Research Article
AUTHORS:
Dr Benedicta A. Ajibade1
Prof Carol Bertram
1
AFFILIATION:
1
School of Education, University
of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
E-MAIL:
bennyajibade@gmail.com
DOI: http://dx.doi.
org/10.18820/2519593X/pie.v38.
i2.07
e-ISSN 2519-593X
Perspectives in Education
2020 38(2): 103-117
PUBLISHED:
04 December 2020
HOW DISTRICT TEACHER
DEVELOPMENT CENTRES
SUPPORT TEACHERS’
LEARNING: CASE STUDIES IN
KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH
AFRICA
ABSTRACT
This research is based on case studies of seven district teacher
development centres (DTDCs) in the KwaZulu-Natal province of
South Africa. The paper describes the perceptions of selected
teachers regarding professional learning and development
experiences at these centres. The purpose of the study was to
determine the role centres play in supporting teachers’ learning
and development as stipulated in the Integrated Strategic Planning
Framework for Teacher Education and Development (ISPFTED)
policy in South Africa. The study employed a qualitative research
approach in which semi-structured interviews, observation,
document analysis and field notes were used to generate data
from six centre managers, two librarians, two ICT specialists and
46 teachers at the centres. Findings from the study indicated that
the DTDCs create an ideal opportunity for teachers’ professional
learning with the presence of computer, science laboratories and
libraries. However, the study noted that teachers seldom used
these resources. Teachers used the centres mainly for professional
development activities such as workshops and meetings. Our study
concludes that at present, the centres are not supporting the full
vision of the policy, and the potential of DTDCs to enhance teacher
learning and development remains largely untapped.
Keywords: District teacher development centre, teacher learning,
professional development policy, managerial professionalism
1. INTRODUCTION
Published by the UFS
http://journals.ufs.ac.za/index.php/pie
© Creative Commons
With Attribution (CC-BY)
202038(2):103-117
An education system cannot be better than its teachers;
thus, teacher development is a key focus of many systems.
In South Africa, a range of policies had been implemented
to support and align teacher development practices. The
most recent policy is the Integrated Strategic Planning
Framework for Teacher Education and Development
(ISPFTED) 2011–2025. The plan expresses the seriousness
with which the Department of Education views current
educational challenges. One of the requirements stated
in this framework is that provincial education departments
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need to establish district teacher development centres (DTDCs) to serve as local support sites
for teachers (DBE & DHET, 2011).
DTDCs have been established as part of school improvement efforts and provide access
to resources, sites for curriculum delivery and continuous professional development training
as well as a meeting place for professional learning communities (DBE & DHET, 2011). While
the idea of DTDCs is laudable, the extent to which this vision has been realised is not clear.
One cannot make a case for the success of the DTDCs without asking the following questions:
What kind of professional development activities are delivered at these centres? How are the
professional learning communities organised and monitored? Are there enough personnel to
run the DTDCs? Accordingly, this study aimed to understand the extent to which these DTDCs
support teachers’ learning and development in KwaZulu-Natal.
2. BACKGROUND
The Plan policy and the establishment of DTDCs in South Africa
Research studies on teacher professional development and teacher quality have been
identified as a lever for improving the quality of teaching and student outcomes (Bayar, 2014;
Borko et al., 2010; Higgins & Parson, 2011; Klieger & Oster-Levinz, 2015; Van der Bergh et al.,
2015). Unfortunately, research in South Africa and internationally has shown that professional
development approaches intended to help teachers move beyond typical teaching practices
have not had a significant impact on teaching and learning (Bantwini, 2012; Bertram, 2011;
Luneta, 2012; Jita & Mokhele, 2014; Opfer & Pedder, 2011). Nonetheless, Bautista et al.
(2015) identified features related to the content and design of professional development
programmes for teachers that are regarded as “features of high-quality PD”. Thus, it is
important to ascertain the basic mechanisms for the effectiveness of these programmes
(Bautista, Wong & Gopinathan, 2015).
Teacher development has been part of the central focus of South African education reform
and development initiatives. In July 2009, a teacher development summit was held to address
the challenges facing teacher education in the country. Hence, ISPFTED (2011–2025) (known
as the Plan) was developed, which paved the way for the establishment of district teacher
development centres (DTDCs). DTDCs are therefore a conscious effort to boost educational
support and address the challenges facing teachers, especially those working in rural
areas where learners’ educational attainment is low and teachers do not have easy access
to resources and professional development opportunities (DBE, 2011; Van der Berg et al.,
2011). Similarly, Bantwini (2018) argues that the lack of attention to education quality and
failure to reach the marginalised members of the society have immensely affected teaching
and learning, which can no longer be overlooked. Thus, supporting teachers to meet these
expanded challenges through their involvement in DTDCs is essential. To date, 147 fullservice DTDCs have been established across all the provinces (DBE, 2011).
Studies on teacher development centres in other contexts
The concept of teacher development centre is termed differently in various contexts.
According to Giordano (2008), this model has been widely promoted across countries under
different names such as teacher resource centres, teacher activity centres, teacher advisory
centres and teacher support groups (Giordano, 2008). Teacher resource centres (TRCs)
started in Britain in the 1960s as a strategy for delivering a range of educational resources
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Ajibade & Bertram
How district teacher development centres support teachers’ learning
and supporting teachers’ professional development (Fairhurst et al., 1999). The ideal of
TRC initiatives spread to other countries as part of national education reforms (Giordano,
2008). According to Fairhurst et al. (1999:24), TRCs are “places where teachers from several
surrounding schools could meet and discuss with one another, work on curricula, develop
materials, but most importantly, develop their knowledge and skills”.
Research carried out in Tanzania by Mosha (2015) points out the importance of TRCs as
an independent environment where teachers can access organised educational resources,
get assistance and have productive discussions with their colleagues. Sabaya (2011 cited
in Mosha, 2015) indicates that TRCs provide opportunities for teachers to obtain necessary
professional support for day-to-day work. Various studies on TRCs in Britain have shown that
the teachers who visited these centres were relatively well trained, very well resourced and
had a high level of autonomy in terms of curriculum and classroom practice (Weindling et al.,
1983). However, research shows that very little systematic curriculum development was in
operation and only small groups of teachers and head teachers engaged in such activities
at the centres. Hence, the authors concluded that materials production and curriculum
development were difficult tasks for teachers to achieve in the limited sessions at the TRCs
(Weindling et al., 1983).
Similarly, empirical research conducted in India and Zambia shows that while teachers
were supposed to reflect on practice, exchange experiences and develop materials, the
centres failed to support these ideas (Fairhurst et al., 1999). Noticeably, in India, where
meetings are rigidly structured, the centres lacked formative opportunities for professional
development activities and skilled personnel. In Zambia, the only strategy identified that gives
teachers opportunity to think about teaching was the newly established school-based teacher
workshop programme. However, with little resources, it was not enough to bring about change
in their practice (Fairhurst et al., 1999).
In Kenya, it was found that centres provided ongoing workshop support for teachers on
exams, syllabi and provided essential resources. However, it was noted that the support was
only for teachers and schools near the centres (Fairhurst et al., 1999). Weindling et al. (1983)
revealed that despite the unanimous support for teachers engaging in curriculum development
at the TRC in the countries listed above, there are some limitations that hinder the intended
outcomes. The main objective of all these case studies was to highlight the underlying idea
that teacher centres would encourage and support professional development interactions.
Teacher professional learning and development
Darling-Hammond et al. (2017:2) conceptualise teacher professional learning “as a product
of both externally provided and job-embedded activities that have the potential to increase
teachers’ knowledge and bring about change in their instructional practice in ways that support
student learning”. They argue that teacher learning involves both formal and informal learning
activities. Given the complex nature of teacher professional learning and development, Avalos
(2011) argues that teachers are the subjects and objects of learning and development, which
requires their cognitive and emotional involvement. Similarly, Opfer and Pedder (2011) argue
that teacher learning should be understood as a complex system rather than an event. For
Opfer and Pedder (2011), professional learning should be viewed in the light of complexity
theory, as they indicate that teacher learning is influenced by many factors such as the teacher,
professional development activity and the school context. Opfer and Pedder (2011) note that
professional learning may be influenced by the school context, the teacher’s personality
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(attitude and beliefs) and the external stimulus provided by the learning activity. These interact
with each other and combine with the dynamics of the individuals’ social processes within their
different contexts.
3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual framework used in this study was adapted from Harland and Kinder’s
(1997) model of nine possible outcomes of any professional development activity (Table 1).
They describe material and provisionary outcomes and information outcomes (such as the
distribution of new material or teaching resources) as third-order outcomes; new awareness,
motivational and attitudinal outcomes, affective outcomes and institutional outcomes as
second-order outcomes, and value congruence outcomes and knowledge and skills outcomes
as first-order outcomes. While many professional development activities may achieve thirdlevel outcomes of distributing material and information, teachers may not learn any new
knowledge or skills (first-level outcomes) which actually impact on their classroom practice.
A hierarchy of professional development outcomes, adapted from Harland and
Kinder (1997)
Table 1:
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT activity input
rd
3 order outcomes:
2
nd
1
st
Provisionary
order outcomes: Motivation
order outcomes:
Information
Affective
Value congruence
New awareness
Institutional
Knowledge and skills
Impact on practice
In this study, we were interested in what ways the activities offered at DTDCs achieved
the first-order outcomes that contribute to learning of new knowledge and skills. Harland and
Kinder (1997) suggest that such first-order outcomes are needed to bring about change in
teachers’ classroom practices that may then have a greater impact on teachers’ learning.
These outcomes are numerous, varied and complex, and they interact dynamically.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research context
This study used a qualitative design that incorporates case studies of seven DTDCs in
KwaZulu-Natal. The case studies were undertaken by a number of researchers, including
the authors and some Masters’ students (Hlabisa, 2018; Mnguni, 2018; Shange LPP, 2018;
Shange N, 2018; Thwala, 2018). Data presented in this study were generated through multiple
data sources, including field visits to the centres, observation of the professional development
activities, interviews with selected teachers and centre staff and document analysis of reports
and attendance registers from workshops. The same data collection instruments were used
in all the case studies. The hierarchy of in-service education and training (INSET) outcomes
proposed by Harland and Kinder (1997) was used to frame the analysis of data.
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How district teacher development centres support teachers’ learning
KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) is one of the nine provinces of South Africa and has 47 DTDCs
(KZN DoE, 2014). The seven DTDCs purposively selected for this study were situated in
four districts of KZN. The centres serve primary and secondary school educators, subject
advisors, circuit managers, Department of Education (DoE) officials, learners from different
schools and the community at large. The physical structures of the seven centres visited were
found to be in good condition. The centres have access to electricity and water and are well
fenced with burglar doors and windows. However, resources such as computers, available
space provided and personnel at the centres vary.
Participants and sampling
Seven DTDCs were purposively selected as the case studies in this study. Interview data from
46 teachers and 17 centre personnel were generated. The teachers interviewed were those
who were present at the DTDC when the researchers visited the centre; thus, this is not a
representative sample of all teachers who may use the centre (Bertram & Christiansen, 2014).
Of the 46 teachers interviewed, 27 were female and 19 were male. Thirty-five were in the age
range of 35 and 55 years, while 11 were aged between 25 and 30 years. The interviewed
teachers taught at least two subject areas at two different grade levels. Thirty of the teachers
interviewed had between 15 and 30 years of teaching experience, ten had between five and
14 years, while six had between one and four years. Of the 17 personnel interviewed, six were
centre managers and two were librarians; other staff included a secretary, an ICT specialist,
an IT technician, four administrative clerks, a science lab assistant and a receptionist. The
selection criteria were based on a convenient sampling technique and participants’ accessibility
and willingness to participate in the study (Etikan et al., 2016; Wilson et al., 2016).
Data collection methods
Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, observations, document analysis and
field notes. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded and thematically
analysed (Plunkett & Dyson, 2011). Observations were conducted to ascertain the kind of
resources available and the types of professional development activities offered at the DTDCs.
The words of the participants, observations, document analysis and field notes informed our
understanding of the role of the DTDCs and the impact they have on teacher learning. All
ethical protocols were duly observed. Permission was granted by the University of KwaZuluNatal and the Department of Education to conduct the research and participants signed
informed consent forms. Pseudonyms are used to ensure the anonymity of the participants
and identity of the centres in this article (Creswell, 2013; Neumann, 2014).
Brief description of the case studies
Westheath centre is in a rural area with three permanent buildings of which two serve as
workshop venues and one as a conference centre. There are two mobile structures, one of
which is used as a science laboratory and the other as computer room with 24 computers
with internet access. The centre has a centre manager, a library assistant, volunteer science
laboratory assistant, Information Technology (IT) specialist and a cleaner. The second case,
Peacedale centre, is also in a rural area. It has one big open-plan office for the centre manager,
reception area for community engagement and space for circulars and other documents for
schools. The centre has two rooms used for workshops and meetings, a science laboratory,
library with almost-empty shelves and a computer room with 25 laptops with internet access
and offices for the circuit manager and DoE officials when they visit the centre. The centre
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has a centre manager, a receptionist, ICT specialist, IT technician, a cleaner, gardener and
security guard. There is a section at the centre used by University of South Africa (UNISA)
to run their online programme and is monitored by an ICT clerk employed by UNISA. The
third case, Sunshine centre, is in a remote rural area. It has one big hall used as a venue for
workshops, seminars or meetings. A library and a computer room with 12 laptops with internet
access. The centre also has eight offices for staff, one board room and four classrooms. Staff
at the centre comprises the Centre Manager, an IT specialist, two cleaners, one gardener
and two security guards. Ndlovu centre is in a semi-rural area and serves the as DTDC and
as Municipal offices. The centre has four rooms: one is used as a meeting room, computer
room with 26 computers, science laboratory and a library with few and out-dated books on its
shelves. The centre comprises the centre manager, an administrative clerk, a librarian, two
cleaners and one security guard. There is also a broadcasting facility for UNISA at the centre.
Lovedale DTDC is in a semi-rural area and has a permanent structure with relatively small
spaces. The centre serves as a multipurpose and ecological centre where both primary and
secondary school learners can engage actively with nature. The centre has one large office
that is used as the media room with 15 computers but no internet access. The library simply
comprises a few bookshelves with outdated books by the corner of the media room. The
centre also has a Jika iMfundo resource bank “Nolwazi”, which contains CAPS (the current
school curriculum resources and past exam papers. Adjoining the media room is the centre
manager’s office. In addition to the centre manager, the centre has an administrator who is an
intern, a cleaner and two security guards.
Jabavu DTDC is in an urban area and shares the premises with the Department of Art
and Culture. The Centre has one big office for the two administrators, an adjoining office for
the centre manager and four classrooms that are used as venues for workshops, meetings
and three conference rooms. The centre has a science laboratory, a computer room with 24
computers with internet access and a library. The library was found to be in a state of disrepair
due to rain, with many of the books, roof and floor being damaged. Personnel at the centre
included the centre manager, two administrators, a librarian, a cleaner and gardener.
Funza DTDC is located in an urban area and has 24 air-conditioned classrooms that are
used for meetings as well as workshops for subject teachers. There is also a large conference
room, one fully fitted computer laboratory with 25 functional computers but without internet.
There are also two halls in which one operates as a boardroom and the other as a conference
room. There is a mobile library bus that distributes books to the schools that do not have a
library for a specified loan period and collects them again. There is also a processing centre
that is used to process the books received from Eduction Library Information and Technology
Services (ELITS) before they are dispatched to schools. There is a centre manager, a
receptionist, admin officer, processing centre coordinator, a handyman, a cleaner and two
security guards.
Table 2:
Summary of the resources at the District Teacher Development Centres
Centre Name
Nature of District
No. of Staff
No. of Classrooms
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Westheath Peacedale Sunshine Lovedale
Ndlovu
Rural
Rural
Remote Semi-Rural Semi-rural
Rural
5
5
7
5
5
3
4
4
3
3
Jabavu
Urban
Fuanz
Urban
6
8
4
24
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Centre Name
No. of Offices
How district teacher development centres support teachers’ learning
Westheath Peacedale Sunshine Lovedale
8
No. of Computers
24
Conference Hall/
Room
No of Science
Laboratories
No of Libraries
1
Functioning Level
of Library
1
25
1
Ndlovu
Jabavu
Fuanz
12
20
26
24
25
1
0
1
3
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Not used
Not used
Not used
Not used
Not used
Not used
Not
used
5. FINDINGS
This section presents the findings of the study and discusses participants’ understanding
of the purpose of DTDCs, activities offered, available resources and how these resources
support teachers’ learning.
Participants’ understanding of the purpose of the DTDC
According to interviewed teachers, the overwhelming purpose of the DTDCs is as a “venue for
teacher meetings”, to help teachers from different schools in the same area to come together
and form clusters. Some teachers viewed the DTDCs as “a venue where moderation and
workshops are conducted for teachers by district education officials and subject advisers”.
Trevone, a Natural Sciences teacher who is also a cluster coordinator believed the centre to
be for administrative purposes. For example, when the DoE needs to conduct a headcount of
teachers for statistical purposes, the officials would call teachers from neighbouring schools
to assemble at the venue. Chikoko revealed, “I go there mainly for attending workshops and
to find out information on cross transfers from the administrative office”.
Similarly, Lungy, a high school Mathematics teacher, stated that: “It’s a teacher resource
centre, I would say, and also a venue where teachers would meet to discuss issues affecting
them in their careers”. Sizwe, a deputy principal of a local high school, agreed with Trevone
that the centre is a venue where teachers meet for workshops and for meetings which are
held by the South African Democratic Teachers Union (SADTU). He also maintained that
the centre plays a remarkable role through the resources it offers, which are not present in
schools, such as the conference room that accommodates more than 30 teachers. Centre
managers shared similar views with most teachers. A typical remark includes: “The centre
is about capacitating teachers in different subjects. The subject advisers and the teachers
from different schools come here for workshops on different learning areas.” Nicole, a centre
manager also explained that the DTDC provides resources and supports teachers, guides
professional learning committees and runs workshops after performing a needs analysis as
well as providing a venue for meetings.
Teachers and centre managers view DTDCs as venues for meetings and workshops for
teachers in different learning areas to carry out Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement
(CAPS) and School-Based Assessment (SBA) moderation. To some degree these views
comply with the ISPFTED policy, which states that:
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DTDCs are to serve as local support sites for teachers, sites from which curriculum support
staff can operate sites where teachers can access shared resources, sites of delivery for
continuing professional development courses and as meeting points for teacher professional
learning communities (DBE & DHET, 2011:13).
It was evident from the study that participants simply view the DTDC as a venue for
meeting and workshop purposes only. The finding reveals that participants in the study did not
understand the objectives of the “Plan” policy.
Professional development activities offered at the centres
Evidence from the interviews and observations indicates that activities offered at the centres
include moderation of school-based assessments, content workshops, curriculum coverage/
orientation workshops, computer literacy training and cluster meetings. Participants from the
Sunshine and Funza centres also mentioned computer training on Microsoft Office (Word,
Excel, PowerPoint), how to create a database and email was offered, and that teachers were
awarded certificates. Some teachers mentioned that attending computer literacy workshops
has improved their computer literacy. They indicated that they now know how to type their own
question papers at school. This reveals that they learned new skills that can be attributed to
learning at the centres.
In the collection of documents, we perused, we found attendance registers of computer
workshops conducted for teachers in 2016. Moderation appeared to be the main professional
development activity offered at the centres. Participants stated that moderation focuses on
exam questions and marks, question papers, marking of scripts and discussion of previous
exams question papers. Most participants had a positive attitude towards these moderation
exercises, stating that it provides them with an opportunity to discuss the challenges they
experience in setting examination questions and marking scripts. Simangele, a Grade 10
English and History teacher, explained:
As you know KZN is so big, this centre helps us to get a nearby place with resources that
make our work easier in terms of teaching. For example, subject advisors come to the
centres for us and give us information that we need. They also check our marking; how
do we mark. If we have meetings, as teachers we come here and discuss a way forward
also get enough information. We are also helping each other as teachers.
The teachers indicated that they attend moderation workshops at the centres organised
by subject advisers to check their level of compliance with the Annual Teaching Plan (ATP).
Majeyi stated that:
We are checked if we are behind with curriculum and we come with strategies on how
we are going to fill those gaps because if you are behind there is an annual teaching plan
where you state the date when that section of work will be done because the Department
has got the exact date for the completion of each lesson or topic.
In addition, interviewed teachers stated that they were provided a CD to download CAPS
documents, annual teaching plans, work programmes, past years question papers, pamphlets
and study guides at moderation workshops.
A group of isiZulu subject teachers use Sunshine DTDC as a venue to participate
collaboratively in activities that encourage them to learn from one another. The three
interviewed teachers belong to a Professional Learning Community established by teachers
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How district teacher development centres support teachers’ learning
after a moderation workshop and saw the need to continuously meet out-of-moderation. The
teachers indicated that the centre provided them with a central venue since they are from
different schools.
One of the participants, Chonco, mentioned, “being part of the collaborating group has
improved my quality of teaching and I produce good results in my matric class”. He indicated
that he was not confident in teaching poetry but coming together as isiZulu teachers and
engaging in poetry collaboratively has made his teaching much easier: “participating in this
activity has uncovered new knowledge and understanding”. This view is consistent with policy
that states that DTDCs serve as a meeting venue for PLCs, which is the only learning activities
driven by teachers. The use of collaboration amongst teachers present an ideal opportunity to
improve teachers’ growth as well as teaching and learning practice (Steyn, 2014).
Learning from activities at the centre
Several participants indicated that they had gained new knowledge and skills because of
moderation and content-related workshops. Typical comments include “After sharing our
experiences like content challenges, methods of tackling certain topics, I just feel ready to
respond to any questions my learners might have”. Other teachers shared similar sentiments.
After attending these content workshops, one comes out bold and confident about
teaching the subject and you see one feels bad to miss any of these workshops.
Coming back from the content workshop enables me to give confident feedback to my
learners; you see I am in the position of presenting a new and fresh perspective.
Vusi also revealed:
I used to be very frustrated when my learners fail my subject or when they score very
low marks. Memo discussion workshops have taught me that some answers might be
expressed slightly different from the memorandum and be more accommodative of the
answers conveying the similar idea.
Jele noted,
Yes, I have learnt a new way of marking learner’s assessment tasks … for example all
Grade 12 isiZulu teachers in my cluster bring in a sample of marked learners’ scripts and
exchange in ensuring standardisation and consistency in teachers’ marking.
Teachers Mabheleni, Malwande, Philani, Pranesh, Kele, Benzile and Majeyi regarded
themselves as lifelong learners and said that they learn a lot at the centres that keep them
up to date with all the curriculum changes. These responses are confirmation that the DTDC
programmes have produced certain positive feelings and motivation.
Resources at the centres
Most of the centres have a library, computers, a science laboratory, photocopying machines
and so on. However, many of these resources were not functional. Computers are not used
owing to a lack of trained personnel and internet access, and many of the libraries stock
outdated and unrelated textbooks. Several teachers said that they had never used the library
or the computers at the centres except for those at Sunshine and Funza centres. We also
found that centres with laboratories find it challenging to use the equipment due to a lack of
personnel. Despite internet facilities at some of the centres, they lacked trained personnel to
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run computer literacy classes for teachers. We argue that without the relevant personnel at
the centres, no professional development activities can be conducted effectively.
Ayanda, a Grade 7 Natural Sciences teacher at Peacedale Centre, lamented: “As much
as I like to visit the centre and use the science laboratory, unfortunately, I cannot … ever
since (Nicky) the laboratory assistant left there has been no replacement and therefore when
teachers go there, there is no one to assist them.” Ayanda also mentioned that attempts to
raise the issue with the centre manager had been futile. Ceasa, a teacher, affirmed, “there
is no internet here and the books are old and unrelated”. Such experiences thus become a
setback for the teachers and policymakers in creating better learning experiences for holistic
school development. Sithe, a school principal, said:
I think there is a library and computers here, but I don’t know much. We only come here
for workshops and meetings. I think it is an information problem.
Ngcobo, a Life Orientation teacher, asserted:
I know there are computers and library here at the centre, but I was never told by the
manager, my school, Department officials or even the subject advisers that the resources
at the centre are meant for us.
However, Susana (a science lab assistant) had a different perspective. She believes that
some teachers are aware of the resources at the centre but hardly use them. Jotham (centre
librarian) at Lovedale corroborated Susana’s view, stating that, “teachers hardly visit the
library at the centre despite the department supplying instructional materials”.
Sindy and Zuthole, both centre managers, confirmed that not all teachers who visit the
centre know about available resources. Sindy thought that some teachers could be reluctant
to use the resources in the science laboratory because there is no one to assist them. She
explained:
Previously we had two qualified assistants but were here on a two-year contract which
was never renewed. There has not been any replacement for them. I’m the only one who
assists wherever possible.
Similarly, observation revealed the science laboratory materials were insufficient and the
learning space in the science lab was not in line with the specified standards.
6. DISCUSSION
Participants’ understanding of the purpose of the DTDC
The vision of the DTDCs as espoused by the ISPFTED is clearly stipulated that DTDCs
are to serve as support sites for teachers, access shared resources, delivery for continuing
professional development courses and as meeting points for teacher professional learning
communities (DBE & DHET, 2011). Our findings demonstrate that participants largely
understood DTDCs as venues for meetings and workshops called by the Department of
Education. This limited vision of the DTDCs by participants means that most teachers do
not take ownership of these resources to support their own professional development and
learning. They are waiting to be called to attend workshops and meetings at the Centres.
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How district teacher development centres support teachers’ learning
Professional development activities offered at the centres
One of the important components of any professional development activity is that it should
be related to teachers’ specific learning needs (DBE & DHET, 2011). The DTDCs in this
study did not provide a selection of professional activities that would enable teachers to learn
new pedagogic content knowledge or content knowledge that was not directly linked to the
implementation of state policies. Moderation workshops are one of the main professional
development activities offered at the centres. However, we argue that the activities of marking
learner scripts, setting question papers and revising past exams papers are focused on
achieving smooth implementation of state policies, and are not necessarily activities that lead
to teacher learning. Moderation also plays the role of monitoring teacher accountability and
thus could reflect as a managerial professionalism discourse (Day & Sachs, 2004). Hence,
there was no evidence of professional development that supports teachers’ specific strengths
and addressed their specific needs, and that was not linked to compliance with policy directives
(Kennedy, 2014). Thus, the vision of the DTDC as being a place where a “variety of modes of
study and support” (DBE & DHET, 2011:8) are offered is at present not being implemented at
these centres. Avalos (2011) argues that the core of professional development endeavours is
about teachers learning how to learn and transform their knowledge into practice for the benefit
of their students’ growth. This transformation of knowledge that was driven by teachers was
not apparent in our case studies. Rather, we argue that professional development activities
offered at the DTDCs are driven by the provincial Department of Education to ensure that
teachers understand and comply with the assessment and curriculum policies.
Learning from activities at the centre
In this study, participants at the centres we studied have specific ways of working together that
are related to the values and principles of the profession. The first important observation in
our study is that there was only one example of a group of teachers who used the DTDC as a
venue for their professional learning community. This was a group of isiZulu teachers who met
at the centre on their own volition. Evidence from our study reveals that teacher collaboration
took place outside of the workshop. This is an indication that these teachers have developed
some levels of trust to support each other in their profession. In addition, collaborative learning
allows teachers chances to progress and be developed well in their teaching (Bantwini, 2018).
A second important observation was that some teachers were equipped with computerrelated skills and provided the resources to browse the internet for information, download
material to use when teaching as well as prepare computer-generated lesson plans. This
statement confirms that activities at DTDCs support some teachers to develop computer
skills. The DTDC therefore fulfils its role to support teacher learning in some capacity and
meets the requirements of DTDCs, as clearly stated in the policy (DBE & DHET, 2011). The
third observation was that many of the participants noted that they learnt from the moderation
of school-based assessment about appropriate marking standards and setting of exams
questions according to the curriculum guidelines. This indicates that Harland and Kinder’s
(1997) first-order outcomes were achieved, which relates to acquiring new knowledge and
skills. However, the focus on moderation of assessment and on setting exam questions
indicates a strong focus on managerial professionalism, which is driven by the state for the
purposes of implementing state policies (Day & Sachs, 2004). Teachers also received new
information about assessment guidelines and curriculum planning and materials. This new
information and materials received such as CAPS documents, annual teaching plans and work
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2020: 38(2)
programmes, indicates that Harland and Kinder’s (1997) third-order outcomes were achieved.
It was not, however, possible to conclude that the first-level outcomes of learning how to
moderate and set school-based assessment tasks lead to changed pedagogic practices.
Resources at the centres
Evidence from the findings reveals resources for learning, including library, laboratory,
computers and internet access. We noted that resources were seldom utilised and science
equipment often sits in locked cupboards gathering dust and rust. Library shelves are often
half empty and books are outdated. The findings in this study suggested that teachers did not
access nor share resources at the centres. Despite the policy statement regarding the DTDCs
as a site for teachers to access shared resources, the study found that this was not the case
with these centres. We argue that a lack of resources is not in accordance with specified
standards for the DTDCs Norms and Standards (DBE, 2015) which stipulates that DTDCs
should be equipped with relevant resources to support teaching and learning.
Levin (2010) points out that lack of attention to adequate implementation is a major flaw
in policy process. He highlights two elements that are critical to successful implementation:
the importance of engaging those who must make the change in the process of learning
and improvement, and the need for “enough skilled people to provide ongoing support”. We
recommend that to ensure a coherent system that supports teachers, teachers should be
made aware of the purpose and function of the centres, more personnel should be provided
to improve the cohesion and coordination of professional development activities at the
centres and resources should be updated and maintained. In addition, setting up of DTDCs
and aligning resources to current education practice should be developed and reviewed with
active involvement of teachers and personnel who are themselves professionals in the field.
7. CONCLUSION
The policy on DTDC structures and its required procedures and purposes are clearly
stated. This study set out to answer the questions outlined in the introduction: What kind of
professional development activities are delivered at the centres? How are the professional
learning communities organised and monitored? And, are there enough personnel to run the
DTDCs? The study discovered that DTDCs only offer professional development activities
that are aimed at the implementation of the curriculum and assessment policies. Very few
teachers initiated PLCs which met at the centres. The study also found that the centres were
limited in their capacity by lack of trained personnel. Most teachers visit the centres only to
attend meetings and curriculum workshops. We conclude that the DTDCs in this study do not
significantly support teachers’ learning and development beyond the workshops offered for the
implementation of state policies. The DTDCs in our case studies provide venues for meetings
and workshops but these meetings do not provide wide-ranging professional development
activities. The centres also provide access to resources that are often inadequate, nonfunctional and barely utilised. We argue that without relevant resources at the centres, it is
impossible for them to offer any professional development activities. This study concludes
that the expectations of the policy that the centres should support teachers’ learning have not
been realised holistically.
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