Molecular genetics changes in gallbladder carcinoma

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is the fifth most common cancer of gastrointestinal tract with higher preponderance in women. This tumor is a highly aggressive disease with an overall 5-year survival of <5%. The disease presents in advanced stages where the treatment is ineffective. Different causative factors are documented to be linked with GBC pathogenesis such as environmental, microbial, metabolic, and molecular. One of the most important causing factors is molecular genetic alterations which are associated with GBC. Genetic mutations can be germline or somatic that involving proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle, and growth factors. Several researches have been done to identify altered genes responsible for gallbladder carcinogenesis but the exact mechanism behind molecular pathogenesis still needs to be spread out. In this review, we summarized some of the important genetic changes reported in GBC to date that can be explored to achieve better understanding in ga...