Alloys

Carbide-free bainitic steels show attractive mechanical properties but are difficult to process because of the sluggish phase transformation kinetics. A macroscopic model based on the classical nucleation theory in conjunction with the modified Koistinen–Marburger relationship is proposed in this study to simulate the kinetics of incomplete bainitic and martensitic phase transformations with and without austenite deformation. A 0.26C-1Si-1.5Mn-1Cr-1Ni-0.003B-0.03Ti steel and a 0.18C-1Si-2.5Mn-0.2Cr-0.2Ni-0.02B-0.03Ti steel were investigated with different levels of ausforming. The concept of ausforming is expected to accelerate the onset of the bainitic transformation and to enhance the thermodynamic stability of austenite by increased dislocation density. The phase transformation kinetics of both steels is quantitatively analyzed in the study by dilatometry and X-ray diffraction so that the carbon concentration in the retained austenite and bainitic ferrite, as well as their volume fractions, is determined. A critical comparison of the numerical and experimental data demonstrates that the isothermal kinetics of bainite formation and the variation of driving energy can be satisfactorily described by the developed model. This model captures the incompleteness of the bainite phase transformation and the carbon enrichment in the austenite well. A fitting parameter can be used to elucidate the initial energy barrier caused by the ausforming. An increase in austenite stability can be described by the nucleation reaction and the thermodynamic energies associated with the change of dislocation density. The proposed model provides an in-depth understanding of the effect of ausforming on the transformation kinetics under different low-carbon steels and is a potential tool for the future design of heat treatment processes and alloys. Full article