ECOTOURISM

EDMOND KOOMSON

ECOTOURISM

Ecotourism helps to conserve the environment and it resources and increase diversity of plants and animals. As local communities begin to see their natural resources as sources of tourist income, the communities may work harder to protect those resources...Read more

WHAT IS ECOTOURISM? Ecotourism is a purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and the natural history of the environment; taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem; producing economic opportunities that make the conservation of the natural resources beneficial to the local people (Ross, S., and G. Wall, 1999). Ecotourism is a form of environmental friendly tourism that fosters learning experiences and appreciation of the natural environment, or some component thereof, within its associated cultural context, it is managed in accordance with industry best practice to attain environmentally and socio-culturally sustainable outcomes as well as financial viability (Weaver, 2008). The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) also defines ecotourism as a sustainable tour in natural ecosystem communities that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people. Where sustainable tour is the one that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future tourists. ADVANTAGES OF ECOTOURISM Ecotourism helps to conserve the environment and it resources and increase diversity of plants and animals. As local communities begin to see their natural resources as sources of tourist income, the communities may work harder to protect those resources. In many cases, locals find work as tour guides and discover that their jobs depend on their effort to conserve local natural resources. This will encourage locals to really conserve the natural resources because once those resources cease to exist, there will be unemployment. Therefore, it is an activity which promotes employment as well as preservation of biodiversity. And as ecotourism provides employment, migration which put pressure on other area’s resources is minimized. Also, ecotourism serves as a source of income to inhabitants of tourist sites. By participating in ecotourism activities such as guiding, providing camel rides and food services, hotels and guest houses, local people can earn supplementary income while at the same time ensuring the conservation of biodiversity. A 2003 study of Costa Rican communities found that once ecotourism has boosted an economy, people stop cutting trees because they are simply too busy

KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE FACULTY OF BIOSCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE NAME : KOOMSON EDMO YEAR : 4 COURSE: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DATE : 10-10-2014 QUESTION: What is ecotourism? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of ecotourism. WHAT IS ECOTOURISM? Ecotourism is a purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and the natural history of the environment; taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem; producing economic opportunities that make the conservation of the natural resources beneficial to the local people (Ross, S., and G. Wall, 1999). Ecotourism is a form of environmental friendly tourism that fosters learning experiences and appreciation of the natural environment, or some component thereof, within its associated cultural context, it is managed in accordance with industry best practice to attain environmentally and socio-culturally sustainable outcomes as well as financial viability (Weaver, 2008). The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) also defines ecotourism as a sustainable tour in natural ecosystem communities that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people. Where sustainable tour is the one that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future tourists. ADVANTAGES OF ECOTOURISM Ecotourism helps to conserve the environment and it resources and increase diversity of plants and animals. As local communities begin to see their natural resources as sources of tourist income, the communities may work harder to protect those resources. In many cases, locals find work as tour guides and discover that their jobs depend on their effort to conserve local natural resources. This will encourage locals to really conserve the natural resources because once those resources cease to exist, there will be unemployment. Therefore, it is an activity which promotes employment as well as preservation of biodiversity. And as ecotourism provides employment, migration which put pressure on other area’s resources is minimized. Also, ecotourism serves as a source of income to inhabitants of tourist sites. By participating in ecotourism activities such as guiding, providing camel rides and food services, hotels and guest houses, local people can earn supplementary income while at the same time ensuring the conservation of biodiversity. A 2003 study of Costa Rican communities found that once ecotourism has boosted an economy, people stop cutting trees because they are simply too busy making money from ecotourism (Caroline J. Stem et al; 2003). The income derived from the arrival of tourists, can help maintain the natural resource or site and improve local infrastructure and services such as public transportation, shops, medical services and schools. DISADVANTAGES Tourists generate waste, can trample certain biological species when hiking around, and tend to drive in cars. This consumes large amounts of energy and fossil fuels, which increases carbon dioxide emissions and accelerate global warming (S. Nelson, 1999). These machines also compact the soil and affects other living organisms in the soil. Also, when the carrying capacity of the resource is exceeded, pollution and pressure on the resource increases. That is when tourists are overcrowded. This can affect the diversity of biological species. Much of the revenue from ecotourism goes to businesses that don’t contribute to preserving or improving the site. Because tourists need hotels, restaurants, and stores - a demand that leads to the development of surrounding land. In turn, this development further isolates the forest from other types of land that forest animals might use leading to loss of biodiversity and changes in the microclimate of the ecosystem (N. Rich, 1999). REFERENCE Ross, S., and G. Wall, 1999. Ecotourism: towards congruence between theory and practice. Tourism Management, 20(1): 123-132 Caroline J. Stem et al, (2003). Society and Natural resources; Community participation in ecotourism benefits. http://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/rm230/costarica/stem%20et%20al.pdf (Accessed on 1/11/2014) Weaver, D.2008.Ecotourism.Australia: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.cf. Buckley, R. 2006. Adventurous Tourism. UK: CABI. Siri Nelson (1999). Ecotourism, Evergreen State College. http://www.sitealive.com (Accessed on 02/11/2014) Niles Rich (1999). The University of New England. The Negative Effects of Ecotourism. http://www.sitealive.com (Accessed on 02/11/2014).

بادر سكان الشمال الأفريقي منذ مرحلة مُبكرة إلى تقديس مجموعة من الآلهة المُستقرة في نقط الماء والمتميزة عن غيرها بطبيعتها وخصائصها، مثل المياه الفائرة والمياه الساخنة والمياه الباردة والمياه ذات الحرارة الثابتة التي لا تتغير بتغير الفصول والمياه الكبريتية ومنابع الأنهار والبحيرات العميقة...، إلى غير ذلك من الأشكال والأنواع الدالة حسب القدماء على وُجود كيان إلهي مُعين، وجب التقرب إليه واستعطافه للوصول إلى الأغراض المُراد تحقيقها. لكن علاقة المُعتقد الروماني بالماء لم تقتصر على هذا الجانب فقط، بل تم استحضاره كمادة طقوسية أساسية في بعض المعابد الرومانية، خاصة منها تلك التي تم تشييدها لعبادة أيسكُولابيوس وابنته هيگيا، وبعل حمون / ساتورن وقرينته تانيت / كَايْلِستِيس، وحُوريات الماء. فقد تطلب الوُلُوج إلى المعبد وتقديم القرابين للآلهة التَّطهُّر بواسطة الماء، لهذا السبب وُجدت بعض التجهيزات المائية خارج أسوار المعابد وداخلها أيضا، مثل الآبار والسقايات والنافورات وهياكل حوريات الماء والحمامات. وتتميز المعابد المُشيدة خارج أسوار المدن في هذا السياق باشتمالها على منشآت استحمام خاصة بها، عكس المعابد الحضرية التي عادة ما تُشيد بجوار الحمامات العمومية [بغض النظر عن تاريخ تشييد كل منهما]، ففي بُلَّا رِيجيا عُثر على معبدين بجوار حمّام يُوليا مِيمْيَا العمومي، وفي وليلي وُجد الكابتول بمحاذاة حمَّام الكابتول العمومي، وفي جبل الوسط وُجد بالقرب من المعبد حمَّام عمومي كان يتزود بالماء انطلاقا من قناة مائية مغطاة قادمة من المنبع المُكَلوَر الصُّودِي القائظ داخل المعبد نفسه. وبالتالي صار الحَمَّام محطة ضرورية لكل راغب في وُلوج معبد من المعابد، باستثناء معبد أيسكُولابيوس في تُوبُورْبُو مَايُوس وربما أيضا بقية المعابد المُكَرَّسة له، والذي وضع قواعد خاصة به في هذا الصدد. وقد امتد طقس التطهير إلى تماثيل الآلهة نفسها، فقد أشار تيرتُوليانوس إلى قيام الناس بنقل تماثيل الرَّبتين إزيس ومِيثرَا من المنازل والمعابد إلى الحَمَّامات لغسلها بالماء وتطهيرها

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ECOTOURISM