 50 items was first developed and administered to high school students. Exploratory factor analysis results supported a 5-factor solution with 15 items (Study 1). Study 2 compared the potential models using confirmatory factor analysis and found the 5-factor second-order model with 15 items the best fit model. The 15-item Mandarin version of Demoralization Scale (DS-M-15) was also found to have good internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and (concurrent and predictive) validity in a sample of undergraduate students (Study 3). Taken together, the converging findings show that the DS-M-15 is a promising tool for assessing demoralization among Chinese adolescents and emerging adults.
Although romantic relationships have been found to boost well-being, some studies demonstrated th... more Although romantic relationships have been found to boost well-being, some studies demonstrated that staying single has similar beneficial effects. One cause of such contradiction is probably due to the lack of a quantitative measurement of attitudes toward singlehood. To address this methodological gap, four studies involving 1,276 undergraduate students in Malaysia and India were conducted to develop and examine the psychometric qualities of the Attitudes toward Singlehood Scale (AtSS). Study 1 selected 15 items from the pool and identified a 3-factor solution using exploratory factor analysis. However, a 9-item second-order factor model was found superior in Study 2 using confirmatory factor analysis. The 9-item AtSS demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability measured two weeks apart as well as construct and criterion validity. Study 3 further supported the superiority of the 9-item second-order factor model with replicated results of Study 2 on a new sampl...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a measurement for individuals to self-report the... more The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a measurement for individuals to self-report the extent to which they accept and respect their bodies. Although the BAS-2 has been translated into the Malay language and found to have promising qualities, the psychometric characteristics of the English version of BAS-2 remain unknown in the Malaysian context. The present study thus administered the English version BAS-2 and selfie-editing frequency scale to 797 individuals aged 18 to 56 years old in Malaysia. The dataset that was randomly divided into two halves were submitted to exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis respectively. Both of the factor analyses consistently support a one-factor model. The Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald omega coefficients were greater than 0.90, indicating that the BAS-2 has good internal consistency. The incremental validity is also evident. A hierarchical multiple regression showed that the BAS-2 score had a positive relationship w...
Before Malaysian government liberalising its private tertiary education in the 1996 Education Act... more Before Malaysian government liberalising its private tertiary education in the 1996 Education Act, Taiwan was one of the popular choices for students from Chinese Independent Schools (CIS) to further their tertiary education. However, the number of CIS students choosing Taiwan as the destination of their tertiary education keeps hiking up substantially despite more choices of higher education provided locally after the liberalisation. In light of this, this study aims to explore factors affecting country choice of Malaysian students from CIS in the meantime while they were to further their tertiary education. A mixed-method design was employed to investigate factors shaping this peculiar phenomenon. The researchers identified eight push-pull factors from the data coding of a focus group discussion in the first phase of the study. Based on the results, a questionnaire was crafted in the second phase of the study. Then, by engaging a purposive sampling, 869 Senior Three CIS students w...
A number of studies have shown that exposure to songs with prosocial lyrics fosters prosocial beh... more A number of studies have shown that exposure to songs with prosocial lyrics fosters prosocial behavior, the act of benefiting others. However, little attention has been given to the influence of prosocial songs in Malaysia context. Consequently, it remains unclear whether Malaysians will respond to the songs as Western participants did. To address this fundamental gap, the present study aimed to examine effectiveness of songs that have been validated in past studies. Eighty undergraduates listened to 12 songs, including 6 prosocial songs and 6 neutral songs, and reported to what extent the songs evoke prosocial feeling. The results showed statistically significant difference between prosocial songs and neutral songs. Moreover, three of the prosocial songs (Heal the World, Lean on Me, & Count on Me) were found to have higher prosocial level than the other three songs, as well as neutral songs. The findings not only confirm effectiveness of the prosocial songs in Malaysia context but ...
A number of studies have found cultural differences in perceptions of creativity. Culture not onl... more A number of studies have found cultural differences in perceptions of creativity. Culture not only influences the definition and scope of creativity but also the criteria in creativity judgments. Collectivistic individuals emphasize the meritorious salience of creativity whereas individualistic individuals emphasize the aesthetic salience of creativity. The impact of culture on individual's creativity perception has, however, received little attention in Malaysia. As an exploratory study, the present research examined Chinese-Malaysian undergraduates' recognition of famous creative persons. Consistent with previous studies, participants nominated people who are of meritorious salience, such as scientists and inventors. On the other hand, in contrast to past findings, creators who are of aesthetic salience such as artists, musicians, and writers, were also nominated. Interestingly, athletes and video game players were deemed as creative as inventors. The findings not only she...
The current study examined whether creativity is domain-specific or domain-general. Malaysian und... more The current study examined whether creativity is domain-specific or domain-general. Malaysian undergraduate students’ (N = 724) self-perceived creativity over 56 different items were assessed with the Creativity Domain Questionnaire (CDQ). Two-level exploratory factor analyses showed a hierarchical model composed of a general creativity with 5 specific creativity domains embedded: Social Interaction, Art, Problem Management, Performance, and Science. A further confirmatory factor analysis indicated the model has a good fit with data after model refinement. These results indicate that creativity is both domain-specific and domain-general. Additionally, the results indicated that the CDQ is valid in examining self-reported creativity among Malaysians. Furthermore, the uniqueness of self-reported creativity of Malaysian undergraduate students was revealed.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Executive functions (EFs) are a set of high-level cognitive and behavioral monitoring skills that... more Executive functions (EFs) are a set of high-level cognitive and behavioral monitoring skills that are important to employees’ work performance. The 25-item Executive Skills Questionnaire-Revised (ESQ-R) measures executive dysfunction in five dimensions (e.g., emotional regulation). Nevertheless, the usability of this newly developed scale for employees remains unclear. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the adopted ESQ-R for working adults in Malaysia. A total of 325 employees responded to an online survey consisted of the ESQ-R, Executive Function Index (EFI), self-rated creativity scale (SRCS), and 9-item Utretch Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9) and Employee Well-being Scale. Several CFAs were conducted to compare three competing models. While all models showed a good fit, the 5-factor second-order model that is in line with the theoretical structure is preferable. The ESQ-R showed excellent internal consistency. Moreover, the ESQ-R score was negatively corre...
The 8-item Short Grit Scale (Grit-S; Duckworth & Quinn, 2009) is a measure of the two aspects of ... more The 8-item Short Grit Scale (Grit-S; Duckworth & Quinn, 2009) is a measure of the two aspects of grit: consistency of interests and perseverance of effort. While the majority of the past studies supported the two-factor model, some found cultural differences. Two studies were carried out to test the factor structure of the GritS in a sample of Malaysian undergraduate students (total N = 1109). Exploratory factor analysis (Study 1) revealed two factors. Item 2 for perseverance subscale was removed due to unsatisfactory factor loading. Further analysis of the seven items supported the two-factor model. Confirmatory factor analyses (Study 2) supported the superiority of the two correlated-factor model with 7 items. Moreover, the consistency and perseverance scores showed acceptable internal consistency. The current research contributes to the literature by lending further support to the theoretical two-factor structure of the GritS and revealing potential cultural differences in the items. Future studies are thus recommended to address these cultural differences and confirm the usability of the 7-item GritS in the Malaysian context. Abstrak Skala Kegigihan 8-aitem (Grit-S; Duckworth & Quinn, 2009) mengukur dua aspek: ketekunan upaya dan konsistensi minat. Sementara mayoritas penelitian mendukung model dua-faktor, beberapa peneliti menemukan perbedaan budaya pada penelitian GritS. Dua studi dilakukan untuk memeriksa struktur faktor GritS dalam sampel mahasiswa strata satu Malaysia (jumlah N = 1109). Teknik eksploratori analisis faktor (Studi 1) mengungkapkan dua faktor. Aitem 2 untuk dimensi ketekunan telah dihapus karena factor loading yang minim. Analisis lebih lanjut dari tujuh aitem mendukung model dua-faktor. Analisis Faktor Konfirmatori (Studi 2) mendukung keunggulan model grit dua faktor berkorelasi dengan 7 aitem. Selain itu, dimensi ketekunan upaya dan konsistensi minat menunjukkan reliabilitas konsistensi internal yang memadai. Penelitian ini memberikan sumbangsih pada literature grit dengan mendukung adanya struktur dua-faktor dari GritS dan potensi perbedaan budaya dalam tinjauan aitem. Penelitian selanjutnya direkomendasikan untuk menitikberatkan perbedaan budaya dan mendukung penggunaan 7-aitem GritS di Malaysia.
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