Background Odontonema strictum is an herbaceous plant, indigenous to Central America and Central ... more Background Odontonema strictum is an herbaceous plant, indigenous to Central America and Central Africa, and has been used traditionally by the local community against various ailments. The current piece of work was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of O. strictum by using brine shrimp lethality and the in vitro cytotoxicity/viability assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide [MTT]), as well as the in vitro enzyme inhibitory potential by using alpha-amylase, protein kinase enzymes and phytochemical analysis of the different extracts of aerial parts of O. strictum. Materials and Methods Extracts of aerial parts of O. strictum were prepared through the successive extraction method using solvents with the order of polarity as n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Cytotoxicity was assessed through brine shrimp lethality assay and in vitro cell viability assay (MTT), whereas enzyme inhibition potential was evaluated through ...
This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional analysis of the commercially available white maize f... more This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional analysis of the commercially available white maize flours and noncommercial yellow maize flour obtained from the grains of the maize grown at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The proximate chemical composition, minerals calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and zinc (Zn) and were determined in white and yellow maize flours. In the dry weight basis white maize flours significantly (p<0.05) contained moisture 9-15 %, ash 1.4-2.6%, protein 7.82-12.02%, crude fiber 0.95-2.01%, and total carbohydrates 65.38-78.74% and yellow maize flour significantly (p<0.05) contained moisture 17%,ash 3.3%, protein 12.45%, crude fiber 2.97%, and total carbohydrates 60.23%. The detection of inorganic selective nutrients (Mg, K, Na, Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu) was performed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results of ICP-MS analysis in white and yellow maize...
Intravesical drug delivery is a direct drug delivery approach for the treatment of various bladde... more Intravesical drug delivery is a direct drug delivery approach for the treatment of various bladder diseases. The human urinary bladder has distinctive anatomy, making it an effective barrier against any toxic agent seeking entry into the bloodstream. This screening function of the bladder derives from the structure of the urothelium, which acts as a semi-permeable barrier. However, various diseases related to the urinary bladder, such as hyperactive bladder syndrome, interstitial cystitis, cancer, urinary obstructions, or urinary tract infections, can alter the bladder’s natural function. Consequently, the intravesical route of drug delivery can effectively treat such diseases as it offers site-specific drug action with minimum side effects. Intravesical drug delivery is the direct instillation of medicinal drugs into the urinary bladder via a urethral catheter. However, there are some limitations to this method of drug delivery, including the risk of washout of the therapeutic agen...
Crude drugs, particularly phytomedicines, are world’s mostly used alternative medicines that are ... more Crude drugs, particularly phytomedicines, are world’s mostly used alternative medicines that are also now being used for various bioactive compounds’ extraction to design new safe and effective drugs. Zingiber officinale (ZO) rhizome is also one of such crude drug having great therapeutic importance for various life threatening ailments. Although, studies related to its chemistry have been conducted before but due to different protocols and different geographical areas’ varieties, there is lack of congruency among the results. Moreover, previous data mostly report chemical analysis of fresh ZO rhizome and lack detailed information about its crude drug form that is rich in 6-gingerol, a major potent bioactive compound, in addition to other valuable constituents. Keeping in view of WHO recommended strategies and guidelines of 2002-05 and 2014-2013 for phytomedicines, it is also mandatory to study variable chemistry of ZO of different geographical areas before to declare its global saf...
The present study aimed to develop a high performance thin layer chromatography method for the de... more The present study aimed to develop a high performance thin layer chromatography method for the determination of sinensetin and apply it to standardize the extracts Orthosiphon stamineus. The samples and a series of standards were applied in duplicate on silica gel plate, which was then developed using mobile phase comprising chloroform and ethyl acetate (6:4, v/v) to a distance of 5 cm. Afterwards, the plate was dried and subjected to densitometry at 366 nm for the quantification of sinensetin. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 0.05 and 0.50 µg/ml, respectively. The method showed linearity in a range of 0.50-100.00 µg/ml with correlation coefficient 0.9988. The recovery, intra- and inter day accuracy were found to be 95.67-97.65, 97.64-99.54 and 97.83-98.57%, respectively, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 5%. The extracts contained sinensetin from 0.470-1.335 mg/g/. The results of this study indicate that the developed met...
Purpose: To determine the cytotoxic and antiviral potentials of Euphorbia milii var. splendens le... more Purpose: To determine the cytotoxic and antiviral potentials of Euphorbia milii var. splendens leaf against Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Methods: The methanol extract, as well as nhexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and nbutanol fractions of E. milii leaves were screened for cytotoxic and antiviral activities against PPRV using Vero cell line and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: Non-cytotoxic concentrations with cell survival rate (CSP) greater than 50 % were considered virucidal. Methanol extract and fractions produced significant (p < 0.05) effects at all test concentrations against PPRV. The 50 % cytotoxic concentration (CC50) calculated was ≤ 25 μg/mL for extract and fractions. In antiviral assay, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and n-butanol fractions at all test concentrations ranging from 1.56 800 μg/mL were non-virucidal; even at their non-cytotoxic concentrations these fractions did not show antiviral activities. Howeve...
Though, herbal medicines are prone to deterioration upon storage due to their complex nature, but... more Though, herbal medicines are prone to deterioration upon storage due to their complex nature, but less attention has been paid to investigating stability of such products to assign shelf-life. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the accelerated stability of methanolic extract of seeds of Syzygium cumini. The extract was kept at three different storage conditions (30oC/60% RH, 40oC/75% RH and 60oC/85% RH) for a period of 6 months. The samples withdrawn at 0 (before starting the study), 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months were analyzed to get UV-Visible metabolomics fingerprints and determine caffeic acid contents using RP-HPLC. The comparison of metabolomics fingerprints indicated that the extract was stable for 1 month at all the three storage conditions. However, caffeic acid contents were found to be intact for a longer period of time. Following the zero order degradation, caffeic acid was predicted to be stable for more than 3 years, if kept at 25oC. The results of the present study...
Background: Vancomycin is a narrow therapeutic agent, and it is necessary to optimize the dose to... more Background: Vancomycin is a narrow therapeutic agent, and it is necessary to optimize the dose to achieve safe therapeutic outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify the significant covariates for vancomycin clearance and to optimize the dose among surgical patients in Pakistan.Methods: Plasma concentration data of 176 samples collected from 58 surgical patients treated with vancomycin were used in this study. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed on NONMEM® using plasma concentration–time data. The effect of all available covariates was evaluated on the pharmacokinetic parameters of vancomycin by stepwise covariate modeling. The final model was evaluated using bootstrap, goodness-of-fit plots, and visual predictive checks.Results: The pharmacokinetics of vancomycin followed a one-compartment model with first-order elimination. The vancomycin clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vd) were 2.45 L/h and 22.6 l, respectively. Vancomycin CL was influenced by cre...
Background Odontonema strictum is an herbaceous plant, indigenous to Central America and Central ... more Background Odontonema strictum is an herbaceous plant, indigenous to Central America and Central Africa, and has been used traditionally by the local community against various ailments. The current piece of work was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of O. strictum by using brine shrimp lethality and the in vitro cytotoxicity/viability assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide [MTT]), as well as the in vitro enzyme inhibitory potential by using alpha-amylase, protein kinase enzymes and phytochemical analysis of the different extracts of aerial parts of O. strictum. Materials and Methods Extracts of aerial parts of O. strictum were prepared through the successive extraction method using solvents with the order of polarity as n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Cytotoxicity was assessed through brine shrimp lethality assay and in vitro cell viability assay (MTT), whereas enzyme inhibition potential was evaluated through ...
This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional analysis of the commercially available white maize f... more This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional analysis of the commercially available white maize flours and noncommercial yellow maize flour obtained from the grains of the maize grown at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The proximate chemical composition, minerals calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and zinc (Zn) and were determined in white and yellow maize flours. In the dry weight basis white maize flours significantly (p<0.05) contained moisture 9-15 %, ash 1.4-2.6%, protein 7.82-12.02%, crude fiber 0.95-2.01%, and total carbohydrates 65.38-78.74% and yellow maize flour significantly (p<0.05) contained moisture 17%,ash 3.3%, protein 12.45%, crude fiber 2.97%, and total carbohydrates 60.23%. The detection of inorganic selective nutrients (Mg, K, Na, Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu) was performed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results of ICP-MS analysis in white and yellow maize...
Intravesical drug delivery is a direct drug delivery approach for the treatment of various bladde... more Intravesical drug delivery is a direct drug delivery approach for the treatment of various bladder diseases. The human urinary bladder has distinctive anatomy, making it an effective barrier against any toxic agent seeking entry into the bloodstream. This screening function of the bladder derives from the structure of the urothelium, which acts as a semi-permeable barrier. However, various diseases related to the urinary bladder, such as hyperactive bladder syndrome, interstitial cystitis, cancer, urinary obstructions, or urinary tract infections, can alter the bladder’s natural function. Consequently, the intravesical route of drug delivery can effectively treat such diseases as it offers site-specific drug action with minimum side effects. Intravesical drug delivery is the direct instillation of medicinal drugs into the urinary bladder via a urethral catheter. However, there are some limitations to this method of drug delivery, including the risk of washout of the therapeutic agen...
Crude drugs, particularly phytomedicines, are world’s mostly used alternative medicines that are ... more Crude drugs, particularly phytomedicines, are world’s mostly used alternative medicines that are also now being used for various bioactive compounds’ extraction to design new safe and effective drugs. Zingiber officinale (ZO) rhizome is also one of such crude drug having great therapeutic importance for various life threatening ailments. Although, studies related to its chemistry have been conducted before but due to different protocols and different geographical areas’ varieties, there is lack of congruency among the results. Moreover, previous data mostly report chemical analysis of fresh ZO rhizome and lack detailed information about its crude drug form that is rich in 6-gingerol, a major potent bioactive compound, in addition to other valuable constituents. Keeping in view of WHO recommended strategies and guidelines of 2002-05 and 2014-2013 for phytomedicines, it is also mandatory to study variable chemistry of ZO of different geographical areas before to declare its global saf...
The present study aimed to develop a high performance thin layer chromatography method for the de... more The present study aimed to develop a high performance thin layer chromatography method for the determination of sinensetin and apply it to standardize the extracts Orthosiphon stamineus. The samples and a series of standards were applied in duplicate on silica gel plate, which was then developed using mobile phase comprising chloroform and ethyl acetate (6:4, v/v) to a distance of 5 cm. Afterwards, the plate was dried and subjected to densitometry at 366 nm for the quantification of sinensetin. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 0.05 and 0.50 µg/ml, respectively. The method showed linearity in a range of 0.50-100.00 µg/ml with correlation coefficient 0.9988. The recovery, intra- and inter day accuracy were found to be 95.67-97.65, 97.64-99.54 and 97.83-98.57%, respectively, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 5%. The extracts contained sinensetin from 0.470-1.335 mg/g/. The results of this study indicate that the developed met...
Purpose: To determine the cytotoxic and antiviral potentials of Euphorbia milii var. splendens le... more Purpose: To determine the cytotoxic and antiviral potentials of Euphorbia milii var. splendens leaf against Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Methods: The methanol extract, as well as nhexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and nbutanol fractions of E. milii leaves were screened for cytotoxic and antiviral activities against PPRV using Vero cell line and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: Non-cytotoxic concentrations with cell survival rate (CSP) greater than 50 % were considered virucidal. Methanol extract and fractions produced significant (p < 0.05) effects at all test concentrations against PPRV. The 50 % cytotoxic concentration (CC50) calculated was ≤ 25 μg/mL for extract and fractions. In antiviral assay, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and n-butanol fractions at all test concentrations ranging from 1.56 800 μg/mL were non-virucidal; even at their non-cytotoxic concentrations these fractions did not show antiviral activities. Howeve...
Though, herbal medicines are prone to deterioration upon storage due to their complex nature, but... more Though, herbal medicines are prone to deterioration upon storage due to their complex nature, but less attention has been paid to investigating stability of such products to assign shelf-life. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the accelerated stability of methanolic extract of seeds of Syzygium cumini. The extract was kept at three different storage conditions (30oC/60% RH, 40oC/75% RH and 60oC/85% RH) for a period of 6 months. The samples withdrawn at 0 (before starting the study), 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months were analyzed to get UV-Visible metabolomics fingerprints and determine caffeic acid contents using RP-HPLC. The comparison of metabolomics fingerprints indicated that the extract was stable for 1 month at all the three storage conditions. However, caffeic acid contents were found to be intact for a longer period of time. Following the zero order degradation, caffeic acid was predicted to be stable for more than 3 years, if kept at 25oC. The results of the present study...
Background: Vancomycin is a narrow therapeutic agent, and it is necessary to optimize the dose to... more Background: Vancomycin is a narrow therapeutic agent, and it is necessary to optimize the dose to achieve safe therapeutic outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify the significant covariates for vancomycin clearance and to optimize the dose among surgical patients in Pakistan.Methods: Plasma concentration data of 176 samples collected from 58 surgical patients treated with vancomycin were used in this study. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed on NONMEM® using plasma concentration–time data. The effect of all available covariates was evaluated on the pharmacokinetic parameters of vancomycin by stepwise covariate modeling. The final model was evaluated using bootstrap, goodness-of-fit plots, and visual predictive checks.Results: The pharmacokinetics of vancomycin followed a one-compartment model with first-order elimination. The vancomycin clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vd) were 2.45 L/h and 22.6 l, respectively. Vancomycin CL was influenced by cre...
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