Additional file 1: Figure S1. Yearly variation of the mean abundance for each country. The abunda... more Additional file 1: Figure S1. Yearly variation of the mean abundance for each country. The abundance (y axis) was calculated as the mean all the observations (log transformed) from each country. Figure S2. QQ-plots of the residuals per month for the Obsoletus ensemble. Figure S3. QQ-plots of the residuals per month for the Pulicaris ensemble. Figure S4. Comparison of the abundance maps for each month using Random Forest (RF) and Interpolations for the Obsoletus ensemble. a Maps from January to June. b maps from July to December. Figure S5. Comparison of the abundance maps for each month using Random Forest (RF) and Interpolations for the Pulicaris ensemble. a Maps from January to June. b Maps from July to December. Figure S6. Comparison of the abundance maps for each month using Random Forest (RF) and Interpolations for Culicoides imicola. a Maps from January to June. b Maps from July to December. Figure S7. At a local scale, interpolation maps produce a smother surface between the ...
Additional file 4. Data supporting conclusions on the ability to differentiate statistically betw... more Additional file 4. Data supporting conclusions on the ability to differentiate statistically between levels of study variables when using three different outcome variables.
Additional file 2. Data supporting conclusions regarding impact of study variables on frequency o... more Additional file 2. Data supporting conclusions regarding impact of study variables on frequency of turkeys with severe intestinal lesions.
Additional file 1. Additional photos of intestinal lesions. Folder with 47 additional photos in J... more Additional file 1. Additional photos of intestinal lesions. Folder with 47 additional photos in JPG format illustrating turkeys with intestinal lesions that were assigned to scores 0, 1, 2 or 3.
Background: Culicoides biting midges are hematophagous insects of veterinary importance able to t... more Background: Culicoides biting midges are hematophagous insects of veterinary importance able to transmit viruses such as bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus to livestock. The aim of this work was to describe the average temporal abundance of biting midges at a continental scale, by comparing the seasonal variation at six different latitude ranges from southern Spain to northern Sweden. Materials and methods: We gathered Culicoides obsoletus group trap data collected by national surveillance programs in nine European countries (Spain, France Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Poland) from 2007-2013. In total, 904 farms were sampled for Culicoides midges using UV light traps. We divided Europe into 6 latitudinal bands of 5° width and calculated the average weekly midge abundance as well as the average annual cumulative sum of biting midges for each of these bands. We plotted the results to visualize the spatial and temporal patterns at a continental scale. Re...
Monthly availability of Culicoides trap data in the participating countries during the selected s... more Monthly availability of Culicoides trap data in the participating countries during the selected seven-year study period (2007–2013). X symbol indicates months when data were available. (XLSX 12 kb)
Table S1. The top five of the most important variables by species group for each month. The varia... more Table S1. The top five of the most important variables by species group for each month. The variable importance is scaled from 0 to 100. Within each month (columns), the most important variable has a value of 100. (XLSX 67 kb)
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "A longitudinal study on the occurrence ... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "A longitudinal study on the occurrence of and in dogs during their first year of life"http://www.actavetscand.com/content/49/1/22Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2007;49(1):22-22.Published online 11 Sep 2007PMCID:PMC2040143.age, or at more than one sampling.
Background Culicoides biting midges transmit viruses resulting in disease in ruminants and equids... more Background Culicoides biting midges transmit viruses resulting in disease in ruminants and equids such as bluetongue, Schmallenberg disease and African horse sickness. In the past decades, these diseases have led to important economic losses for farmers in Europe. Vector abundance is a key factor in determining the risk of vector-borne disease spread and it is, therefore, important to predict the abundance of Culicoides species involved in the transmission of these pathogens. The objectives of this study were to model and map the monthly abundances of Culicoides in Europe. Methods We obtained entomological data from 904 farms in nine European countries (Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway) from 2007 to 2013. Using environmental and climatic predictors from satellite imagery and the machine learning technique Random Forests, we predicted the monthly average abundance at a 1 km2 resolution. We used independent test sets for validation and t...
Additional file 1: Figure S1. Yearly variation of the mean abundance for each country. The abunda... more Additional file 1: Figure S1. Yearly variation of the mean abundance for each country. The abundance (y axis) was calculated as the mean all the observations (log transformed) from each country. Figure S2. QQ-plots of the residuals per month for the Obsoletus ensemble. Figure S3. QQ-plots of the residuals per month for the Pulicaris ensemble. Figure S4. Comparison of the abundance maps for each month using Random Forest (RF) and Interpolations for the Obsoletus ensemble. a Maps from January to June. b maps from July to December. Figure S5. Comparison of the abundance maps for each month using Random Forest (RF) and Interpolations for the Pulicaris ensemble. a Maps from January to June. b Maps from July to December. Figure S6. Comparison of the abundance maps for each month using Random Forest (RF) and Interpolations for Culicoides imicola. a Maps from January to June. b Maps from July to December. Figure S7. At a local scale, interpolation maps produce a smother surface between the ...
Additional file 4. Data supporting conclusions on the ability to differentiate statistically betw... more Additional file 4. Data supporting conclusions on the ability to differentiate statistically between levels of study variables when using three different outcome variables.
Additional file 2. Data supporting conclusions regarding impact of study variables on frequency o... more Additional file 2. Data supporting conclusions regarding impact of study variables on frequency of turkeys with severe intestinal lesions.
Additional file 1. Additional photos of intestinal lesions. Folder with 47 additional photos in J... more Additional file 1. Additional photos of intestinal lesions. Folder with 47 additional photos in JPG format illustrating turkeys with intestinal lesions that were assigned to scores 0, 1, 2 or 3.
Background: Culicoides biting midges are hematophagous insects of veterinary importance able to t... more Background: Culicoides biting midges are hematophagous insects of veterinary importance able to transmit viruses such as bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus to livestock. The aim of this work was to describe the average temporal abundance of biting midges at a continental scale, by comparing the seasonal variation at six different latitude ranges from southern Spain to northern Sweden. Materials and methods: We gathered Culicoides obsoletus group trap data collected by national surveillance programs in nine European countries (Spain, France Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Poland) from 2007-2013. In total, 904 farms were sampled for Culicoides midges using UV light traps. We divided Europe into 6 latitudinal bands of 5° width and calculated the average weekly midge abundance as well as the average annual cumulative sum of biting midges for each of these bands. We plotted the results to visualize the spatial and temporal patterns at a continental scale. Re...
Monthly availability of Culicoides trap data in the participating countries during the selected s... more Monthly availability of Culicoides trap data in the participating countries during the selected seven-year study period (2007–2013). X symbol indicates months when data were available. (XLSX 12 kb)
Table S1. The top five of the most important variables by species group for each month. The varia... more Table S1. The top five of the most important variables by species group for each month. The variable importance is scaled from 0 to 100. Within each month (columns), the most important variable has a value of 100. (XLSX 67 kb)
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "A longitudinal study on the occurrence ... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "A longitudinal study on the occurrence of and in dogs during their first year of life"http://www.actavetscand.com/content/49/1/22Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2007;49(1):22-22.Published online 11 Sep 2007PMCID:PMC2040143.age, or at more than one sampling.
Background Culicoides biting midges transmit viruses resulting in disease in ruminants and equids... more Background Culicoides biting midges transmit viruses resulting in disease in ruminants and equids such as bluetongue, Schmallenberg disease and African horse sickness. In the past decades, these diseases have led to important economic losses for farmers in Europe. Vector abundance is a key factor in determining the risk of vector-borne disease spread and it is, therefore, important to predict the abundance of Culicoides species involved in the transmission of these pathogens. The objectives of this study were to model and map the monthly abundances of Culicoides in Europe. Methods We obtained entomological data from 904 farms in nine European countries (Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway) from 2007 to 2013. Using environmental and climatic predictors from satellite imagery and the machine learning technique Random Forests, we predicted the monthly average abundance at a 1 km2 resolution. We used independent test sets for validation and t...
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