EUROFUSION WPMST1-CP(16) 16479
A.N. Karpushov et al.
Neutral beam heating on the TCV
tokamak
Preprint of Paper to be submitted for publication in
Proceedings of 29th Symposium on Fusion Technology (SOFT
2016)
This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions
expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission.
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Neutral beam heating on the TCV tokamak
Alexander N. Karpushova, René Chavana, Stefano Codaa, Vladimir I. Davydenkob, Frédéric Dolizya,
Aleksandr N. Dranitchnikovb, Basil P. Duvala, Alexander A. Ivanovb, Damien Fasela, Ambrogio Fasolia,
Vyacheslav V. Kolmogorovb, Pierre Lavanchya, Xavier Llobeta, Blaise Marlétaza, Philippe Marmilloda, Yves Martina,
Antoine Merlea, Albert Pereza, Olivier Sautera, Ugo Siravoa, Igor V. Shikhovtsevb, Aleksey V. Sorokinb,
Matthieu Toussainta
a
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC),CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
b
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
The TCV tokamak contributes to physics understanding in fusion reactor research by harnessing a wide
experimental tool set: in particular flexible shaping and high power electron cyclotron heating. Plasma regimes with
high plasma pressure, a wider range of temperature ratios and significant fast-ion population are now attainable
with a TCV heating system upgrade. In a first stage, a 1 MW neutral beam was installed (2015) and is reported in
this paper.
The installation of the NB injector required modifications of the vacuum vessel and considerable work on the
machine infrastructure, resulting in a shutdown from late 2013 to mid-2015. TCV is now operating partly as a
European Medium-Size Tokamak (MST) facility under the auspices of the EUROfusion consortium. The NBI was
intensively operated in the February – July 2016 phase of the MST campaign. Record ion temperatures of 2.02.5 keV and toroidal rotation velocities up to 160 km/s were promptly attained in the first few L-mode discharges
with NB injection. Ion temperatures up to 3.5 keV were subsequently achieved in ELMy H-mode. The injector
produces a focused deuterium neutral beam with 25 keV energy, 1 MW neutral power and 2 s duration.
Keywords: TCV tokamak; neutral beam heating; upgrades
1. Introduction
The Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV,
RO≅0.88 m, a≤0.25 m, BT≤1.54 T) [1] is characterised by
the most extreme plasma shaping capability worldwide
(plasmas elongation κ up to 2.8, positive and negative
triangularity −0.7≤δ≤1), the highest microwave Electron
Cyclotron (EC) power density in plasma, and a high
degree of flexibility in its heating and control schemes.
Main TCV missions [2] are to contribute to the physics
basis for more efficient ITER exploitation, and
optimisation of the tokamak concept, plasma scenarios,
heating and control techniques for DEMO and beyond.
This requires access to plasma regimes and
configurations with high normalised plasma pressure and
a wide range of electron/ion temperature ratios, covering
Te/Ti~1. Implementation of preferential ion heating at
the MW power level allows the extension of Ti/Te to
beyond unity and fills the gap between predominantly
electron heated experiments and fusion reactor
conditions.
A phased upgrade program [3] is underway on TCV,
mainly consisting of adding ion heating (NB injectors),
increasing the available electron heating power (X2 and
X3 gyrotrons) and installing a divertor structure with
variable closure, equipped with gas valves, pumping
units and magnetic field coils. A neutral beam injector
(NBI), delivering 1 MW power along a tangential
(double-pass) line of sight, at energies in the 15-30 keV
range, was installed and commissioned, and provided
research results in 2016. Two 750 kW, gyrotrons were
also commissioned and integrated with three remaining
first-generation 500 kW gyrotrons, providing a projected
total of 3 MW X2 ECRH power. Two additional 1 MW
dual-frequency (X2 and X3) gyrotrons and a second,
1 MW, 50-60 keV neutral beam are planned.
The ASTRA code was used to simulate the plasma
response to combined neutral beam and EC heating in
TCV geometry [4]. With the upgraded (1.5→3.5 MW)
X3 EC system, NBH (1-2 MW) TCV could bring the
plasma close to the β-limit in H-mode (βN~2.8, an
important regime for ITER and DEMO), provide direct
momentum input to the plasma, and generate a high fast
ion fraction for studying wave-particle interaction
phenomena of interest for burning plasmas. The Te/Ti~1
condition is already met with ~1 MW of NB power with
1 MW of X3 ECH. The Te/Ti is expected to vary
between 0.5 and 3.0 in TCV’s high density (H-mode)
confinement regimes.
2. Neutral beam injector
TCV’s NBI installation was based on considerations
of beam access, shine through and orbit losses [5]. A
specific geometric arrangement of the NB injection with
the beam line at mid plane oriented tangentially relative
to the plasma axis was chosen to maximise heating
efficiency whilst satisfying machine access limits.
The basic characteristics of TCV’s NB system [5] are
listed in Table 1. The 15-30 keV beam energy is safe
with respect to orbit losses for IP≥250 kA. The
0.25...1.05 MW power, tuneable during TCV discharges,
enables studies of the plasma reaction to NBH power
variation.
The neutral beam injector design is based on a
development of the NBI for plasma heating at Budker
_______________________________________________________________________________
author’s email: alexander.karpushov@epfl.ch
INP [6]. The injector incorporates a standard positive ion
source and elements shown in Figure 1. An average
nominal current density of 0.3 A/cm2 was chosen for the
ion source [5].
Table 1: NBI characteristics.
NB injector reference scenario:
NB power injected in TCV
1 MW
Nominal beam energy
25 keV
Max. NB pulse duration
2 sec
Beam full energy fraction in power
≥70 %
NB operation domain:
Beam power range
0.25…1.05 MW
Beam energy range
15…25 keV
Beam main species
DO & HO
Power sweep response (P/(dP/dt))
≤5 ms
Full power modulation on-time
5 ms…2 sec
Minimal modulation off-time
5 ms
Modulation rise/fall time
≤0.5 ms
100% power modulation
up to 200 Hz
emission surface of the plasma grid is 224 cm2,
corresponding to a transparency of 46%.
The ion source is connected to the vacuum tank
through a DN 400 gate valve and a 700 mm length
neutraliser. Two cryo-pumps with total pumping speed
of 3×105 l/s in molecular flow regime for deuterium gas,
are used during beam formation. Each cryopump
consists of 1.6 m2 surface copper cryopanel cooled by
two coldheads (cooling capacity 2×1.5 W at 4.2 K) and a
chevron 0.83 m2 radiation shield with a transparency of
25%, cooled with liquid nitrogen.
Figure 2: NBI-TCV plasma box (A) and plasma grid (B).
Figure 1: Neutral beam injector: 1 – RF plasma source, 2 –
magnetic screen, 3 – ion-optical system, 4 – neutral beam; 5 –
adjusting device; 6 – ions source gate-valve; 7 – vacuum tank;
8 – cryopump cold head; 9 – liquid nitrogen volume; 10 –
cryo-panels, 11 – neutralizer, 12 – bending magnet, 13 –
diaphragm, 14 – ion dump for positive ions, 15 – calorimeter.
The plasma emitter is formed with up to 40 kW of
inductively coupled RF power at ~4 MHz in the plasma
box [6] (ceramic aluminium oxide chamber, 346 mm
inner diameter 120 mm long, Figure 2-A). A species mix
with full, half and 1/3 of acceleration energy of
76:17:7 % (power ratios) was measured during the beam
commissioning (see Figure 3).
A high power focused neutral beam with small
divergence was developed for the TCV device featuring
narrow access ports where only small size, high power
density beams can pass. The ballistic beam focusing is
provided by spherically shaped multi-aperture electrodes
in the ion optical system [7]. Slit apertures in the ion
optical system reduce the focused beam width in the
direction along the slits which is determined by the ion
temperature of plasma emitter. 47 mm long slits with a
step of 6 mm perpendicular to the slits are placed inside
the 250 mm diameter area (Figure 2-B). The total
Figure 3: Neutral beam energy components in power
fractions
Detectors for the beam alignment (aiming device)
and the movable calorimeter are located at the exit of the
vacuum tank. A retractable calorimeter can absorb the
full duration (2 s) beam pulse at full power (1 MW).
Neutral beam operation is overseen by an
instrumental computer (LCS) and electronic control
modules integrated into the TCV plant control system.
This system can handle a large variety of low-voltage
analog and digital input/output signals. Protection and
interlocks are implemented at the hardware level
together with several status monitors and controls. All
functions necessary for safe NBI operation are included
in the LCS that is designed to protect itself from
potentially dangerous external situations and commands.
A beam dump protection system is implemented on
TCV to protect against overheat of beam facing elements
in the area of beam-wall interaction. The combined RT
processing beam inhibit signal generated by plasma
disruption detector, a plasma density interlock and direct
pyrometric measurements of beam dump surface
temperatures are available to the NBI control system.
3. NBI optimisation and power control
NBI power control through the plasma discharge is a
powerful tool in fusion plasma studies as gradual power
ramps up/down permit the investigation of power
thresholds for particular processes; e.g. transition
between low and high confinement. The 100% ON-OFF
pulse–width modulation is successful on JET [8] as the
time taken to slowdown NB fast ions in the plasma is
relatively long (∼100 ms) compared to the beam
ON/OFF time (40 ms) and the plasma is therefore
relatively insensitive to the modulation process. JET
employs 16 independently controlled ion sources (PINIs)
to provide time averaged power with a resolution smaller
than an individual PINI increment (a similar technique is
also used on ASDEX Upgrade). In smaller machines,
with a small number of beam sources, a faster fast ion
slowdown and lower plasma confinement time (TCV,
MAST), the plasma would respond strongly to beam
modulation, so an alternative power modulation
approach is required.
As beam divergence is dependent on both beam
current and acceleration voltage (through the perveance),
ramping the ion beam current will affect the beam cross
section, and beamline transmission. The real time control
of an arc current of a high perveance MAST PINI allows
variations of the neutral beam power by ~20% with only
minimal effect on the beam footprint [9].
digital and analog control waveforms are calculated,
transmitted to the LabView LCS program, and uploaded
in the FPGA memory of PCIe LCS cards. Following
trigger reception, the beam pulse control sequence is
executed, and analog and digital control waveforms are
transmitted to NBI power supplies. Examples of the
TCV-NBI pulses with power variation and modulation
are shown in Figures 5&6.
Figure 5: “Slow” power sweep (0.23…1.05 MW) at
minimal divergence.
Figure 6: NBI power steps and modulation during NBI
commissioning on the TCV.
4. First shots with NB heating on the TCV
Figure 4: Example of the perveance scan at 24.8 keV
A neutral power variation in the range of
0.25…1.0 MW has been implemented on TCV by
simultaneous variation of RF power (plasma density in
the RF box) and extraction voltage keeping a minimal
beam divergence (optimal perveance). The optimisation
procedure for the TCV NBI was performed at several (46) extraction energies; the optimal beam currents (RF
power levels) were experimentally adjusted to minimise
the beam divergence; here, minimal divergence
(perveance scans) corresponds a minimum of the beam
width on the calorimeter (Figure 4). The voltage on the
suppression (2nd) grid and the bending magnet current
were also optimised at each power/energy level.
The desired neutral beam power vs time waveform
(P0(t)) is designed in Matlab. The binary beam ON/OFF,
beam energy, neutral and ion currents time traces are
calculated accounting for their dependencies on P0(t) in
order to retain a minimal footprint beam width. The
First experiments with NBH (Figures 7&8)
demonstrate a core plasma ion temperature in L-mode
increasing from about 600-800 eV (typical in TCV at
high density in Ohmic plasmas) to ~2 keV, in agreement
with ASTRA predictions. The plasma rotation with
1 MW NB injection reaches 150-180 km/s (CO-NBI
direction), while the typical values for spontaneous
intrinsic rotation without NBI are less than 30 km/s.
The heating neutral beam was intensively used in
TCV experiments during the period of February-July
2016, mostly in the MST1 (European Medium-Size
Tokamak) experimental program of the EUROfusion
consortium. More of 60% (20 of 33) MST1 experiments
used NB heating. ~25% of TCV discharges (579 shots)
used NB injection into plasma during this period. Beam
availability was 85-90%, with most (7-10%) faults in NB
injection in TCV related to problems with NBI control
electronics and power supplies. The total energy
delivered by the NBI into TCV was limited to ¼
(0.5 MJ) of the design value (1 MW, 2 s) due to nonoptimal angular characteristics (divergence or/and focal
length) of the beam compared to the beam duct, and the
subsequent overheating that this provoked. Resolution of
this problem is ongoing and will include a modification
of the beam duct and improved ion optics (grids).
Culham Science Centre) for useful discussions and help
with NBI operation during the EUROfusion MST1
campaign, to members of SPC-EPFL and Budker INP
teams involved in the work on manufacturing,
installation, commissioning and operation of heating
beam.
Figure 9: Ion and electron temperature profiles in the high
ELMy H-mode discharge.
Figure 7: Global parameters of the TCV plasma with NB
heating in L-mode, TCV shot 51458, 5th NBI shot in plasma.
This work was supported in part by the Swiss
National Science Foundation. This work has been carried
out within the framework of the EUROfusion
Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom
research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant
agreement No 633053. The views and opinions
expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the
European Commission.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Figure 8: Plasma radial profiles with and without NBI in Lmode; TCV shot 51458.
[5]
The TCV record ion temperature of 3.5 keV
(Figure 9) was achieved in the MST1 high confinement
ELMy H-mode experiments. NB injection on TCV
facilitates H-mode access, changes sawtooth and ELM
frequencies, and provides a significant (up to 70 kA)
plasma current drive.
With the installation of the first 1 MW neutral beam
TCV has greatly extended the range of accessible plasma
parameters that are highly relevant to tokamak
fundamental physics and machine operation studies and
will strongly contribute to the ITER and DEMO projects.
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to Manfred Sauer (ex.
Inst. fur Plasmaphys., Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH)
for participation in the NBI installation and
commissioning on TCV, to Dr. David L. Keeling and
Tim Robinson (EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association,
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