I have completed my doctoral research in the field of flow assurance by introducing Ammonium based ionic liquids as dual-functional gas hydrate inhibitors for subsea gas pipelines.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad_Saad_Khan3https://scholar.google.com.my/citations?user=YM23Gu4AAAAJ
The oxygenated hydro diesel (OHD) is prepared from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acetone, and seaweed... more The oxygenated hydro diesel (OHD) is prepared from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acetone, and seaweed polysaccharide. A long-term study carried out the OHD fuel blend stability for about a year at various temperatures. The long-term stability shows very stable properties, no easy emulsion breaking, and a long storage period. The neat diesel and blend fuel performance test was conducted at various engine speeds, 1700-3100 RPM—the diesel blend with 5 wt.% and 10wt. % of H2O2 revealed the best fraction for reducing smoke and emissions. The blend contains 15 wt.% H2O2, revealing a significant reduction in exhaust temperature without considering the engine's performance. Moreover, the performance of the OHD also revealed an economizing rate, decreasing environmental pollution and prolonging the engine's service life. The diesel engine performance and environmental evaluation leading to exhaust emissions characterization (COX, SOX,NOX, and others). Based on the results, the various co...
The structure and performance of promoted Ni/Al2O3 with Cu via thermocatalytic decomposition (TCD... more The structure and performance of promoted Ni/Al2O3 with Cu via thermocatalytic decomposition (TCD) of CH4 mixture (2% CH3OH) were studied. Mesoporous Cat-1 and Cat-2 were synthesized by the impregnation method. The corresponding peaks of nickel oxide and copper oxide in the XRD showed the presence of nickel and copper oxides as a mixed alloy in the calcined catalyst. Temperature program reduction (TPR) showed that Cu enhanced the reducibility of the catalyst as the peak of nickel oxide shifted toward a lower temperature due to the interaction strength of the metal particles and support. The impregnation of 10% Cu on Cat-1 drastically improved the catalytic performance and exhibited 68% CH4 conversion, and endured its activity for 6 h compared with Cat-1, which deactivated after 4 h. The investigation of the spent carbon showed that various forms of carbon were obtained as a by-product of TCD, including graphene fiber (GF), carbon nanofiber (CNF), and multi-wall carbon nanofibers (MW...
Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 2021
The formation of hydrates in oil and gas transmission pipelines can cause blockage inside them an... more The formation of hydrates in oil and gas transmission pipelines can cause blockage inside them and disrupt the normal flow. It may cause safety problems along with economic loss. To avoid these problems, it is necessary to have knowledge about gas hydrate formation. In this regard, hydrate liquid vapor equilibrium (HLVE) modeling can prove to be of significance as it predicts the phenomenon accurately. Dickens and Quinby-Hunt model is used to predict HLVE points. The experimental data has been obtained from open literature concerning inhibition of gas hydrates. The electrolytic binary solution mixtures of ionic liquids and quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) with commercial hydrate inhibitors have been taken into consideration. Methanol and mono ethylene glycol (MEG) are commercially used inhibitors. The gases forming hydrates include CO2, CH4 and mixed gas (CO2/CH4/N2). The experimental results are compared with the results obtained through modeling. The results show the applicability ...
Abstract- Operations & Management division is the backbone of any corporate organization and it i... more Abstract- Operations & Management division is the backbone of any corporate organization and it is the key factor to improve the performance of the industry. Global competition of automotive industry required well-organized project management in each area for satisfaction of customer and quality. The new approach of Project Management is Project Management PRINCE2 (PMP2), is the generic framework, which is design to suit every type of project in industry. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the impact of project management prince2 methodology in Malaysian automotive industry. PRINCE2 is a structured method for effective project management. PRINCE2 has established in UK as generic, process based approach to project management. In view of the fact that its emphasis on, the dividing the project into manageable and controllable stages. This research will encourage the implementation of Prince2 methodology in automotive industry of Malaysia. Additionally, it will encour...
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, ... more 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia 2 CO2 Research Centre (CO2RES), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia 3 Institute of Petroleum Engineering, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, No 1 Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, 62200 Putrajaya, Malaysia 4 Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Building Resilience at Universities: Role of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Cutting transport is one of the major factors, which affects the cost, time and quality of drilli... more Cutting transport is one of the major factors, which affects the cost, time and quality of drilling operations. Over the years, as the number of directional wells have increased to improve the productivity, it has been observed that cutting transport is more difficult in horizontal and directional wells as compared to vertical wells. While the foam/aerated drilling fluid provides significant advantages over conventional drilling fluid such as higher rate of penetration and reduction in formation damage, however these advantages are reduced due to inefficient cutting transport to the surface. This study investigates the effect of different parameters such as cuttings weight concentration, liquid flow rate and gas flow rate on cutting transport using foam/aerated drilling fluid. The experiments were conducted in a 6.16 m long horizontal pipe with 2.5 in. inner diameter and 4.5 in. outer diameter and annular diameter ratio of 1.8. The liquid and the gas flow rate was varied between 219...
Gas kick is a well control problem and is defined as the sudden influx of formation gas into the ... more Gas kick is a well control problem and is defined as the sudden influx of formation gas into the wellbore. This sudden influx, if not controlled, may lead to a blowout problem. An accidental spark during a blowout can lead to a catastrophic oil or gas fire. This makes early gas kick detection crucial to minimize the possibility of a blowout. The conventional kick detection methods such as the pit gain and flow rate method have very low sensitivity and are time-consuming. Therefore, it is required to identify an alternative kick detection method that could provide real-time readings with higher sensitivity. In this study, Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) and dynamic pressure techniques have been used to investigate the impact of various operating parameters on gas volume fraction and pressure fluctuation for early kick detection. The experiments were conducted on a horizontal flow loop of 6.16 m with an annular diameter ratio of 1.8 for Newtonian fluid (Water) with varying pipe...
Abstract The present work deals with evaluating the dual-functional gas hydrate impact of tetrame... more Abstract The present work deals with evaluating the dual-functional gas hydrate impact of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMACl) in the presence of different CO2-CH4 content mixed gas hydrate systems (30%CO2 + 70%CH4, 50%CO2 + 50%CH4, and 70%CO2 + 30%CH4). A custom-made high-pressure gas hydrate reactor was used to acquire the temperature–pressure loops for the studied systems in the absence/presence of different concentrations of aqueous TMACl solutions via T-Cycle and isochoric constant cooling method for both THI and KHI investigations, respectively. The electrolyte-based thermodynamic model was also applied to validate the obtained HLwVE results for all the studied systems. The obtained results revealed that TMACl acts dual-functional (thermodynamic and kinetic) hydrate inhibitor for high CO2 content gas systems. The increased concentration of TMACl induces more shifts in HLwVE data with maximum variation attained at10 wt% concentration up to 1.46 K for a high CO2 content methane system owing to the increased hydrogen bonding ability of TMACl. Moreover, TMACl delayed the hydrate formation up to 1.4 and1.5 folds for 274.0 and 277.0 K conditions for high CO2 content mixed gas systems. Moreover, the applied electrolyte-based model could predict the HLwVE data of TMACl in the presence of a mixed gas system within the AAE value of 0.1 % for all the studied mixed gas systems. Furthermore, the KHI performance of TMACl was also compared with commercial inhibitor, i.e., polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and obtained comparable results. Therefore, the acquired dual-functional results (THI = 1.46 K, KHI = 1.5-fold delay) signpost that TMACl can efficiently work as a potential dual-functional hydrate inhibitor for CO2 enriched mixed gas systems.
This study focused on gas/Newtonian and gas/non-Newtonian two-phase horizontal fluid flow behavio... more This study focused on gas/Newtonian and gas/non-Newtonian two-phase horizontal fluid flow behavior by analyzing their flow regime identification and flow structural analysis on a horizontal flow loop apparatus. This involved the recognition of two-phase flow regimes for this flow loop and validation with existing flow maps in the literature. In addition, the study included flow pattern identification via wavelet analysis for gas/Newtonian and gas/non-Newtonian two-phase fluid flow in a horizontal flow loop apparatus. Furthermore, the study was extended to the detailed examination of slug frequency in the presence of air/Newtonian and air/non-Newtonian fluid flow, and the predicted slug frequency model was applied to the studied systems. The obtained results suggest that the flow regime maps and slug frequency analysis have a significant impact. The obtained pressure sensor results indicate that the experimental setup could not provide high-frequency and high-resolution data; neverth...
Abstract Despite the remarkable nanofluids potential in energy storage applications, the long-ter... more Abstract Despite the remarkable nanofluids potential in energy storage applications, the long-term dispersion stability of the nanoparticles in a base fluid along with improved thermal conductivity is a significant challenge towards their commercialization. Therefore, a novel surfactant MWCNTs and eco-friendly Jatropha seed oil based nanofluid are synthesized via one-step synthesis method and subjected to characterization via visual analysis, FTIR, Zeta potential, pore size distribution, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV analysis to investigate MWCNTs dispersion stability along with thermal conductivity measurement. The results showed the excellent MWCNTs dispersion stability in Jatropha seed oil and thermal conductivity improvement from 2.29% to 6.76% over the temperature within the range of 25–65 °C and nanoparticle weight fraction in the range of 0.2–0.8 wt%. Furthermore, two new correlations are proposed based on multiple non-linear regression analysis and dimensionless group analysis in the replacement of classical models which are failed to accurate prediction of thermal conductivity. The developed models showed remarkable thermal conductivity prediction accuracy with the value of R2 > 0.991.
Abstract In this study the dual-functionality of four ammonium based Ionic Liquids (AILs) having ... more Abstract In this study the dual-functionality of four ammonium based Ionic Liquids (AILs) having hydroxide anion namely: tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAOH), tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide (TEAOH), tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide (TPrAOH) and, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) is investigated on binary mixed gas hydrates (50 mol%-50 mol% CO2-CH4). For thermodynamic behaviour, the hydrate liquid vapour equilibrium (HLVE) data are generated in the presence of 10 wt% AILs solutions by the T-Cycle method at temperature and pressure conditions of 275.0–284.0 K and 2.0–6.50 MPa, respectively. THI results revealed that apart from TBAOH, all the considered AILs can shift HLVE curve towards higher pressure and lower temperature regions. Obtained results are further compared with commercial THI inhibitors. Average suppression temperature (Ŧ), Enthalpy of hydrate dissociation (∆Hdiss) and Freezing point temperature (Tf) are also calculated for considered systems. The electrolyte based model is applied for validation of experimental HLVE data. Also, formation kinetics of studied AILs is reported for 1 wt% aqueous AILs solutions at 6.50 MPa with different experimental temperatures (274.0 K and 277.0 K). Induction time, initial formation rate, Relative Inhibition Power (RIP) and total gas uptake are the reported parameters for kinetic study. Furthermore, kinetic results are compared with commercial kinetic inhibitor namely: polyvinyl pyrrolidinium (PVP) at 274.0 K condition. Kinetic data suggested that all the studied AILs can perform as KHI inhibitors. Therefore, the considered AILs (except TBAOH) are able to perform as dual-functional inhibitors which highlight the use of AILs as a potential dual-functional gas hydrate inhibitors for sustainable flow in gas transmission pipelines.
The oxygenated hydro diesel (OHD) is prepared from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acetone, and seaweed... more The oxygenated hydro diesel (OHD) is prepared from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acetone, and seaweed polysaccharide. A long-term study carried out the OHD fuel blend stability for about a year at various temperatures. The long-term stability shows very stable properties, no easy emulsion breaking, and a long storage period. The neat diesel and blend fuel performance test was conducted at various engine speeds, 1700-3100 RPM—the diesel blend with 5 wt.% and 10wt. % of H2O2 revealed the best fraction for reducing smoke and emissions. The blend contains 15 wt.% H2O2, revealing a significant reduction in exhaust temperature without considering the engine's performance. Moreover, the performance of the OHD also revealed an economizing rate, decreasing environmental pollution and prolonging the engine's service life. The diesel engine performance and environmental evaluation leading to exhaust emissions characterization (COX, SOX,NOX, and others). Based on the results, the various co...
The structure and performance of promoted Ni/Al2O3 with Cu via thermocatalytic decomposition (TCD... more The structure and performance of promoted Ni/Al2O3 with Cu via thermocatalytic decomposition (TCD) of CH4 mixture (2% CH3OH) were studied. Mesoporous Cat-1 and Cat-2 were synthesized by the impregnation method. The corresponding peaks of nickel oxide and copper oxide in the XRD showed the presence of nickel and copper oxides as a mixed alloy in the calcined catalyst. Temperature program reduction (TPR) showed that Cu enhanced the reducibility of the catalyst as the peak of nickel oxide shifted toward a lower temperature due to the interaction strength of the metal particles and support. The impregnation of 10% Cu on Cat-1 drastically improved the catalytic performance and exhibited 68% CH4 conversion, and endured its activity for 6 h compared with Cat-1, which deactivated after 4 h. The investigation of the spent carbon showed that various forms of carbon were obtained as a by-product of TCD, including graphene fiber (GF), carbon nanofiber (CNF), and multi-wall carbon nanofibers (MW...
Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 2021
The formation of hydrates in oil and gas transmission pipelines can cause blockage inside them an... more The formation of hydrates in oil and gas transmission pipelines can cause blockage inside them and disrupt the normal flow. It may cause safety problems along with economic loss. To avoid these problems, it is necessary to have knowledge about gas hydrate formation. In this regard, hydrate liquid vapor equilibrium (HLVE) modeling can prove to be of significance as it predicts the phenomenon accurately. Dickens and Quinby-Hunt model is used to predict HLVE points. The experimental data has been obtained from open literature concerning inhibition of gas hydrates. The electrolytic binary solution mixtures of ionic liquids and quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) with commercial hydrate inhibitors have been taken into consideration. Methanol and mono ethylene glycol (MEG) are commercially used inhibitors. The gases forming hydrates include CO2, CH4 and mixed gas (CO2/CH4/N2). The experimental results are compared with the results obtained through modeling. The results show the applicability ...
Abstract- Operations & Management division is the backbone of any corporate organization and it i... more Abstract- Operations & Management division is the backbone of any corporate organization and it is the key factor to improve the performance of the industry. Global competition of automotive industry required well-organized project management in each area for satisfaction of customer and quality. The new approach of Project Management is Project Management PRINCE2 (PMP2), is the generic framework, which is design to suit every type of project in industry. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the impact of project management prince2 methodology in Malaysian automotive industry. PRINCE2 is a structured method for effective project management. PRINCE2 has established in UK as generic, process based approach to project management. In view of the fact that its emphasis on, the dividing the project into manageable and controllable stages. This research will encourage the implementation of Prince2 methodology in automotive industry of Malaysia. Additionally, it will encour...
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, ... more 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia 2 CO2 Research Centre (CO2RES), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia 3 Institute of Petroleum Engineering, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, No 1 Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, 62200 Putrajaya, Malaysia 4 Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Building Resilience at Universities: Role of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Cutting transport is one of the major factors, which affects the cost, time and quality of drilli... more Cutting transport is one of the major factors, which affects the cost, time and quality of drilling operations. Over the years, as the number of directional wells have increased to improve the productivity, it has been observed that cutting transport is more difficult in horizontal and directional wells as compared to vertical wells. While the foam/aerated drilling fluid provides significant advantages over conventional drilling fluid such as higher rate of penetration and reduction in formation damage, however these advantages are reduced due to inefficient cutting transport to the surface. This study investigates the effect of different parameters such as cuttings weight concentration, liquid flow rate and gas flow rate on cutting transport using foam/aerated drilling fluid. The experiments were conducted in a 6.16 m long horizontal pipe with 2.5 in. inner diameter and 4.5 in. outer diameter and annular diameter ratio of 1.8. The liquid and the gas flow rate was varied between 219...
Gas kick is a well control problem and is defined as the sudden influx of formation gas into the ... more Gas kick is a well control problem and is defined as the sudden influx of formation gas into the wellbore. This sudden influx, if not controlled, may lead to a blowout problem. An accidental spark during a blowout can lead to a catastrophic oil or gas fire. This makes early gas kick detection crucial to minimize the possibility of a blowout. The conventional kick detection methods such as the pit gain and flow rate method have very low sensitivity and are time-consuming. Therefore, it is required to identify an alternative kick detection method that could provide real-time readings with higher sensitivity. In this study, Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) and dynamic pressure techniques have been used to investigate the impact of various operating parameters on gas volume fraction and pressure fluctuation for early kick detection. The experiments were conducted on a horizontal flow loop of 6.16 m with an annular diameter ratio of 1.8 for Newtonian fluid (Water) with varying pipe...
Abstract The present work deals with evaluating the dual-functional gas hydrate impact of tetrame... more Abstract The present work deals with evaluating the dual-functional gas hydrate impact of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMACl) in the presence of different CO2-CH4 content mixed gas hydrate systems (30%CO2 + 70%CH4, 50%CO2 + 50%CH4, and 70%CO2 + 30%CH4). A custom-made high-pressure gas hydrate reactor was used to acquire the temperature–pressure loops for the studied systems in the absence/presence of different concentrations of aqueous TMACl solutions via T-Cycle and isochoric constant cooling method for both THI and KHI investigations, respectively. The electrolyte-based thermodynamic model was also applied to validate the obtained HLwVE results for all the studied systems. The obtained results revealed that TMACl acts dual-functional (thermodynamic and kinetic) hydrate inhibitor for high CO2 content gas systems. The increased concentration of TMACl induces more shifts in HLwVE data with maximum variation attained at10 wt% concentration up to 1.46 K for a high CO2 content methane system owing to the increased hydrogen bonding ability of TMACl. Moreover, TMACl delayed the hydrate formation up to 1.4 and1.5 folds for 274.0 and 277.0 K conditions for high CO2 content mixed gas systems. Moreover, the applied electrolyte-based model could predict the HLwVE data of TMACl in the presence of a mixed gas system within the AAE value of 0.1 % for all the studied mixed gas systems. Furthermore, the KHI performance of TMACl was also compared with commercial inhibitor, i.e., polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and obtained comparable results. Therefore, the acquired dual-functional results (THI = 1.46 K, KHI = 1.5-fold delay) signpost that TMACl can efficiently work as a potential dual-functional hydrate inhibitor for CO2 enriched mixed gas systems.
This study focused on gas/Newtonian and gas/non-Newtonian two-phase horizontal fluid flow behavio... more This study focused on gas/Newtonian and gas/non-Newtonian two-phase horizontal fluid flow behavior by analyzing their flow regime identification and flow structural analysis on a horizontal flow loop apparatus. This involved the recognition of two-phase flow regimes for this flow loop and validation with existing flow maps in the literature. In addition, the study included flow pattern identification via wavelet analysis for gas/Newtonian and gas/non-Newtonian two-phase fluid flow in a horizontal flow loop apparatus. Furthermore, the study was extended to the detailed examination of slug frequency in the presence of air/Newtonian and air/non-Newtonian fluid flow, and the predicted slug frequency model was applied to the studied systems. The obtained results suggest that the flow regime maps and slug frequency analysis have a significant impact. The obtained pressure sensor results indicate that the experimental setup could not provide high-frequency and high-resolution data; neverth...
Abstract Despite the remarkable nanofluids potential in energy storage applications, the long-ter... more Abstract Despite the remarkable nanofluids potential in energy storage applications, the long-term dispersion stability of the nanoparticles in a base fluid along with improved thermal conductivity is a significant challenge towards their commercialization. Therefore, a novel surfactant MWCNTs and eco-friendly Jatropha seed oil based nanofluid are synthesized via one-step synthesis method and subjected to characterization via visual analysis, FTIR, Zeta potential, pore size distribution, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV analysis to investigate MWCNTs dispersion stability along with thermal conductivity measurement. The results showed the excellent MWCNTs dispersion stability in Jatropha seed oil and thermal conductivity improvement from 2.29% to 6.76% over the temperature within the range of 25–65 °C and nanoparticle weight fraction in the range of 0.2–0.8 wt%. Furthermore, two new correlations are proposed based on multiple non-linear regression analysis and dimensionless group analysis in the replacement of classical models which are failed to accurate prediction of thermal conductivity. The developed models showed remarkable thermal conductivity prediction accuracy with the value of R2 > 0.991.
Abstract In this study the dual-functionality of four ammonium based Ionic Liquids (AILs) having ... more Abstract In this study the dual-functionality of four ammonium based Ionic Liquids (AILs) having hydroxide anion namely: tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAOH), tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide (TEAOH), tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide (TPrAOH) and, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) is investigated on binary mixed gas hydrates (50 mol%-50 mol% CO2-CH4). For thermodynamic behaviour, the hydrate liquid vapour equilibrium (HLVE) data are generated in the presence of 10 wt% AILs solutions by the T-Cycle method at temperature and pressure conditions of 275.0–284.0 K and 2.0–6.50 MPa, respectively. THI results revealed that apart from TBAOH, all the considered AILs can shift HLVE curve towards higher pressure and lower temperature regions. Obtained results are further compared with commercial THI inhibitors. Average suppression temperature (Ŧ), Enthalpy of hydrate dissociation (∆Hdiss) and Freezing point temperature (Tf) are also calculated for considered systems. The electrolyte based model is applied for validation of experimental HLVE data. Also, formation kinetics of studied AILs is reported for 1 wt% aqueous AILs solutions at 6.50 MPa with different experimental temperatures (274.0 K and 277.0 K). Induction time, initial formation rate, Relative Inhibition Power (RIP) and total gas uptake are the reported parameters for kinetic study. Furthermore, kinetic results are compared with commercial kinetic inhibitor namely: polyvinyl pyrrolidinium (PVP) at 274.0 K condition. Kinetic data suggested that all the studied AILs can perform as KHI inhibitors. Therefore, the considered AILs (except TBAOH) are able to perform as dual-functional inhibitors which highlight the use of AILs as a potential dual-functional gas hydrate inhibitors for sustainable flow in gas transmission pipelines.
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Papers by Muhammad Saad Khan