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Article

Discovery and Biology of Spathius verustus Chao (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Potential Biological Agent on Two Monochamus Vectors of the Pinewood Nematode

1
Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon 11186, Korea
2
College of Forest and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
3
Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
4
Research Planning and Coordination Team, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon 11186, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Young-Seuk Park
Forests 2022, 13(6), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13060955
Received: 19 April 2022 / Revised: 13 June 2022 / Accepted: 14 June 2022 / Published: 18 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Forest Pests and Diseases)
Pine wilt disease in Korea can be managed by reducing vector density through chemical application. To reduce the side effects from pesticides, effective natural enemies must be identified and used to reduce the vectors’ natural density. Sentinel logs were used to investigate a parasitoid wasp parasitic to Monochamus alternatus and Monochamus saltuarius, the vectors of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which causes this disease. During 2016–2017, the parasitoid wasps distributed in the Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis forests were surveyed using sentinel logs at six different areas. An ectoparasitoid wasp Spathius verustus Chao of M. alternatus and M. saltuarius was identified. We showed for the first time that S. verustus was parasitic to M. alternatus in South Korea and to M. saltuarius worldwide. The parasitism rates were affected by region and session but not by the sentinel log height in the tree and the distances between the trap and forest edge locations. Studies also showed that S. verustus appeared to prefer M. alternatus to M. saltuarius as a host. This study unveiled the ecological details of S. verustus. Further research on various environmental factors such as regional differences, host density differences, and the degree of damage from the pine wilt disease is required to understand the effects of environmental or ecological factors on parasitism rates. View Full-Text
Keywords: biological control agent; ectoparasitoid; Braconidae; Monochamus vector; pine wilt disease; parasitism rate biological control agent; ectoparasitoid; Braconidae; Monochamus vector; pine wilt disease; parasitism rate
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MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, M.-S.; Jung, J.-K.; Hong, K.-J.; Kim, C.-J.; Lee, B.-W.; Kim, I.-K. Discovery and Biology of Spathius verustus Chao (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Potential Biological Agent on Two Monochamus Vectors of the Pinewood Nematode. Forests 2022, 13, 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13060955

AMA Style

Kim M-S, Jung J-K, Hong K-J, Kim C-J, Lee B-W, Kim I-K. Discovery and Biology of Spathius verustus Chao (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Potential Biological Agent on Two Monochamus Vectors of the Pinewood Nematode. Forests. 2022; 13(6):955. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13060955

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Moo-Sung, Jong-Kook Jung, Ki-Jeong Hong, Chang-Jun Kim, Bong-Woo Lee, and Il-Kwon Kim. 2022. "Discovery and Biology of Spathius verustus Chao (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Potential Biological Agent on Two Monochamus Vectors of the Pinewood Nematode" Forests 13, no. 6: 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13060955

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