ARAN AND ADURBADAGAN IN THE 6TH CENTURY

ETHNOCULTURAL HERITAGE OF CAUCASIAN ALBANIA No. 4 BAKU 2023 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CAUCASIAN ALBANIA: RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL LIFE Baku, April 14, 2023 5 CONTENT: FOREWORD……............................................................................................................................. 9 INTRODUCTION HAJIYEVA U. Main aspects in the historical geography of Caucasian Albania …….…...............… 11 ARCHEOLOGY, NUMISMATICS MUSEYIBLI N., AKHUNDOVA G. Historical origins of ancient Albanians’ religious beliefs prior to Christianity .......................................................................................... 22 KIM JONGIL, KWON OHYOUNG, SEONG JEONGYONG, SON JAEHYUN. Absolute chronology of the Salbir site of Gabala city – the capital of Caucasian Albania .......................................................................................... 38 ALIYEV T. Albanian graves of the antique period in Kipchaktepe ……………..............……….………. 49 ALIYEV T. Sonasar tomb from the late hellenistic period in East Zangazur ……..............…...…... 59 ALIYEVA G. Ancient Сeramics of Nargizpete ……..…….............................................….……….…. 67 GADJIEV M. Aran and Adurbadagan in the 6th century …...…..….....................................……..… 73 MUSTAFAYEV L. New archaeological monuments of the Guba–Khachmaz region …..............… 82 NAJAFOV Sh., FARMANOV F. Exploring tamgas, signs and patterns on a group of Albanian cross stones (based on materials found in Gazakh, Gadabay, Dashkasan and Shamkir districts) ……........................................................................... 93 RACABLI A. , NAJAFOVA I.M., MAMMADOVA A. About the coins of the emperors Galba, Otho and Vitellius in the National Museum of History of Azerbaijan …................…… 104 7 HISTORY, SOURCE SCIENCE, ETNOLOGY, EPIGRAPHY, LINGUISTICS ASADOV F. Turkis population of Caucasian Albania: on the eve and during the period of Islamization of the country (7th–10th centuries) …................….… 114 BEKKER M. Jews in Caucasian Albania. Paths of migration ………………………..................……..….. 122 ČEPAITIENĖ R. The role of local communities in the processes of cultural heritage conservation ………………...……………………………………………….........................…………. 126 DANAKARI R. Social–historical existence of the Udi people and the present: an attempt at philosophical reconstruction ........................................................... 133 GOSHGARLY G. Pompey’s campaign and the question of the southern border of Caucasian Albania ………………………………………………………….........................…………. 142 ISMAYILOV F. Examining beliefs and convictions, architecture and toponyms in Karabagh region ................................................................................................ 145 KURANOV A. Some notes on the Udis of Caucasian Albania ……………….............…………..…..….. 151 LOLUA R. Paradigmatics of the Caucasian Albanian Alphabet ……………...............………..….……. 156 MALIKOV R. Ancient beliefs and christianity in Albania (up to the end of the 5th century) ................................................................................................. 165 PASHAYEVA M. Activity of the first Christian Missionaries in Caucasian Albanian ..................… 176 SAFAROV R. Situation of the Albanian Church in times of foreign encroachment …..............…. 183 SEYIDOVA G. Caucasian Albanian and ancient Derbent ………………………...............…………….....… 194 SHALBUZOVA N. Examples from classical Albanian traditions: historical–ethnographic indicators of the Kryts and the Udis ............................... 203 ARCHITECTURE ADGOZALOVA A. About the cross-shaped and three-hall Christian churches of Caucasian Albania (north-western region) ………….…....................……………….…. 212 GARABAGLI R. The Zangazur branch of the Karabakh architectural school …....................……… 220 KHALILOV M., JAFAROVA E. Kilvar church …………………………................…………....……….………..…. 228 RAHIMOV K., MOBILI R. Analytical study of construction materials and masonry binders of ancient Albanian monuments in the territories of Karabakh liberated from occupation ……………………………..................…………………………………… 235 8 ETHNOCULTURAL HERITAGE OF CAUCASIAN ALBANIA. No. 4 Gadjiev Murtazali Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Dagestan Federal Research Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor (Makhachkala, Russian Federation) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4592-0527 ARAN AND ADURBADAGAN IN THE 6TH CENTURY*1 Abstract. The article examines the issue of administrative and political connections between two neighboring historical regions, Caucasian Albania (Aran) and Adurbadagan, which formed part of the Sassanid Iran during the reign of Shahanshah Khosrow I Anushirvan as a result of military and administrative reforms of the Adurbadagan region (kust) headed by the commander (spahbed). The Adurbadagan kust included both the Adurbadagan province (shahr) itself and Albania/Aran, along with other provinces of the South Caucasus. The information from the Syriac “Life of Gregory” and the seals of the spahbeds of Adurbadagan indicate a successive, possibly hereditary, military-administrative governance by representatives of the House of Mihran over the Adurbadagan kust and the Caucasian provinces. This may explain the rise of the Mihranids to power in Aran after the failed rebellion of Bahram Chobin (590–591), who was also a representative of the Mihran family. The House of Mihran maintained their positions in Adurbadagan and in the Caucasus throughout the 6th century, during the reigns of shahanshahs Kavad I, Khosrow I, and Hormizd IV. It can be assumed that this was due to the support of the House of Mihran by the Sassanids, particularly by Kavad I, during their struggle against the House of Karen during challenging times for the state. The inclusion of Albania/Aran in the Adurbadagan kust is clearly confirmed by twenty Middle Persian inscriptions from Derbent, composed on behalf of Darius, the chief fiscal officer (amargar) of Adurbadagan. Keywords: Caucasian Albania, Aran, Sassanid Iran, Adurbadagan, Middle Persian inscriptions, Derbent, amargar aucasian Albania (Ancient Greek: Ἀλβανία, Latin: Albania, Parthian: Ārdān, Middle Persian: Ārān) and Atropatene (Ancient Greek: ᾿Ατροπατήνη, ᾿Αδραβιγνων, Parthian: Āturpātakān, Middle Persian: Ādurbādagān), being neighboring countries, evidently maintained close trade, economic, and political ties during the ancient period, continuing until the conquest and incorporation of the latter into the Sassanid state shortly after the rise of the Sassanids, possibly as a shahr (Middle Persian: šahr, “country, region; city”). During the Sassanid period, as noted by C.Schippmann, Atropatene, or more precisely, Adurbadagan, “became a tightly integrated part of the empire instead of a loosely attached vassal state as it was during the Parthian era” [Schippmann, 1987, р.224]. To a large extent, this was due to the religious significance of the region, as it was home to one of the three main Zoroastrian fire temples (“Great Fires”) called Adur Gushnasp (modern-day Takht-e Soleiman), as well as its military-strategic role on the northern border of the Sassanid state, particularly during Iran’s expansion into the Caucasus and its struggles against nomadic tribes. Unfortunately, we have very limited information about Adurbadagan and, even more so, its connections with Caucasian Albania in the early Sassanid period. The role and significance of Adurbadagan significantly increased in the late Sassanid period, particularly during the reign of Shahanshah Khosrow I Anushirvan (531–579), due to the escalation of the military and political situation on the northern border of the Iranian state (Middle Persian: Ērānšahr). During that time, it is known that the region held the administrative status of a shahr, as evidenced by various inscriptions on late Sassanid intaglios [Gyselen, 2002, p.127]. C *1 This article incorporates materials from a previously published article [Гаджиев, Дунцов, 2023, c.173-187]. 73 BAKU INTERNATIONAL MULTICULTURALISM CENTRE The region was headed by a shahanshah-appointed governor called a shahrab (Middle Persian: šahrab, “defender of the shahr/province”) [Gyselen, 2019, p.31, 427]), whose residence was the city known as Shahrestan-i Adurbadagan, which refers to Ganzak or Ardabil [Ghodrat-Dizaji, 2010, p.76]. The sources also provide information that the governor of the region held the title of marzban (Middle Persian: marzbān), which means “guardian of the border”. In the Syriac “Life of Pethion”, a Persian martyr executed around 447 AD, there is a mention of the marzban of Adurbadagan (Syriac: Ādhorbāīghān) named Tohm-Hormazd, who resided in Ganzak [Hoffmann, 1880, s.64]. Additionally, al-Baladhuri mentions a marzban of Adurbadagan, whose residence was located in Ardabil (quoted in: [Хуршудян, 2015, с.91; Khurshudian, 1998, s.69]). By this time, possibly as a result of the Iran-Savir war of 503–508 AD, around 510 AD, the royal authority in Caucasian Albania was abolished following the death (?) of the last Arsacid-Sassanid king of Albania, Vachagan III (c.485 – c.510 AD) (for the period of his reign, see: [Гаджиев, 2015, c.68-75; Gadjiev, 2020, p.29-35]). Given the established system of governance in the Caucasian provinces at that time, their military-strategic and border position, as well as the tradition of Sassanid military-administrative command, it can be assumed that Albania obtained the status of a province/shahr with its center in Partav, led by a military-administrative governor/marzban. V.I.Goiladze drew attention to the fact that in the early to mid-6th century (517–518, 554–555), there was a combined governorship of Albania and Iberia, led by a military commander who held the titles of marzban and kanarang (Middle Persian: kanārang, “guardian/protector of the border”) [Гоиладзе, 1979, c.8, 14-16]. These positions were occupied by representatives of the highest military aristocracy of Iran (known as asvārān, “cavalrymen”), who held a status in the military-administrative hierarchy that was similar to that of a spahbed (Middle Persian: spāhbed, “army commander”; for the position/title of spahbed, see: [Gyselen, 2001; 2004]; see also: [Khurshudian, 1998, s.147-154; Хуршудян, 2015, с.195-205]) and were directly subordinate to the shahanshah [Christensen, 1944, p.521-522]. It is possible that the formation of this unified governorship was influenced by the complex military-political situation in the Caucasus, where Iran and Byzantium were engaged in a struggle for control. The formation of a unified governorship obviously aimed at establishing a unified fiscal and financial administration, and in support of this view, I can mention the intaglio of the amargar of Aran and Virozan (Ārdān ud Werōzān āmārgar) [Gyselen, 2002, p.38, 439; 2019, р.129, 254, 439], i.e. Albania and Georgia (Iberia/Kartli), which is likely from the same period. It is known that as a result of the military and administrative-territorial reforms of Shahanshah Khosrow I Anushirvan (531–579) (see: [Rubin, 1995, p.225-297]), Iranshahr was divided into four major administrative-territorial districts (Middle Persian: kust, kustag, “region, side”), each corresponding to one of the cardinal directions. These included: the Eastern kust (Middle Persian: kust ī Xwarāsān), the Western kust (Middle Persian: kust ī Xwarārān), the Southern kust (Middle Persian: kust ī Nēmrōz) and the Adurbadagan kust (Middle Persian: kust ī Ādurbādagān), which was understood to be the northern district. According to R.Gyselen, the designation of this kust was not based on the cardinal direction but rather on the name of the region, because the term “north” (Middle Persian: abāxtar) had a negative connotation, referring to a territory of demons [Gyselen, 2004]. It is difficult to determine the exact timing of the reform, but it can be assumed that it was completed by 541 AD, at the beginning of the new war with Byzantium (known as the Lazic War). The Adurbadagan kust included not only Adurbadagan proper, a historical province in northwestern Iran between the Sefid Rud and Aras rivers and Lake Urmia, but also all the Sassanid possessions in Transcaucasia, including Albania, Persarmenia, and Iberia, along with various sub-regions such as Sisagan/Sigan, Mughan, Balasagan, and others. Along with the abolition of the position of supreme commander (Middle Persian: Ērān-spāhbed, spāhbedān spāhbed) the offices of four spahbeds were established to oversee the military and administrative administration of the respective districts, directly reporting to the shahanshah. The division of Iranshahr into four districts is confirmed by both written sources (Shahrestaniha i Eranshahr, Ashkharhatsuyts, at-Tabari, ad-Dinawari, al-Khwarizmi, etc.) and the discovery of unique bullae with seal impressions of the military commanders, the spahbeds, from all four regions. Of particular interest 74 ETHNOCULTURAL HERITAGE OF CAUCASIAN ALBANIA. No. 4 to our topic are the seals of the spahbeds of Adurbadagan mentioned by name (Middle Persian: Ērān kust ī Ādurbādagān spāhbed), specifically Gorgon (Gōrgōn), Sed-hosh (Sed-hoš), and ...-Khosrow (…-Husraw), which can be dated to the reign of Khosrow I Anushirvan, as well as one seal from the reign of Hormizd IV (571–590) [Gyselen, 2001, р.35-46; Gyselen, 2007, р.272-277; Gyselen, 2019, p.452; Daryaee, Safdari, 2010, р.1-15]; see also: [Daryaee, 2002; Maksymiuk, 2015] (Fig. 1). As convincingly suggested by P.Pourshariati [Pourshariati, 2008, p.103], spahbed Gorgon can be identified with Golon Mihran (Gołon Mihrān), also known as Mihran Mihrewandak (Mihrān Mihrewandak), who is mentioned by Sebeos in relation to military events in the Caucasus in the 570s (Sebeos, 1999, p.7, 10, 163). Fig. 1. Seal impressions of the spahbeds of Adurbadagan [Gyselen, 2019, p.270] When discussing the representatives of the House of Mihran who headed the Adurbadagan region, it is worth noting an account from one of the Syriac hagiographies of Persian martyrs (“The Life of Gregory”). It tells the story of Piran Gushnasp, who embraced Christianity and received the name Grigor upon baptism, possibly in honor of Gregory (Armenian: Grigor) the Illuminator. According to the text of the hagiography, he belonged to the Mihranid family, served as the governor of Adurbadagan under the shahanshahs Kavad I (488–498/499, 501–531) and Khosrow I Anushirvan (531–579), and was martyred for apostasy in 542. The hagiography narrates as follows: “During that time, there lived a man from Rai, originally from the House of Mihran (Mihrān), a great king who was initially known as Piran Gushnasp (Pirāngušnasp), and upon baptism, received the name Grigor (Grighōr). He was appointed by the king [Kavad I. – M.G.] to rule over many nobles as the governor of the Northern (awāhtar) region and borders, and the king commanded him to guard the lands of Gurzan (Gurzān) and Arran (Arrān), and he had thousands of cavalry under his command” [Hoffmann, 1880, s.78-86]. I would like to note that in the retelling of this hagiography by E.A.Mishin, Armenia is incorrectly mentioned instead of Arran [Мишин, 2014, с.457], and E.S.Khurshudian, in my opinion, mistakenly refers to him as the marzban of Georgia and Arran [Хуршудян, 2015, с.94; Khurshudian, 1998, s.71], though it is possible that during the reign of Kavad I, prior to the implementation of the military-administrative reforms and the establishment of the position of spahbed of the North (Adurbadagan), he served as the marzban of Georgia and Arran, which aligns with the aforementioned information about the existence of a combined governorship of Georgia and Albania. Indeed, the mention in the text that Piran Gushnasp was appointed as the “governor of the Northern region and borders” refers to the Northern kust or the kust of Adurbadagan. This suggests that he was the spahbed of Adurbadagan, at least during the reign of Khosrow I until his martyrdom in 542. This is further emphasized by the remark in the hagiography that “the king commanded him to guard the lands of Gurzan and Arran, and he had many thousands of cavalry under his command”. This highlights his extensive territorial authority, which was not limited to Adurbadagan alone, but included strategically important border regions of Albania and Georgia, during the military and political situation in the 520s. 75 BAKU INTERNATIONAL MULTICULTURALISM CENTRE The information from “The Life of Gregory” and the seals of the spahbeds of Adurbadagan apparently indicate a successive, traditional, and possibly hereditary military-administrative governance of the Adurbadagan kust and the Caucasian provinces by representatives of the House of Mihran. This could potentially explain the rise of the Mihranids to power in Albania following the unsuccessful rebellion of Bahram Chobin (590–591), who was also a representative of the Mihranid family. Researchers have repeatedly pointed out that the military-administrative reforms of Khosrow I were aimed, among other things, at curbing the growing influence of powerful Iranian houses, particularly the Parthian ones. The examples provided above seemingly demonstrate the House of Mihran’s ability to maintain their position in Adurbadagan and the Caucasus throughout the 6th century, during the reigns of shahanshahs Kavad I, Khosrow I, and Hormizd IV. It can be assumed that this was due to the support of the House of Mihran by the Sassanid rulers, particularly Kavad I, in their confrontation with the House of Karen during challenging times for the state. The inclusion of Albania within the Adurbadagan kust is clearly reflected in the Middle Persian inscriptions of Derbent, composed on behalf of Darius, the amargar of Adurbadagan (Dariuš ī Ādurbādagān āmārgar) [Гаджиев, Касумова, 2006; Гаджиев, Дунцов, 2023, c.173-187], the main financial and tax inspector of this region, who, on behalf of Shahanshah Khosrow I and the spahbed of Adurbadagan, played a crucial role in financing and overseeing the construction of the colossal defensive complex of Derbent, at least during the initial and most significant stages of the project, which involved the construction of the northern city defensive wall and the citadel (for information about the timing of their construction, see: [Гаджиев, 2006, c.77-94; Gadjiev, 2008, p.1-15]). Let me remind you that the correct reading of the name of the amargar Darius became possible thanks to the discovery of Inscription No. 29 [Гаджиев, 2000, c.119122, рис.4; Гаджиев, Касумова, 2006, c.78-81, рис.36], and I would also like to note that the position of amargar of Adurbadagan is attested on the impression of the intaglio/seal [Gyselen, 2007, р.42, 132; Gyselen, 2019, p.31, 253, 439] (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Seal impression of āmārgar of Ādurbādagān [Gyselen, 2019, p.31] Until recently there were 32 known Middle Persian inscriptions carved on the walls of the Derbent defensive complex in the late 560s, documenting its construction [Гаджиев, Касумова, 2006]. Currently, the corpus of Middle Persian inscriptions of Derbent has been expanded with three additional inscriptions, Nos. 33-35, which have been discovered in recent years [Гаджиев, Дунцов, 2023, c.173-187] (Fig. 3). These newly discovered inscriptions belong to subgroup B of group 1 of the Middle Persian inscriptions of Derbent, and they represent the inscriptions of amargar Darius. Their texts are identical: Dariuš ī Ādurbādagān āmārgar or “Darius, the amargar of Adurbadagan”. 76 ETHNOCULTURAL HERITAGE OF CAUCASIAN ALBANIA. No. 4 As of day, a total of 20 (out of 35) inscriptions are known that are composed in the name of Darius and document his activities in Derbent. All of these inscriptions are carved on the northern defensive wall of the city, where a total of 25 Middle Persian inscriptions are located (Fig. 4). I would like to remind you that the inscriptions of amargar Darius are classified into four groups based on their content [Gadjiev, 2016]: 1 – Name (inscriptions Nos. 11, 26, 31: Dariuš); 2 – Name and title (inscriptions Nos. 7, 10, 24, 27-29, 33-35: Dariuš ī Ādurbādagān āmārgar); 3 – Construction data, name, and position (inscriptions Nos. 1, 2, 4-6, 9, 25; for example: az ēn ābarbar Dariuš ī Ādurbādagān āmārgar; ēn ud az ēn ābarbar Dariuš ī Ādurbādagān āmārgar; pahnāy čahar ī Dariuš ī Ādurbādagān āmārgar); 4 – Construction data, date, name, and title (inscription No. 3: ēn ud az ēn ābar sāl 37 Dariuš ī Ādurbādagān āmargar kard). Based on the results of excavations conducted in the area where the inscriptions are located (Pit 26 near Tower No. 3, Excavation XXII near Tower No. 12, and Excavation XXIX near Tower No. 19 – [Гаджиев, 2010, c.25, 37, рис. 7; Гаджиев и др., 2015, рис. 4; Гаджиев и др., 2019, c.11-13]), the original ground level during the construction of the northern city wall in these sections is estimated to be 1.4-1.5 meters (Excavation XXIX) and 2.5-2.6 meters (Pit 26, Excavation XXII) below the modern level. There is a gradual increase in the thickness of the overlying layers in the northeast direction (towards the sea). The blocks with inscriptions Nos. 3, 5, and 11 were installed at a height of about 1.7-2.7 meters above the original ground level of the wall construction. The blocks with inscriptions Nos. 1, 2, and 33 were installed at a height of about 3.1-4.4 meters. The inscriptions of amargar Darius are located on the northern city wall along its entire length. They start from the beginning of the wall, with inscriptions Nos. 30 and 31 located at distances of 6.3 meters and 5.5 meters, respectively, from the junction of the wall with the northeastern corner tower of the citadel. The inscriptions continue until the coastal section, with inscription No. 10 located near Tower No. 2. Furthermore, they are installed at a fixed height ranging from 0.3-0.6 meters to 3.3-3.4 meters above the modern ground surface. They document the control exercised by Darius, the amargar of Adurbadagan, over the construction of the northern city defensive wall of Derbent (and presumably the citadel as well, considering the structural connection between the northern defensive wall and the citadel, indicating their simultaneous construction – [Кудрявцев, 1982, c.103; Кудрявцев и др., 1978, c.126]) from the beginning of its construction to its completion. On the other hand, significant stretches of the northern defensive wall of Derbent lack Middle Persian inscriptions, including those composed in the name of Darius. These sections are located between Towers Nos. 2-8, 11-15, 22-33, and 36-40. Given that the northern wall is significantly covered by thick cultural layers (up to 3-5 meters thick) from the medieval and modern periods, there is hope for the discovery of new Middle Persian inscriptions through excavations along the defensive wall and uncovering of the lower parts of the wall that are currently buried underground. In conclusion, according to the information from the “Ashkharhatsuyts” reflecting the situation in the late Sassanid period, it is evident that from the late 6th to early 7th century, during the reign of Shahanshah Khosrow II Parviz (591–628), and until the rise of the Mihranid dynasty to power in Albania, the Adurbadagan kust was also referred to as the kust Kapkoh (Middle Persian: kust ī Kāpkūh, “kust of Caucasus”). It consisted of 10 or 14 shahrs, mentioned by name, and the South Caucasian regions were listed either as part of the Adurbadagan shahr or directly as part of the Kapkoh kust [Армянская География…, 1877, с.57-63; Патканов, 1883, с.21-32]. This obviously can be attributed to the political circumstances and related changes in administrative-territorial division that occurred during the unstable period in the Sassanid state. 77 BAKU INTERNATIONAL MULTICULTURALISM CENTRE REFERENCES: 1. 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Р.224 - online edition, available at: https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iii - Дата обращения: 22.05.2023. 79 BAKU INTERNATIONAL MULTICULTURALISM CENTRE Fig. 3. Derbent. Middle Persian inscription No. 35 80 ETHNOCULTURAL HERITAGE OF CAUCASIAN ALBANIA. No. 4 Fig. 4. Location of Middle Persian inscriptions on the northern city defensive wall of Derbent. Āmārgar Dariuš’ inscriptions are highlighted in yellow 81