J Food Sci Technol (March 2015) 52(3):1730–1735
DOI 10.1007/s13197-013-1122-8
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Development and evaluation of honey based mango nectar
Pooja Lakhanpal & Devina Vaidya
Revised: 9 July 2013 / Accepted: 25 July 2013 / Published online: 17 August 2013
# Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2013
Abstract Honey enriched mango nectar was prepared by
using honey as sweetening agent because of its high fructose
and glucose content and medicinal properties. The nectar
having 20 % pulp, 15°B TSS and 0.30 % acidity was prepared, filled in pre-sterilized glass bottles, heat processed and
stored up to 6 months under ambient (13.3–26.3 °C and 44.5–
81.0 % RH) and refrigerated (4–7 °C and 73 % RH) conditions. The honey enriched mango nectar could be stored for
6 months at ambient temperature and low temperature storage
conditions and only little changes in the quality parameters
viz., TSS, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total and reducing
sugars, carotenoids and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were
recorded as compared to sugar based nectar. These changes
were more under ambient conditions than refrigerated and no
microbial growth was found in nectars at fresh stage and
during storage up to 6 months. The hydroxymethylfurfural
(HMF) content in the mango nectars increased with prolonged
storage period. The mustard honey based mango nectar had
the higher carotenoids content but this decreased (725.60–
689.20 mg/100 ml) during storage up to 6 months under
ambient storage conditions, whereas the decrease was less
under refrigerated storage conditions. Organoleptic quality
score was higher in mustard honey based mango nectar (6.8)
as compared to sugar based mango nectar under refrigerated
conditions after 6 months storage. The results indicated that
the mustard honey based mango nectar stored at low temperature was acceptable with respect to colour, taste and overall
acceptability without any microbial spoilage and could be
marketed as health drink.
Keywords Mango pulp . Mango nectar and honey . HMF
P. Lakhanpal (*) : D. Vaidya
Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar
University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan 173230, India
e-mail: pooja_amigo@yahoo.com
Introduction
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important
tropical fruit crops of India, often called as ‘king of fruits’ due
to its attractive colour, succulence, taste and exotic flavor
(Gehlot et al. 2007). Mango fruits possess strong aroma with
intense peel colouration, characterized by attractive fragrance
and high nutritional value, owing to higher amounts of βcarotene, vitamin C, minerals like calcium, iron and phosphorous. β-carotene is the main compound with pro-vitamin A
activity. Carotenoids are compounds of great dietary importance not only as precursors of vitamin A, but also as molecules that take part in cell protection and consumer attraction
due to the visual colour they provide to food. The characteristic colour of the mango skin and edible flesh is mostly due to
the presence of carotenoids (Jadhav et al. 2009). The mango
fruits are consumed both in the raw and processed state. Ripe
mango is processed into a variety of products viz., mango
nectar, squash, juice, jam, mango slices in sugar syrup (Sagar
and Khurdiya 1998). Mango fruit beverages are highly nutritive, refreshing, thirst quenching, appetizing, easily digestible
and nutritionally far superior to many synthetic and aerated
drinks. The acceptability of fruit drinks/beverages is very
much dependent on their physico-chemical properties including flavor (Deka et al. 2005). The sweetness of these
beverages is generally due to the added sugar, but it can be
replaced by honey because of high concentration of fructose
and glucose monosaccharides. Honey is a rich, readily assimilable energy giving food. It also serves as a source of
natural antioxidants which are effective in preventing deteriorative oxidation reactions in foods, inhibiting browning
reactions in fruits and vegetables (Chen et al. 2000). So,
honey can also be used as a substitute for sugar for making
vitaminised and nutritious beverages and these beverages
made with honey have a improved flavor and nutrition value
than that of sugar products.
J Food Sci Technol (March 2015) 52(3):1730–1735
Material and methods
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits, irrespective of variety
were purchased from local market. Fruits after sorting and
washing were utilized for pulp extraction. The pulp was stored
after pasteurization under refrigerated conditions for further
use. Honey and sugar were analysed for different physicochemical characteristics, like TSS, acidity, glucose-fructose
ratio, sugars, moisture, total solids, ash content, pH and
hydroxymethylfurfural content. The mustard honey based
(T1) and sugar based (T2) mango fruit nectars were prepared
by following the standard recipe (Fig. 1) as per Fruit Products
Order specifications (1955). The prepared fruit nectars (Fig. 2)
Fig. 1 Flow sheet for preparation
of fruit nectar
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were packed in sterilized glass bottles, corked and then
processed for 25 min at 90±2 °C. Further the fruit nectars
were stored in 200 ml capacity glass bottles at two different
temperatures viz., room temperature (13.3–26.3 °C and 44.5–
81.0 % RH) and refrigerated temperature (4–7 °C and 73 %
RH). The mango nectars were analysed for various physicochemical, sensory and microbiological characteristics at periodic intervals of 0, 3 and 6 months.
Analysis The size parameters of fruits were recorded with
the help of vernier caliper and expressed in cm, the average
weight of fruits was taken by using a digital weighing
balance and expressed in grams and the firmness (kg/cm2)
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J Food Sci Technol (March 2015) 52(3):1730–1735
Table 1 Physico-chemical characteristics of mango fruit and pulp
Parameters
Fruit length (cm)
Fruit breadth (cm)
Fruit weight (g)
Specific gravity (g/cm)
Pressure (kg/cm2)
TSS (°B)
Titratable acidity (%)*
Reducing sugars (%)
Total sugars (%)
Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g)
Carotenoids (μg/100 g)
Fig. 2 Fresh mango nectar
was measured by using the Magness Tayler Pressure Tester
(Gould 1978), the total soluble solid contents were determined
by using ERMA hand refractometer and expressed as oBrix
(Ranganna 2007), the titratable acidity of fruits, pulp and
developed mango nectar was determined by titration method
as per given in Ranganna (2007), while that of honey was
determined by AOAC method (1984), reducing sugars and total
sugars by Lane and Eyon method (Ranganna 2007), fructoseglucose ratio as per the method given in manual of methods of
analysis of foods (GOI 2005), sulphur dioxide was determined
by Ripper Titration method, Hydroxymethylfurfural and
carotenoids by methods as reported in Ranganna (2007).
The sensory evaluation of fruit nectars was done (fresh as
well as at different storage intervals) for scoring sensory
qualities by a panel of 9–10 members at a time using a 9point Hedonic scale on the basis of overall acceptability
(Amerine et al. 1965). Total microbial examination of samples
was made aseptically by standard plate count technique at
fresh stage and during storage by using Yeast Extract
Mannitol Agar (YEMA) media (Ranganna 2007). The data
pertaining to the sensory evaluation of fruit nectars and
physico-chemical characteristics of fruits and sweetening
agents were analyzed according to Randomized Complete
Block Design (RBD) as described by Mahony (1985) while
the data on chemical characteristics of fruit nectars were
analyzed statistically by following Completely Randomized
Design (CRD) (Cochran and Cox 1967).
Results and discussion
Physico-chemical characteristics of fruit and pulp The
physico-chemical characteristics of mango fruits and pulp
after pasteurization are presented in Table 1. The total soluble
Meana ± SE
Fruit
Pasteurized pulp
12.41±0.04
7.15±0.06
260.53±2.75
1.79±0.03
0.62±0.02
17.05±0.14
0.35±0.02
11.74±0.05
16.65±0.02
26.38±0.03
4037.03±4.41
−
−
−
−
−
15.08±0.08
0.32±0.03
12.98±0.19
14.95±0.28
19.64±0.06
3744.80±3.84
*As citric acid SE standard error a Means of 3 replicates
solids, total sugars, ascorbic acid and carotenoid content in
mango fruits recorded were 17.05°B, 16.65 %, 26.38 % and
4037.03 μg/100 g, while that of mango pulp were 15.08°B,
14.95 %, 19.64 mg/100 g and 3744.80 μg/100 g respectively,
which were in accordance with the findings of Bhuyan and
Kobra (2007), Nandini and Oommen (2002), Jadhav et al.
(2009) and Veda et al. (2007).
Physico-chemical characteristics of sweetening agents The
data in Table 2 reveals that the total soluble solids of mustard
Table 2 Physico-chemical characteristics of sweetening agents (mustard
honey and sugar)
Parameters
Sweetening agents (Meanb ±SE)
Mustard honey
Total soluble solids(°B)
Free acid (m.eq/100 g)
Lactone (m.eq/100 g)
Total acid (m.eq/100 g)
pH
Reducing sugars (%)
Non-reducing sugars (%)
Total sugars (%)
Sulphur dioxide (ppm)
Hydroxymethylfurfural (ppm)
Fructose (%)
Glucose (%)
Fructose:glucose ratio
b
Sugar
75.0±0.12
94.0±1.15
2.12±0.13
0.95±0.11
3.07±1.09
3.88±0.70
63.72±1.28
7.95±0.49
71.67±1.19
−
14.13±0.84
34.79±0.74
28.93±0.13
1.20±0.12
−
−
−
6.08±0.83
4.48±0.76
89.41±1.24
93.79±1.82
19.7±1.01
−
−
−
−
Means of 3 replicates SE standard error
J Food Sci Technol (March 2015) 52(3):1730–1735
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honey was 75.0°B, which was less than the observations of
Kaushik et al. (1993). The total acid and pH recorded were 3.07
milli equivalent/100 g and 3.88 respectively, which were well
with in the range as recorded by Singh et al. (1988). Mishra
(1995) recorded the total and reducing sugars of honey which
were near to the values recorded in the investigation. The
Table 3 Changes in quality characteristics of mango nectars during storage under different storage conditions
Parameters
TSS(°B)
Storage conditions (C)
AT
RT
Titratable acidity (%)
AT
RT
Total sugars (%)
AT
RT
Reducing sugars (%)
AT
RT
Ascorbic acid (mg/100 ml)
AT
RT
Carotenoids (mg/100 ml)
AT
RT
Hydroxymethylfurfural (mg/100 ml)
AT
RT
AT Ambient temperature; RT Refrigerated temperature
Treatments (T)
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
T1
T2
Mean
Storage intervals (I) (months)
CD at 5 %
0
3
6
Mean
C C×T C×I C×T×I
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.31
0.31
14.62
14.57
14.60
14.62
14.57
14.60
10.63
6.48
8.56
10.63
6.48
8.56
3.62
3.87
3.74
3.62
3.87
3.74
725.60
722.30
723.95
725.60
722.30
723.95
0.100
0.041
0.070
0.100
0.041
0.070
15.27
15.23
15.25
15.20
15.18
15.19
0.29
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.28
0.29
14.48
14.51
14.50
14.57
14.54
14.56
11.31
7.23
9.27
11.00
7.09
9.04
3.41
3.61
3.51
3.50
3.69
3.59
713.40
710.60
712.00
719.70
717.40
718.55
0.180
0.044
0.112
0.170
0.043
0.106
15.34
15.32
15.33
15.25
15.26
15.26
0.26
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.26
0.27
14.40
14.46
14.43
14.50
14.48
14.49
11.80
7.78
9.79
11.43
7.51
9.47
3.03
3.37
3.20
3.25
3.47
3.36
689.20
683.40
686.30
696.00
694.50
695.25
0.200
0.053
0.126
0.190
0.051
0.120
15.20
15.18
15.19
15.15
15.15
15.15
0.28
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.28
0.29
14.50
14.51
14.51
14.60
14.53
14.55
11.24
7.16
9.20
11.02
7.02
9.02
3.35
3.62
3.48
3.45
3.68
3.56
709.40
705.43
707.42
713.76
711.40
712.58
0.160
0.046
0.103
0.150
0.045
0.098
0.01 NS 0.02 NS
NS NS NS NS
0.01 0.02 0.02 NS
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03
0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003
1.50 NS 2.60 NS
NS NS NS NS
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Hydroxymethylfurfural content recorded in honey was higher
than observations of Bulut and Kilic (2009). The fructose and
glucose content of honey observed were 34.79 % and 28.93 %
respectively, which were in the same range as observed by
Poncini and Winner (1987).
Changes in physico-chemical characteristics of mango nectar
during storage The data pertaining to changes in quality
characteristics of mango nectars during storage under different
storage conditions is presented in Table 3. The data reveals
that the total soluble solids increased during storage and
statistically more increase was found under ambient conditions than refrigerated conditions, irrespective of treatments
and storage intervals.
The increase in total soluble solids might be due to
solubilization of pulp constituents during storage and degradation of starch into simple sugars due to hydrolysis of
polysaccharides (Jawanda et al. 1978). The titratable acidity
was found to be decreased during storage but this decrease
was statistically non-significant among the treatments during storage under ambient as well as refrigerated conditions. The decrease in acidity might be due to chemical
reactions taking place between organic acids and pigments
by the action of enzymes and temperature (Kannan and
Thirumaran 2001).
The Table 3 shows that the total sugars decreased
during storage and the decrease in total sugars was more
(14.60 to 14.51 %) under ambient storage conditions than
refrigerated (14.60 to 14.55 %) storage conditions, while
the interaction among conditions, treatments and intervals
was nonsignificant. The decrease in total sugars might be
attributed to the involvement of sugars in browning reactions and formation of Hydroxymethylfurfural (Shaw et al.
1977). The ascorbic acid content was found to be decreased during storage. The decrease in ascorbic acid
content was more (3.87 to 3.47 mg/100 ml) in sugar
based mango nectar than the honey based mango nectar
Fig. 3 Sensory evaluation of
mango nectar
J Food Sci Technol (March 2015) 52(3):1730–1735
(3.62 to 3.25 mg/100 ml) under refrigerated storage conditions
after 6 months. The reason for loss of ascorbic acid might be
its oxidation to furfural and Hydroxymethylfurfural (Aruna
et al. 1997)
The data in Table 3 reveals that there was more decrease in
carotenoid content under ambient storage conditions than the
refrigerated storage conditions. The decrease in carotenoid
content could be attributed to per-oxidation because of light
exposure (Deka et al. 2005). The Hydroxymethylfurfural
content was found to be increased during storage but the
increase was statistically nonsignificant among the treatments
during storage under ambient as well refrigerated storage
conditions.
Sensory evaluation of mango nectar The data pertaining to
sensory evaluation of mango nectars is presented in Fig. 3.
The data shows that statistically higher scores (7.5) were given
to honey based nectar at fresh stage and the scores for sensory
quality were decreased during storage but remained well
within the acceptance. Therefore, the honey based nectar
stored under refrigerated conditions showed higher acceptability score than the sugar based mango nectar by the
panelists.
Conclusion
It can be concluded from the present study that we can utilize
the honey successfully for the preparation of mango nectar.
The preparation of mango nectar with mustard honey was
found to be highly acceptable with high carotenoids content
(725.60 mg/100 ml) and can be stored successfully for
6 months under refrigerated storage conditions with minimum
changes in their physico-chemical and sensory quality without
any microbial spoilage and it could be marketed as a health
drink.
J Food Sci Technol (March 2015) 52(3):1730–1735
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