Abstract The strength of mid-southern latitude westerly atmospheric circulation plays an importan... more Abstract The strength of mid-southern latitude westerly atmospheric circulation plays an important role in global climate. Due to a lack of long, continuous, high-resolution paleoclimate archives from mid-southern latitudes, it remains unclear what factors control changes in its intensity and how past changes affected the climates of landmasses in their path. Here we show growth rate and stable isotope (δ 18 O, δ 13 C) profiles from a South Island, New Zealand, stalagmite (HW3) that permit centennial-scale investigation of ...
We report on Holocene surface-level variations of Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, as determined from mu... more We report on Holocene surface-level variations of Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, as determined from multi-proxy analyses of 18 sediment cores. During this time accumulating sediments were predominantly aeolian sand with algal and carbonate laminae. Based on stratigraphy, mineralogy and diatom assemblages we suggest some carbonate laminae were deposited when lake level dropped, leading to concentration and subsequent precipitation of salts. Although lake level appears to have remained relatively stable throughout the Holocene, minor (<4.5 m below present) lowstands occurred at approximately 6400, 4700, 3800 and ~ 1600 cal. yr BP. The stability of Lake Fryxell during the Holocene contrasts with large-scale variability at other Dry Valleys lakes (eg, Lake Vanda) and with suggestions from chemical diffusion models of a near-desiccation at ~1200 cal. yr BP. The reason for the comparative stability of Lake Fryxell is uncertain, but may be the result of basin morphology and the number, aspec...
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
Lakes are &#39;hotspots&#39; for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily carbon dioxide... more Lakes are &#39;hotspots&#39; for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4). Understanding the processes regulating GHG emissions from lakes, and their temporal variability, is essential for more accurately quantifying the role of lakes in global GHG cycles. In this study, we identified the processes that affect CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations in a small (0.3 km 2) eutrophic monomictic lake (Okaro, New Zealand). A mass balance model was used to calculate changes in CO 2 and CH 4 storage in the lake as a result of internal cycling and atmospheric fluxes. To support model computations, CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations profiles were measured monthly over a one-year period, in addition to temperature, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a. Annually, Lake Okaro acted as a sink of CO 2 from the atmosphere (425.4 mmol CO 2 m −2 y −1) and a source of CH 4 (553.4 mmol CH 4 m −2 y −1) equating to a net GHG emission (diffusive fluxes of CO 2 and CH 4 combined) of 0.22 kg CO 2-eq m −2 y −1. Although it may be viewed as conservative and applies only to diffusive fluxes, our study indicates that eutrophic lakes with high rates of primary production may act as a net source of GHGs. ..........................................................................................................................
The radiocarbon dating laboratory at Waikato was established in 1975, primarily as a research too... more The radiocarbon dating laboratory at Waikato was established in 1975, primarily as a research tool in the fields of geomorphology, volcanology, tephrostratigraphy, coastal studies, and paleolimnology, to cope with the increasing supply of late Quaternary lake sediment, wood, peat, and shell samples submitted by University staff and postgraduate students undertaking research in the North Island of New Zealand. The method employed is scintillation counting of benzene using the procedures and vacuum systems designed by H A Polach for the Australian National University (ANU) Radiocarbon Dating Research Laboratory (Hogg, 1982). This date list reports on samples submitted by University of Waikato researchers and assayed in the Waikato laboratory mainly between 1979 and 1985. Other dates on material submitted by individuals working in other organizations in New Zealand, and overseas, are to be reported later.
Geografiska Annaler Series a Physical Geography, 2000
ABSTRACT Four glacial drifts are exposed in eastern Taylor Valley and on Cape Bernacchi on the we... more ABSTRACT Four glacial drifts are exposed in eastern Taylor Valley and on Cape Bernacchi on the western side of McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica: Alpine I, Ross Sea, Wilson, and Bonney drifts. Bonney drift is the oldest, underlying Ross Sea drift near Canada Glacier. Ross Sea and Wilson drifts are contemporaneous. Alpine I drift is the youngest, overlying and commonly composed of reworked older deposits. Ross Sea drift extends to 350 m elevation at the Hjorth Hill moraine at the mouth of Taylor Valley. The slope of the moraine, as well as the areal extent of the drift, indicates that Ross Sea drift was deposited by a thick lobe of westward-flowing ice grounded in Explorers Cove. This ice lobe blocked the mouth of Taylor Valley and dammed Glacial Lake Washburn. Relict deltas and shore-lines extend up to 336 m elevation and mark the former level of the lake. A lake-ice conveyor, similar to that now operating on Trough Lake 100 km south of Taylor Valley, transported Ross Sea drift from the ice lobe westward across Glacial Lake Washburn. Kenyte erratics in Ross Sea drift indicate that the ice lobe grounded in Explorers Cove was fed by ice from a flow line that extended around Cape Bird, across western Ross Island, and across McMurdo Sound before terminating in the mouth of Taylor Valley. Overall, the extent of Ross Sea drift, as well as the elevation and slope of its moraines, and the presence of kenyte erratics, all suggest that a large grounded ice sheet existed in the Ross Sea Embayment during the deposition of Ross Sea drift in Taylor Valley. This ice sheet formed during advance of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet across the Ross Sea continental shelf at the last glacial maximum and has implications for the contribution of Antarctica to global sea-level change at that time. The areal extent of Wilson drift, as well as former ice-flow directions inferred from striated and glacially molded bedrock, both indicate that the Wilson Piedmont Glacier deposited Wilson drift during a seaward advance over Marble and Gneiss Points. The piedmont glacier merged with the Ross Sea ice lobe on Cape Bernacchi and Hjorth Hill. Alpine I drift relates to the modern advance of alpine and outlet glaciers. Bonney drift represents an advance of Taylor Glacier during the penultimate interglaciation 70,000–120,000 yr bp.
In Supplement to Nelson Campbell S Cooke Penepole J Hendy Chris H Cuthbertson Alison M Oceanographic and Climatic Changes Over the Past 160 000 Years at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 594 Off Southwestern New Zealand Southwest Pacific Ocean Paleoceanography 8 435 458 Doi 10 1029 93pa01162, Nov 9, 1993
Geografiska Annaler Series a Physical Geography, 2000
1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LamontDoherty Earth Observatory of Columbia Uni... more 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LamontDoherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA 2Department of Chemistry, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand 3Department of Geological Sciences and Institute for Quaternary Studies, ...
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 1992
Analyses by mass spectrometry of carbon/oxygen isotope compositions of lapilli and sagittal otoli... more Analyses by mass spectrometry of carbon/oxygen isotope compositions of lapilli and sagittal otoliths in the catadromous New Zealand mullet Mugil cephalus permit us to draw the following conclusions: 1. 1. Information on the type of aquatic environment a larval fish has ...
ABSTRACT Late Quaternary and Holocene raised coral reefs are well developed in southwestern Errom... more ABSTRACT Late Quaternary and Holocene raised coral reefs are well developed in southwestern Erromango Island, which lies in the frontal arc area of the Vanuatuan Island Arc. Eight uranium series ages and one ¹â´C age from samples from coral reefs at three localities range in age from 4800 B.P. to about 320,000 B.P. Six of the samples dated are from the Matiwo Point area. Here the youngest reef has given a ²³°Th/²³â´U age of 4800 B.P. and a slightly older reef, 4.3 m higher in elevation, has a ¹â´C age of 5270 B.P. Inland of a cliff the youngest three of four northeastward-tilted raised reefs have given ²³°Th/²³â´U ages ranging from 104,000 B.P. to about 320,000 B.P. These data indicate accelerating uplift rates for southwest Erromango: during the periods 320,000-133,000 B.P., 133,000-6000 B.P., and 6000 - 0 B.P. average uplift rates were 0.33 mm/yr, 0.65 mm/yr, and about 1 mm/yr respectively. These data are interpreted to indicate the growth of the Mid Sedimentary Basin, which lies within the frontal and volcanic arc part of the island arc complex. This increase in uplift/eastward-tilting could represent a Quaternary-Late Pleistocene increase in the subduction rate of the Australian Plate beneath Erromango.
Abstract The strength of mid-southern latitude westerly atmospheric circulation plays an importan... more Abstract The strength of mid-southern latitude westerly atmospheric circulation plays an important role in global climate. Due to a lack of long, continuous, high-resolution paleoclimate archives from mid-southern latitudes, it remains unclear what factors control changes in its intensity and how past changes affected the climates of landmasses in their path. Here we show growth rate and stable isotope (δ 18 O, δ 13 C) profiles from a South Island, New Zealand, stalagmite (HW3) that permit centennial-scale investigation of ...
We report on Holocene surface-level variations of Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, as determined from mu... more We report on Holocene surface-level variations of Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, as determined from multi-proxy analyses of 18 sediment cores. During this time accumulating sediments were predominantly aeolian sand with algal and carbonate laminae. Based on stratigraphy, mineralogy and diatom assemblages we suggest some carbonate laminae were deposited when lake level dropped, leading to concentration and subsequent precipitation of salts. Although lake level appears to have remained relatively stable throughout the Holocene, minor (<4.5 m below present) lowstands occurred at approximately 6400, 4700, 3800 and ~ 1600 cal. yr BP. The stability of Lake Fryxell during the Holocene contrasts with large-scale variability at other Dry Valleys lakes (eg, Lake Vanda) and with suggestions from chemical diffusion models of a near-desiccation at ~1200 cal. yr BP. The reason for the comparative stability of Lake Fryxell is uncertain, but may be the result of basin morphology and the number, aspec...
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
Lakes are &#39;hotspots&#39; for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily carbon dioxide... more Lakes are &#39;hotspots&#39; for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4). Understanding the processes regulating GHG emissions from lakes, and their temporal variability, is essential for more accurately quantifying the role of lakes in global GHG cycles. In this study, we identified the processes that affect CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations in a small (0.3 km 2) eutrophic monomictic lake (Okaro, New Zealand). A mass balance model was used to calculate changes in CO 2 and CH 4 storage in the lake as a result of internal cycling and atmospheric fluxes. To support model computations, CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations profiles were measured monthly over a one-year period, in addition to temperature, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a. Annually, Lake Okaro acted as a sink of CO 2 from the atmosphere (425.4 mmol CO 2 m −2 y −1) and a source of CH 4 (553.4 mmol CH 4 m −2 y −1) equating to a net GHG emission (diffusive fluxes of CO 2 and CH 4 combined) of 0.22 kg CO 2-eq m −2 y −1. Although it may be viewed as conservative and applies only to diffusive fluxes, our study indicates that eutrophic lakes with high rates of primary production may act as a net source of GHGs. ..........................................................................................................................
The radiocarbon dating laboratory at Waikato was established in 1975, primarily as a research too... more The radiocarbon dating laboratory at Waikato was established in 1975, primarily as a research tool in the fields of geomorphology, volcanology, tephrostratigraphy, coastal studies, and paleolimnology, to cope with the increasing supply of late Quaternary lake sediment, wood, peat, and shell samples submitted by University staff and postgraduate students undertaking research in the North Island of New Zealand. The method employed is scintillation counting of benzene using the procedures and vacuum systems designed by H A Polach for the Australian National University (ANU) Radiocarbon Dating Research Laboratory (Hogg, 1982). This date list reports on samples submitted by University of Waikato researchers and assayed in the Waikato laboratory mainly between 1979 and 1985. Other dates on material submitted by individuals working in other organizations in New Zealand, and overseas, are to be reported later.
Geografiska Annaler Series a Physical Geography, 2000
ABSTRACT Four glacial drifts are exposed in eastern Taylor Valley and on Cape Bernacchi on the we... more ABSTRACT Four glacial drifts are exposed in eastern Taylor Valley and on Cape Bernacchi on the western side of McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica: Alpine I, Ross Sea, Wilson, and Bonney drifts. Bonney drift is the oldest, underlying Ross Sea drift near Canada Glacier. Ross Sea and Wilson drifts are contemporaneous. Alpine I drift is the youngest, overlying and commonly composed of reworked older deposits. Ross Sea drift extends to 350 m elevation at the Hjorth Hill moraine at the mouth of Taylor Valley. The slope of the moraine, as well as the areal extent of the drift, indicates that Ross Sea drift was deposited by a thick lobe of westward-flowing ice grounded in Explorers Cove. This ice lobe blocked the mouth of Taylor Valley and dammed Glacial Lake Washburn. Relict deltas and shore-lines extend up to 336 m elevation and mark the former level of the lake. A lake-ice conveyor, similar to that now operating on Trough Lake 100 km south of Taylor Valley, transported Ross Sea drift from the ice lobe westward across Glacial Lake Washburn. Kenyte erratics in Ross Sea drift indicate that the ice lobe grounded in Explorers Cove was fed by ice from a flow line that extended around Cape Bird, across western Ross Island, and across McMurdo Sound before terminating in the mouth of Taylor Valley. Overall, the extent of Ross Sea drift, as well as the elevation and slope of its moraines, and the presence of kenyte erratics, all suggest that a large grounded ice sheet existed in the Ross Sea Embayment during the deposition of Ross Sea drift in Taylor Valley. This ice sheet formed during advance of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet across the Ross Sea continental shelf at the last glacial maximum and has implications for the contribution of Antarctica to global sea-level change at that time. The areal extent of Wilson drift, as well as former ice-flow directions inferred from striated and glacially molded bedrock, both indicate that the Wilson Piedmont Glacier deposited Wilson drift during a seaward advance over Marble and Gneiss Points. The piedmont glacier merged with the Ross Sea ice lobe on Cape Bernacchi and Hjorth Hill. Alpine I drift relates to the modern advance of alpine and outlet glaciers. Bonney drift represents an advance of Taylor Glacier during the penultimate interglaciation 70,000–120,000 yr bp.
In Supplement to Nelson Campbell S Cooke Penepole J Hendy Chris H Cuthbertson Alison M Oceanographic and Climatic Changes Over the Past 160 000 Years at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 594 Off Southwestern New Zealand Southwest Pacific Ocean Paleoceanography 8 435 458 Doi 10 1029 93pa01162, Nov 9, 1993
Geografiska Annaler Series a Physical Geography, 2000
1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LamontDoherty Earth Observatory of Columbia Uni... more 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LamontDoherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA 2Department of Chemistry, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand 3Department of Geological Sciences and Institute for Quaternary Studies, ...
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 1992
Analyses by mass spectrometry of carbon/oxygen isotope compositions of lapilli and sagittal otoli... more Analyses by mass spectrometry of carbon/oxygen isotope compositions of lapilli and sagittal otoliths in the catadromous New Zealand mullet Mugil cephalus permit us to draw the following conclusions: 1. 1. Information on the type of aquatic environment a larval fish has ...
ABSTRACT Late Quaternary and Holocene raised coral reefs are well developed in southwestern Errom... more ABSTRACT Late Quaternary and Holocene raised coral reefs are well developed in southwestern Erromango Island, which lies in the frontal arc area of the Vanuatuan Island Arc. Eight uranium series ages and one ¹â´C age from samples from coral reefs at three localities range in age from 4800 B.P. to about 320,000 B.P. Six of the samples dated are from the Matiwo Point area. Here the youngest reef has given a ²³°Th/²³â´U age of 4800 B.P. and a slightly older reef, 4.3 m higher in elevation, has a ¹â´C age of 5270 B.P. Inland of a cliff the youngest three of four northeastward-tilted raised reefs have given ²³°Th/²³â´U ages ranging from 104,000 B.P. to about 320,000 B.P. These data indicate accelerating uplift rates for southwest Erromango: during the periods 320,000-133,000 B.P., 133,000-6000 B.P., and 6000 - 0 B.P. average uplift rates were 0.33 mm/yr, 0.65 mm/yr, and about 1 mm/yr respectively. These data are interpreted to indicate the growth of the Mid Sedimentary Basin, which lies within the frontal and volcanic arc part of the island arc complex. This increase in uplift/eastward-tilting could represent a Quaternary-Late Pleistocene increase in the subduction rate of the Australian Plate beneath Erromango.
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