Daniel Hershenzon nos ofrece una sugestiva mirada sobre las interac-ciones en el Mediterráneo mod... more Daniel Hershenzon nos ofrece una sugestiva mirada sobre las interac-ciones en el Mediterráneo moderno, o más precisamente, entre finales del siglo XVI y principios del siglo XVII. El eje del texto lo constituyen tres temas: la esclavitud ("cautividad"); la comunicación; y el comer-cio, a los que, sin embargo, se les podrían agregar algunos problemas "transversales" como el poder eclesiástico o la circulación de personas en espacios de frontera. La obra hace especial énfasis en el norte de África, a donde arribaron centenares de cautivos de diferentes procedencias durante el periodo mencionado. El panorama permite aludir a un universo social amplio de donde emergen paulatinamente españoles, otomanos, musulma-nes, africanos, piratas, comerciantes, miembros de las órdenes religio-sas, entre otros. Lo anterior muestra la complejidad del colectivo social estudiado, y permite distinguir entre sectores específicos como el de los cautivos, los captores, los maestros de barcos o quienes participaron en los procesos de negociación de la libertad de algunos esclavos.
It is well known that the Spanish third person plural of -er and -ir verbs has two different pret... more It is well known that the Spanish third person plural of -er and -ir verbs has two different preterite endings: primary -ieron, and the variant -eron, which appears after stem-final -j, e.g., dijeron, trajeron, tradujeron, etc., and that -eron arose from -ieron through absorption of the semiconsonant [j] into the Old Spanish stem-final palatal -x [ʃ], e.g., dixieron > dixeron. What is not so well known is that OSp. dixiemos, dixiestes, like dixieron > dixeron, likewise reduced to dixemos, dixestes, but unlike dixeron, did not survive. It is also to date unknown that the reduction of -ieron > -eron occurred in other grammatical categories, e.g., OSp. cogieron > cogeron, before reverting to -ieron. The present study will show when -eron first arose and became the predominant variant of the two after -x, the extent to which it arose in other grammatical categories, and will explain why vertical vocalic symmetry between OSp. dixiemos, dixiestes, dixieron, later dixemos, dixe...
A lo largo de la historia del español, varios sustantivos han vacilado entre un género y otro, po... more A lo largo de la historia del español, varios sustantivos han vacilado entre un género y otro, por ejemplo, amor, honor, calor, y color, mientras que otros han cambiado de género por completo, por ejemplo, labor y sal cambiaron de masculino a femenino, mientras que árbol, origen y valle cambiaron de femenino a masculino, y arte cambió de femenino a masculino solo en singular. El presente artículo tratará el sustantivo español árbol y: (1) mostrará el grado en que árbol apareció como masculino y femenino tanto en singular como en plural en español antiguo y cuándo el cambio a masculino fue completo tanto en singular como en plural; (2) considerará las diversas hipótesis que se han propuesto para explicar este cambio; y (3) analizará las formas del Lat. ARBO˘R en algunas lenguas románicas dentro de un contexto morfosintáctico y revelará cómo la estructura de estos sintagmas explica el cambio o mantenimiento de género en cada caso.
The indirect object duplicate constructions of Spanish have posed many problems for specialists o... more The indirect object duplicate constructions of Spanish have posed many problems for specialists of Spanish syntactic analysis. No satisfactory explanation for their genesis, development, and continued existence has been adduced. It became clear to me that only a diachronic analysis of these structures would satisfactorily furnish an explanation. Another methodological problem of previous studies has been the limited scope of the analyses. None has gone beyond the sentence. I found it necessary to examine the surrounding context of these duplicate constructions, in addition to the constructions themselves, in order to underst and better the function they served throughout their development. What could not be seen from a synchronic perspective was revealed from historical analysis. Synchronically, the duplicate constructions are analyzable as the addition of the tonic pronoun phrase to the indispensable atonic pronoun. But, diachronically, the atonic, was in fact added to the tonic pr...
In the following pronominal paradigm of Modern Spanish a notable asymmetry exists between the 1st... more In the following pronominal paradigm of Modern Spanish a notable asymmetry exists between the 1st and 2nd person plurals, and all the other forms: conmigo con nosotros contigo con vosotros consigo consigo When compared to the equivalent Old Spanish paradigm, the asymmetry of Modern Spanish becomes even more apparent: conmigo connusco contigo convusco consigo consigo What happened to OSp. connusco, convusco} Though their entrance into Old Spanish has been studied, the details of their development and exit from the Spanish language have, to the best of my knowledge, not been explained. Perhaps this question has not been pursued since it seemed to have a simple answer: OSp. connusco, convusco were re placed by con nos > con nosotros, con vos > con vosotros by analogy to the use of con plus other tonic pronouns, e.g., con ?l, con ella, etc. However, the fact that in Standard Castilian conmigo, contigo, consigo have remained in the singular and have not been re placed by con mi, co...
Daniel Hershenzon nos ofrece una sugestiva mirada sobre las interac-ciones en el Mediterráneo mod... more Daniel Hershenzon nos ofrece una sugestiva mirada sobre las interac-ciones en el Mediterráneo moderno, o más precisamente, entre finales del siglo XVI y principios del siglo XVII. El eje del texto lo constituyen tres temas: la esclavitud ("cautividad"); la comunicación; y el comer-cio, a los que, sin embargo, se les podrían agregar algunos problemas "transversales" como el poder eclesiástico o la circulación de personas en espacios de frontera. La obra hace especial énfasis en el norte de África, a donde arribaron centenares de cautivos de diferentes procedencias durante el periodo mencionado. El panorama permite aludir a un universo social amplio de donde emergen paulatinamente españoles, otomanos, musulma-nes, africanos, piratas, comerciantes, miembros de las órdenes religio-sas, entre otros. Lo anterior muestra la complejidad del colectivo social estudiado, y permite distinguir entre sectores específicos como el de los cautivos, los captores, los maestros de barcos o quienes participaron en los procesos de negociación de la libertad de algunos esclavos.
It is well known that the Spanish third person plural of -er and -ir verbs has two different pret... more It is well known that the Spanish third person plural of -er and -ir verbs has two different preterite endings: primary -ieron, and the variant -eron, which appears after stem-final -j, e.g., dijeron, trajeron, tradujeron, etc., and that -eron arose from -ieron through absorption of the semiconsonant [j] into the Old Spanish stem-final palatal -x [ʃ], e.g., dixieron > dixeron. What is not so well known is that OSp. dixiemos, dixiestes, like dixieron > dixeron, likewise reduced to dixemos, dixestes, but unlike dixeron, did not survive. It is also to date unknown that the reduction of -ieron > -eron occurred in other grammatical categories, e.g., OSp. cogieron > cogeron, before reverting to -ieron. The present study will show when -eron first arose and became the predominant variant of the two after -x, the extent to which it arose in other grammatical categories, and will explain why vertical vocalic symmetry between OSp. dixiemos, dixiestes, dixieron, later dixemos, dixe...
A lo largo de la historia del español, varios sustantivos han vacilado entre un género y otro, po... more A lo largo de la historia del español, varios sustantivos han vacilado entre un género y otro, por ejemplo, amor, honor, calor, y color, mientras que otros han cambiado de género por completo, por ejemplo, labor y sal cambiaron de masculino a femenino, mientras que árbol, origen y valle cambiaron de femenino a masculino, y arte cambió de femenino a masculino solo en singular. El presente artículo tratará el sustantivo español árbol y: (1) mostrará el grado en que árbol apareció como masculino y femenino tanto en singular como en plural en español antiguo y cuándo el cambio a masculino fue completo tanto en singular como en plural; (2) considerará las diversas hipótesis que se han propuesto para explicar este cambio; y (3) analizará las formas del Lat. ARBO˘R en algunas lenguas románicas dentro de un contexto morfosintáctico y revelará cómo la estructura de estos sintagmas explica el cambio o mantenimiento de género en cada caso.
The indirect object duplicate constructions of Spanish have posed many problems for specialists o... more The indirect object duplicate constructions of Spanish have posed many problems for specialists of Spanish syntactic analysis. No satisfactory explanation for their genesis, development, and continued existence has been adduced. It became clear to me that only a diachronic analysis of these structures would satisfactorily furnish an explanation. Another methodological problem of previous studies has been the limited scope of the analyses. None has gone beyond the sentence. I found it necessary to examine the surrounding context of these duplicate constructions, in addition to the constructions themselves, in order to underst and better the function they served throughout their development. What could not be seen from a synchronic perspective was revealed from historical analysis. Synchronically, the duplicate constructions are analyzable as the addition of the tonic pronoun phrase to the indispensable atonic pronoun. But, diachronically, the atonic, was in fact added to the tonic pr...
In the following pronominal paradigm of Modern Spanish a notable asymmetry exists between the 1st... more In the following pronominal paradigm of Modern Spanish a notable asymmetry exists between the 1st and 2nd person plurals, and all the other forms: conmigo con nosotros contigo con vosotros consigo consigo When compared to the equivalent Old Spanish paradigm, the asymmetry of Modern Spanish becomes even more apparent: conmigo connusco contigo convusco consigo consigo What happened to OSp. connusco, convusco} Though their entrance into Old Spanish has been studied, the details of their development and exit from the Spanish language have, to the best of my knowledge, not been explained. Perhaps this question has not been pursued since it seemed to have a simple answer: OSp. connusco, convusco were re placed by con nos > con nosotros, con vos > con vosotros by analogy to the use of con plus other tonic pronouns, e.g., con ?l, con ella, etc. However, the fact that in Standard Castilian conmigo, contigo, consigo have remained in the singular and have not been re placed by con mi, co...
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