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Article

Cross-Sectional Survey of Antibiotic Resistance in Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Pigs in Greece

1
Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany
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InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Faculty of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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INTER-ARRAY by fzmb GmbH, 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany
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Faculty of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Luisa De Martino
Animals 2022, 12(12), 1560; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121560
Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 11 June 2022 / Accepted: 12 June 2022 / Published: 16 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porcine Herd Health Management)
The objective of this study was to investigate, for the first time in Greece, the prevalence of ESBL producers in swine populations and to correlate their occurrence with risk factors. A total of 214 fecal samples were collected from the farms from December 2019 to April 2021. A subset of 78 (78/214, 36.5%) ESBL producers were identified as Escherichia coli (E. coli, 88.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae spp. pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae, 3.8%), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis, 5.1%), Enterobacter cloacae complex (E. cloacae complex, 1.3%) and Salmonella enterica spp. diarizonae (S. enterica spp. diarizonae, 1.3%). CTX-M, SHV and TEM genes were detected along with genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides and colistin. This study displayed high antimicrobial resistance rates in the Greek swine industry, and our results are alarming for both human and animal health.
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing (ESBL) bacteria in swine. Thus, 214 fecal samples were collected from suckling and weaned piglets from 34 farms in Greece (out of an overall population of about 14,300 sows). A subset of 78 (36.5%) ESBL producers were identified as E. coli (69/78, 88.5%), K. pneumoniae spp. pneumoniae (3.8%), P. mirabilis (5.1%), E. cloacae complex (1.3%) and S. enterica spp. diarizonae (1.3%). Resistance to at least one class of non-β-lactam antibiotics was detected in 78 isolates. Among the E. coli strains, resistance was identified with regard to aminoglycosides (n = 31), fluoroquinolones (n = 49), tetracycline (n = 26) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (n = 46). Of the three K. pneumoniae spp. pneumoniae, two displayed resistances to aminoglycosides and all were resistant to fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. As for the four P. mirabilis isolates, three had a resistant phenotype for aminoglycosides and all were resistant to imipenem, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Molecular characterization of the isolates revealed the presence of CTX-M, SHV and TEM genes, as well as of genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, macrolides and colistin. High levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were demonstrated in Greek swine herds posing a concern for the efficacy of treatments at the farm level as well as for public health. View Full-Text
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; pigs; ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae; multidrug resistance genes; Greece antimicrobial resistance; pigs; ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae; multidrug resistance genes; Greece
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MDPI and ACS Style

Tsekouras, N.; Athanasakopoulou, Z.; Diezel, C.; Kostoulas, P.; Braun, S.D.; Sofia, M.; Monecke, S.; Ehricht, R.; Chatzopoulos, D.C.; Gary, D.; Krähmer, D.; Spyrou, V.; Christodoulopoulos, G.; Billinis, C.; Papatsiros, V.G. Cross-Sectional Survey of Antibiotic Resistance in Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Pigs in Greece. Animals 2022, 12, 1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121560

AMA Style

Tsekouras N, Athanasakopoulou Z, Diezel C, Kostoulas P, Braun SD, Sofia M, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Chatzopoulos DC, Gary D, Krähmer D, Spyrou V, Christodoulopoulos G, Billinis C, Papatsiros VG. Cross-Sectional Survey of Antibiotic Resistance in Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Pigs in Greece. Animals. 2022; 12(12):1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121560

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tsekouras, Nikolaos, Zoi Athanasakopoulou, Celia Diezel, Polychronis Kostoulas, Sascha D. Braun, Marina Sofia, Stefan Monecke, Ralf Ehricht, Dimitris C. Chatzopoulos, Dominik Gary, Domenique Krähmer, Vassiliki Spyrou, Georgios Christodoulopoulos, Charalambos Billinis, and Vasileios G. Papatsiros. 2022. "Cross-Sectional Survey of Antibiotic Resistance in Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Pigs in Greece" Animals 12, no. 12: 1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121560

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