009 Volume 2 Issue 3 2014. 06 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FRONTIERS CN 10-1105/TU ISSN 2095-5405 (Print) 2095-5413 (Online) National Circulation Code 80-985 主管 / 中华人民共和国教育部 主办 / 高等教育出版社有限公司 北京大学 承办 / 北京大学建筑与景观设计学院 出版 / 高等教育出版社有限公司 主编 / 俞孔坚 副主编 / 李迪华、约翰·扎卡赖亚斯 5 / 主编寄语 8 / 简讯 12 / 理事动态 41 / 论文 42 / 中国后化石燃料时代的城市发展议程： 名誉编委 程绪珂、崔愷、冯宗炜、何镜堂、蒋有绪、金鉴明、李文华、陆大道、马国馨、 彭一刚、齐康、王如松、吴良镛、张廷皓 国际编委 杰克·埃亨、亨利·巴瓦、凯瑟琳·布尔、戴佛·加兹瓦达、克里斯蒂娜·希尔、 李明翰、伊丽莎白·K·梅尔、帕特里克·A·米勒、玛丽·帕多瓦、玛姬·罗、 马里奥·谢赫南、安妮·惠斯顿·斯本、弗雷德里克·斯坦纳、卡尔·斯 坦尼兹、安琪·施托克曼、罗伯特·L·塞耶 关于辖区尺度的生态—高效城市与绿色基础设施的新理念 史蒂芬·莱曼，解洪兴 编委 鲍家声、包满珠、包志毅、蔡强、车生泉、车伍、陈军、陈其兵、陈同滨、 成玉宁、杜春兰、段进、樊杰、高翅、顾朝林、郭旃、韩林飞、韩西丽、 洪铁城、李津逵、李树华、李炜民、李雄、林珲、刘滨谊、刘晖、刘克成、 卢济威、吕斌、吕勤智、孟宪民、欧阳志云、庞伟、邱建、邵健、宋文沛、 谭徐明、汪芳、王浩、王建国、王澍、王向荣、王仰麟、王志芳、吴文媛、 吴志强、谢纯、许大为、杨保军、杨锐、叶强、余柏椿、于长江、张天新、 赵辰、郑伟元、周志辉、朱育帆、宗跃光 Supervisor / Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China Administrators / Higher Education Press Peking University Organizer / College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture Peking University Publisher / Higher Education Press 59 / 观点与评论 60 / 中国特色的建筑节能之路 65 / 从能效城市到能效者—5A规划途径 70 / 生态低碳城市规划方法 76 / 当低碳与生态技术遇见景观建造 80 / 最佳实践：中国南方地区首个被动式住宅 86 / 为生活而设计 91 / 原创实践 92 / 生态景观技术与艺术探索 江亿 佩特拉·斯坦宁格 马克·休伊特 刘水 彼特·鲁格 常志刚 Chief Editor / Kongjian YU Deputy Chief Editor / Dihua LI, John ZACHARIAS Honorary Editorial Xuke CHENG, Kai CUI, Zongwei FENG, Jingtang HE, Youxu JIANG, Jianming JIN, Wenhua LI, Dadao LU, Guoxin MA, Yigang PENG, Kang QI, Rusong WANG, Liangyong WU, Tinghao ZHANG —广东省东莞市万科建研中心生态园区 张唐景观 International Editorial 100 / 纽约绿色循环堆肥中心 106 / 荷兰海牙A4能源森林景观 112 / 香港零碳天地 Editorial Advisory Board 118 / 土耳其安卡拉市奥斯迪姆生态园技术开发区 Jiasheng BAO, Manzhu BAO, Zhiyi BAO, Qiang CAI, Shengquan CHE, Wu CHE, Jun CHEN, Qibing CHEN, Tongbin CHEN, Yuning CHENG, Chunlan DU, Jin DUAN, Jie FAN, Chi GAO, Zhaolin GU, Zhan Guo, Linfei HAN, Xili HAN, Tiecheng HONG, Jinkui LI, Shuhua LI, Weimin LI, Xiong LI, Hui LIN, Binyi LIU, Hui LIU, Kecheng LIU, Jiwei LU, Bin LV, Qinzhi LV, Xianmin MENG, Zhiyun OUYANG, Wei PANG, Jian QIU, Jian SHAO, Wenpei SONG, Xuming TAN, Fang WANG, Hao WANG, Jianguo WANG, Shu WANG, Xiangrong WANG, Yanglin WANG, Zhifang WANG, Wenyuan WU, Zhiqiang WU, Chun XIE, Dawei XU, Baojun YANG, Rui YANG, Qiang YE, Baichun YU, Changjiang YU, Tianxin ZHANG, Chen ZHAO, Weiyuan ZHENG, Zhihui ZHOU, Yufan ZHU, Yaoguang ZONG 124 / 法国电力集团档案中心 130 / 河北省固安规划展览馆景观设计 137 / 探索与过程 138 / 重叠城市：再定义后化石时代的能源景观 陈忱 148 / 社会架构与空间序列—曼谷班库瓦社区 克里斯托夫·吕德尔 Jack AHERN, Henri BAVA, Catherin BULL, Davor GAZVODA, Kristina HILL, Ming-Han LI, Elizabeth K. MEYER, Patrick A. MILLER, Mary PADUA, Maggie ROE, Mario SCHJETNAN, Anne Whiston SPIRN, Frederick STEINER, Carl STEINITZ, Antje STOKMAN, Robert L. THAYER PRESENT建筑设计事务所 DE URBANISTEN城市研究和设计工作室 吕元祥建筑师事务所 ONZ建筑设计事务所 LAN建筑设计事务所 维思平建筑 目标与范围 《景观设计学》定位于景观设计的学术研究与设计实践的交叉领域，探 讨如何通过景观设计学途径，解决中国和世界生态与环境问题的新观 念、新理论和新方法 ；通过介绍和推广前沿景观设计实践，倡导有助 封面项目/法国电力集团档案中心、土耳其安卡拉市奥斯迪姆生态园技术开发区、荷兰海牙A4能源 森林景观 于实现美丽中国与美丽地球的新美学和新文化 ；架设研究与社会需求 之间的桥梁、科学与艺术之间的桥梁，引领当代景观设计学科的发展。 读者群为相关领域的科研人员和专业实践群体、院校师生、决策者和 广大城乡环境的建设者。 本刊保留所有刊载文章及图片的文字、电子、网络版的专有出版权，未经许可，任何人不得以营利 为目的复制、转载、摘编、改编、翻译、注释、整理、编辑等，本刊保留对侵权者采取法律行动的 权利。 出版社 责任编辑 / 张羽 地址 / 北 京 市 朝 阳 区 惠 新 东 街 4 号 富 盛 大 厦 1 5 层 （ 1 0 0 0 2 9 ） 网址 / j o u r n a l .h e p .co m.cn 电话 / 0 0 8 6 - 1 0 - 5 8 5 5 6 4 8 5 编辑部 编辑部主任 / 佘依爽 责任编辑 / 田乐（兼本期内容编辑） 编辑 / 涂先明、李霞、萨拉·雅各布斯 探索与过程专栏编辑 / 陆小璇、萨拉·雅各布斯（兼） 美术指导 / 王江 美术编辑 / 陈丽丽 海外编辑 / 周虹、姜斌、刘琴博 地址 / 北京市海淀区中关村北大街127-1号 北大科技园 402-1 室（100080） 电话 / 0 0 8 6 - 1 0 - 6274 7821 传真 / 0 0 8 6 - 1 0 - 6274 5605 电子邮箱 / lafrontiers.editor@gmail.com 杂志网站 / www. lafrontiers.com 5 / Editorial 8 / Brief @景观设计学LAFrontiers 媒体支持 / 景观中国网站 www.landscape.cn @景观中国网 运营 / 佘 依 爽 （兼）、王 秀 丽 运营咨询 / 0086-10-6274 5785 广告总监 / 张 保 利 广告咨询 / 0 0 8 6 - 1 0 - 6 27 4 7 8 26 发行总监 / 刁 一 飞 订阅咨询 / 0 0 8 6 - 1 0 - 6 2 7 4 7 8 4 1 12 / Member Updates 41 / Papers 42 / A Post-fossil-fuel Urban Development Agenda for China: New Concepts of Eco-eficient City and Green Infrastructure at Precinct-Scale 广告经营许可证号 / 京 西 工 商 广 字 第 0 4 3 0 号 印刷 / 北 京 雅 昌 彩 色 印 刷 有 限 公 司 国内发行 / 北 京 怡 然 置 业 装 饰 设 计 书 店 国际发行 / 中 国 国 际 图 书 贸 易 总 公 司 邮发代号 / 8 0 - 9 8 5 定价 / RMB 4 8 .0 0 HKD 1 0 0 .0 0 TWD 4 5 0 .0 0 USD 3 5 .0 0 Steffen LEHMANN, Tonny XIE 59 / E UR 25 .0 0 Publisher Executive Editor / Yu ZHANG Add / 4 Huixin Dongjie, Beijing 100029, China Website / journal.hep.com.cn Tel / 0086-10-5855 6485 Editorial Ofice Editorial Director / Yishuang SHE Executive Editor / Tina TIAN (Editor-in-charge of this issue) Editors / Xianming TU, Xia LI, Sara JACOBS Column Hosts of Experiments and Processes / Xiaoxuan LU, Sara JACOBS Art Director / Jiang WANG Graphic Designer / Lily CHEN Overseas Editors / Hong ZHOU, Bin JIANG, Qinbo LIU Add / Rm. 402-1, Peking University Science Park, 127-1 Zhongguancun North Street, Haidian District, Beijing (100080) Tel / 0086-10-6274 7821 Fax / 0086-10-6274 5605 Email / lafrontiers.editor@gmail.com Magazine Website / www.lafrontiers.com Supporting Media / www.landscape.cn Operation Team / Yishuang SHE, Xiuli WANG Business Inquiries / 0086-10-6274 5785 Advertising Director / Leo ZHANG Advertising Inquiries / 0086-10-6274 7826 Circulation Director / Yifei DIAO Subscription Inquiries / 0086-10-6274 7841 60 / 65 / 70 76 80 86 / / / / 91 / 92 / 100 106 112 118 124 130 / / / / / / Views and Criticisms The Road to Energy-smart Buildings with Chinese Characteristics From Energy-eficient Cities to Energy-eficient People — The Five A’s Planning Approach Petra STIENINGER Eco-low Carbon Urban Planning Methodology Mark HEWLETT Low-carbon and Ecological Techniques in Landscape Construction Best Practice: The First Residential Passive House in Southern China Design for Life Zhigang CHANG Yi JIANG Shui LIU Peter RUGE Original Practices Art and Eco-technology — Eco-campus of Vanke Architecture Research Center in Dongguan, Guangdong Z+T STUDIO Green Loop, New York PRESENT Architecture A4 Energy Landscape in The Hague, the Netherlands DE URBANISTEN ZCB Zero Carbon Building, Hong Kong Ronald Lu & Partners Ostim Eco-park Technology Development Region in Ankara, Turkey ONZ Architects EDF Archives Center, France LAN Architecture Landscape Design of the Gu’an Planning Exhibition Hall, Hebei WSP ARCHITECTS Printed by / Beijing Artron Colour Printing Co., Ltd. General Agency in China / Beijing Yiran Bookshop General Agency Abroad / China International Book Trading Corporation Price / RMB 48.00 HKD 100.00 TWD 450.00 USD 35.00 EUR 25.00 137 / 138 / Aims and Scope LAF puts its focus on the intersecting spheres of academic research and design practice in landscape architecture, discussing new opinions, theories and approaches to address environmental and ecological issues through landscape architecture; advocating new aesthetics and new culture which benefit the beauty of China and the world by introducing and promoting most recent practice of landscape architecture. It acts as a bridge connecting research and social needs, science and art, leading the development of the discipline. Our audience includes researchers and professional architects, faculties and students, policy makers in related fields and people who work on the environmental constructions in both urban and rural areas. 148 / Experiments and Processes The Overlapped City: Redeining Energy Landscapes in the Post-fossil Era CHEN Social Fabric and Spatial Permutation — Ban Krua, Bangkok Chen Christoph LUEDER Projects on the Cover: EDF Archives Center, France; Ostim Eco-park Technology Development Region in Ankara, Turkey; A4 Energy Landscape in The Hague, the Netherlands All rights reserved. The contents should not be reproduced in any form, either in whole or in part, without written permission from the editorial department. The publisher has attempted to trace and acknowledge all sources for images used in this magazine, and we apologize for any errors and omissions. Volume 2 / Issue 3 / June 2014 收稿时间 / Received Date 中图分类号 / TU982.3/.7 2014-05-10 文献标识码 / B 社会架构与空间序列 探 ——曼谷班库瓦社区 索 Social Fabric and Spatial Permutation 与 — Ban Krua, Bangkok 过 程 克里斯托夫·吕德尔 148 摘要 …… Abstract ... 曼谷的班库瓦社区位于邻近国家体育场的塞桑运 The community of Ban Krua has come to global attention through their successful Christoph LUEDER 河沿岸。该社区因成功抵制政府计划修建横穿其中的 resistance against a government proposal for a motorway that would have cut through Associate Professor, 高速公路，而在国际上引起反响。一系列学术研究将 their community on the banks of the Saen Saeb canal near Bangkok’s National Stadium. Kingston University London 他们之前的成功或归功于社区凝聚力推动下的非暴力 While academic studies attribute their erstwhile success either to the tactics of non-violent 不合作策略，或追溯至社区与泰国军方和当局高级官 resistance sustained by community cohesion or to the communities’ longstanding ties 翻译 Translated by / 员之间的渊源。但我们感兴趣的是维系这一非凡凝聚 with senior officials in the Thai military and bureaucracy, we were interested in the dynamic 陈立欣 Connie CHEN 力的存在于社会架构之间的动态关系，以及由社区所 interrelationships between the social fabric that sustains this remarkable level of cohesion, 校对 Proofread by / 催生并存在于其中的空间。建筑可以是自生自长的， and the spaces produced and inhabited by the community. Buildings are sometimes 陆小璇 Xiaoxuan LU 并且通常会随时间发生变化。在城市尺度上，社区中 self-constructed and usually transformed over time; at the urban scale of the community 狭窄的巷道网络是家庭空间的直接延伸——社区层面 the network of narrow alleyways is a direct extension of domestic space, subject to 上的连通性以及由其所触发的城市层面上的隔离性二 continuous permutation through dynamic processes of local connections triggering 者间的动态变化，共同塑造着这一连续的空间序列。 disconnection at urban level and vice versa. 关键词 …… Key words ... 伦敦金斯顿大学副教授 社会与空间结构；城市与本地关联性；非正规都市 主义；共享空间；边缘化社区 Social and Spatial Structure; Urban and Local Connectivity; Informal Urbanism; Shared Space; Marginal Communities 1 景观设计学 Landscape Architecture Frontiers 社区的实地调研，是一个关注由非同步发 （1858），规划中一系列房间通过走廊连 的游客经常会将其误认为是边缘人群居住 展、在缘化与集中化相互作用下形成的城 接，而绘画中一个男人和一个女人相互远 的贫民窟，是一处在快速现代化和全球化 市空间的系列研究的一环。此前，这一项 离。画作中描绘了对于私密性的渴望，而 进程中被遗忘的角落。对于参观由丝绸实 目对贾巴尔奥利雅——一个位于约旦阿曼 在规划中则通过走廊实现。埃文斯认为， 业家吉姆·汤普森迁往运河对岸并重新整 的巴勒斯坦难民营进行过研究。目前，对 建筑设计是对“人性关系的本质”进行描 合的泰国房屋的游客来说，班库瓦是一个 孟买和智利圣地亚哥的研究正在计划当 述。班库瓦社区并非经由规划师之手而形 由柬埔寨占族穆斯林移民组成的丝绸纺织 中。2014年2月，我和亚历山德鲁·马来 成，人们看到的居住画面亦未被精心编 社区，他们曾在20世纪五六十年代参与手 斯库受泰国国立朱拉隆功大学建筑设计国 排。如果说，罗宾·埃文斯所评述的艺术 工丝绸布料的生产。那段经济繁荣的岁月 际项目之邀，与11名在读学生及两名毕业 家和建筑师们是他们那个时代和社会表达 已是过眼云烟，大部分丝绸纺织厂已经倒 生（格蕾丝·莎菲塔·茱安娜特拉德、托 自我的媒介，那么班库瓦社区则与此形成 闭或迁离城市，如今只有两家仍在运作。 普·特西迫·特纳博柴）组成团队，对班 鲜明对比——它是一个大型的自我规划与 库瓦进行研究。 自我组建的建筑群体，是一个由邻里间点 政治学者将班库瓦社区看作是一个成 Experiments and Processes 班库瓦充满了对比。徜徉于塞桑运河 滴协商而催生的城市法则。 功对抗基础设施项目的民间草根组织的实 班库瓦社区展现了社会与空间结构之 例。1988年政府决定修建一个能将班库瓦 间的多层面的类比和多尺度的相互影响。 这里展示了班库瓦社区中位于塞桑 一分为二的高速路出口坡道，社区组织了 建筑理论学家罗宾·埃文斯对涵盖了西方 运河和达鲁法拉清真寺之间的一段空间序 非暴力抗议和象征性的公共行动，并不断 建筑史的一系列类比做出了描述。埃文斯 列的平面布局。在50m长的空间内，包括 巡视他们的领地，以防止政府实行先前用 曾将安东尼奥·达·桑加罗与拉斐尔·桑 沿着小巷布置的三个建筑单体。首先是一 于打击民间抵抗的纵火袭击。一系列抵制 西对玛达玛庄园的规划（1518）与拉斐尔 处随着时间被不断改造的传统泰式房屋； 运动最终在1993年取得成功，以当局取消 的画作《圣家族》（1514）进行了类比。 其后方是一处用围栏围合的富有丝绸纺织 这一计划告终。一些政治学者称，这一胜 规划中勾勒出相互连通的房间矩阵，访客 者的住宅；住宅后方是一栋新建的高层公 利的背后不仅是草根运动，也存在社区与 和住客会穿过阵列般的房间。最大化的连 寓建筑。建造之初，这栋泰式房屋的底层 泰国军方和当局高级官员之间的渊源。 通性和私密性的缺失在《圣家族》中亦 是向四周开敞的，建筑的二层由通透的表 作为建筑师和城市规划者，我们感 有所体现，画中人物饱含深情的相视并 皮所围合，其内部均设有用于分隔空间的 兴趣的是一个表现出如此惊人凝聚力的社 有着肢体接触。埃文斯的另一组类比， 隔板。当政府沿河道安装了水闸后，这一 区的社会结构，以及其所产生并不断重塑 是威廉·莫里斯位于贝克斯利希斯的红 区域周期性的地表洪涝消失了。泰式房屋 的公共、共享和私人空间。我们在班库瓦 房子（1859）和画作《美丽的伊索尔德》 的主人因而将曾经用于烹饪、就餐的底层 149 2 1. 2. 1. 2. 班库瓦社区鸟瞰图 班库瓦社区在曼谷市的位置 Bird's eye view of Ban Krua Ground map of Ban Krua in the context of Bangkok. Volume 2 / Issue 3 / June 2014 探 索 与 过 程 5 150 3 6 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 4 沿巷道布置的被改造的泰式房屋、由围栏围合的富有的丝绸 纺织者住宅、一栋新建公寓 传统泰式房屋的阶段性转变 项目团队在班库瓦社区调研 社区一座留存的丝绸纺织作坊的楼梯 丝绸纺织作坊的首层布局（图中楼梯部分实景见图6） A soi (alleyway) with a transformed Thai house, the fenced in home of a wealthy silk-weaver and a new apartment building The phased transformation of a traditional Thai house Ban Krua ield research Staircase in the house of a remaining silk workshop The ground level of the silk workshop building (the picture of the stairs in this drawing shown as Figure 6) 景观设计学 Landscape Architecture Frontiers Experiments and Processes 151 7 开放空间围合起来：起初是木板墙，之后 空间序列末端的公寓建筑则与廊道之间形 又增加了由混凝土砖修建的卫生间。而二 成有序的连结——廊道为处在三个不同楼 值得注意的是，这些存在着强烈对 层空间也随后用板墙划分，以出租给不同 层的一系列独立公寓提供了出入口。在这 比的建筑空间的演变，仍保持着高度的城 家庭。泰式建筑所显现的逐渐增加的围合 些住宅依然清晰可见的长年演变的痕迹 市连贯性。由于所有的变化都是基于对共 度，也在丝绸纺织者宅邸的围栅建造上得 中，我们可以看到“巷道”作为记录着曼 同主题的强调——巷道与房屋间的各层边 以体现——他们逐渐将原本开敞的传统泰 谷空间与社会间相互关系的不同案例的目 界——所以当人们走在巷道中时感知到的 式“巷道”转变成“廊道”。而位于这一 录，这些案例发生在不同层面且具有不同 是整体空间而非割裂的空间碎片：传统泰 的表现方式。 Volume 2 / Issue 3 / June 2014 探 索 与 过 程 The family rents out the use of its washing machine to neighbours. 这户家庭将洗衣机出租给邻居使用。 8 式建筑通过在地面层建立的经处理的砖墙 间变成了巷道的延伸，同时又通过升高平 而会随着时间相互转换——这一动态特性 而清晰地划分出界限；丝绸纺织者宅邸则 台的方式使一些区域获得更多的私密性。 在那些空间边界被更严格划定的居住形态 152 通过铁质围栏得到区分；而较新的公寓房 从社区的首层平面图来看，班库瓦是 中很难或者根本无法实现。 屋则是通过各种墙体、围栅和滑动板进行 由一系列排列紧凑的独立空间组成的房屋 对居民的走访显示出当地人对班库瓦 区分。班库瓦社区的其他住户采用木墙、 矩阵。房屋之间的空隙会变成公共巷道、 空间的高度满意和欣赏；即使是那些能够 波纹金属板、矮木栏，有时甚至仅用晾衣 死胡同或是不对公共开放的封闭空隙。而 在别的地方住得起更大房子的人也对这里 绳或放在巷道边上的容器进行着空间划 诺利式平面（用黑白灰标记空间属性的平 的集体性和社区凝聚力情有独钟。班库瓦 分。这些不同划分方式强调的共同主题是 面）则显示了班库瓦社区中的私人住宅 是否能进一步提供一种“发展”的替代性 遮挡——它在非常紧凑的空间中实现了私 （黑色色块）、共享通道空间（空白）以 模式呢？其空间反映了一个“边缘社区” 密性，同时为穿行于狭窄的巷道之中提供 及模糊空间（灰色色块）的空间位置。其 独特的结构和文化：它们通过宗教信仰与 连贯的体验。在班库瓦社区没有特别大型 中过渡空间（灰色）包括那些在公共通道 共同的历史与“主流社会”相分离；他们 的房屋，这增强了社区空间的整体性。富 中用门隔开的空间，或是房屋间的非通道 抵制线性的改变，甚至是向其他社会文化 有的大家族常常居住在由几栋建筑形成的 间隙空间。社区交通空间的动态适应性变 背景和发展机制的转变。通过这一研究项 建筑组团中，而非独栋的大型建筑里。社 化，促使我们绘制了班库瓦独特的可达性 目，我们从复杂和丰富的社会—空间相互 区留存的一座丝绸纺织作坊是班库瓦最大 与动线图示。局部联通性的变化触发了城 作用中有所感悟，亦认识到班库瓦在适应 的几栋房屋之一。其通过强调建筑表皮， 市动线的分割或连接，反之亦然：铁门或 过程中保持其凝聚力的能力。 从而与巷道系统的韵律相呼应：内进“玄 一系列更模糊的软性边界的加建与转变， 关”在大部分时间都是面向巷道敞开的， 使巷道经历着公共化与私密化的交互过 因而通风良好并可从巷道对其窥视；但亦 程，从而形成社区中不断变化的动线。本 可以通过关上铁门而形成封闭空间。大量 应笔直的巷道蜿蜒伸展，从中便可窥见这 的开敞空间能够避免巷道成为夹在空白墙 种集体协商的痕迹。所有的巷道都非常狭 壁之间的走廊。在相邻的一条巷道中，一 窄，即使是那些用作主要道路的巷道也被 户人家甚至在他们的起居室中开放了一台 周边住户所占用并被用于储藏日常用品。 面向社区的收费洗衣机——这一改造将房 因此，连接与割裂永远不是黑白分明的， 8. 9. 10. 8. 开放了面向社区的收费洗衣机的一户人家 班库瓦社区首层平面图 班库瓦社区诺利式平面图 Home of a family that rents out use of its washing machine to neighbors 9. Ground loor plan of Ban Krua 10. Nolli plan of Ban Krua 景观设计学 Landscape Architecture Frontiers Ban Krua is defined by contrasts. Tourists traveling on the San Saeb canal often mistake it for a slum, inhabited by a marginal community passed over by rapid modernization and globalization. To the Experiments and Processes visitors of the traditional Thai houses moved across the canal and re-assembled by the silk entrepreneur Jim Thompson, Ban Krua is introduced as a community of Cambodian Cham Muslim silk weavers who supplied hand woven silk cloth in the 1950s and 60s. The economic boom that Ban Krua experienced during this time has passed, most silk weavers have closed or relocated their operations to factories far from the city, and only two workshops remain active today. 9 Political scientists recognize in Ban Krua an exemplar of successful grass-roots opposition against an infrastructure project. When the government in 1988 decided to build a highway exit ramp bisecting Ban Krua, the community organized nonviolent 153 protests, symbolic public actions, and patrolled their spaces to guard against arson attacks, which had previously been used to break resistance. Erstwhile success came in 1993 as the authorities abandoned their plans. Some political scientists argue that this triumph not solely is one of the grassroots campaign, but also of the communities’ longstanding ties with senior members of the Thai military and bureaucracy. As architects and urbanists, we are 10 interested in the relationship between the social structure of a community which has further exploration in Mumbai and Santiago social and spatial structure. The architectural demonstrated such remarkable cohesion, and de Chile isplanned. Alexandru Malaescu theorist Robin Evans has described a the public, shared, and private spaces that and I were invited by the INDA program sequence of analogies spanning the history of it produces and continuously remakes. Our at Chulalongkorn University in February Western architecture. Evans paired Antonio field work contributes to a research project 2014 to conduct research on Ban Krua in da Sangallo’s and Raphael Sanzio’s plan for on urban spaces resulting from asynchronous collaboration with a group of 11 students and the Villa Madama (1518) with Raphael’s development, from interaction between two of its recent graduates, Grace Suthata Madonna dell’Impannata (1514). The marginalization and concentration. The Jiranuntarat and Top Tachapol Tanaboonchai. plan delineates a matrix of interconnected project previously studied Jabal Al Natheef, a Ban Krua suggests multi-layered chambers; visitors and inhabitants pass Palestinian refugee camp in Amman, Jordan; analogies and multi-scalar interplay between through an enfilade of chambers. The Volume 2 / Issue 3 / June 2014 negotiations between neighbors. Accessible Pathway 通畅道路 Blocked Pathway 拥堵道路 The scope of floor plan configurations in Ban Krua is encapsulated in a sequence of three buildings that line the Soi (Thai, alleyway), which links the Saen Saeb canal to 探 Darulfalah Mosque. Within a space of 50 m, 索 a traditional Thai house, converted over time, 与 is followed by the fenced-in residence of a 过 wealthy silk weaver, and then a recently built 程 tall apartment building. The lower loor plan of the Thai house had originally been open to all sides, and the upper loor plan enclosed by a porous envelope, without internal partition on either level. After the authorities had 11 installed floodgates, and periodical flooding of the ground level had ceased, the owners Houses with Isolated Circulation 拥有独立动线的房屋 Houses with Connected Rooms Circulation 拥有房间相连动线的房屋 Housed with Adapted Circulation 拥有协商性动线的房屋 Accessible Pathway 通畅道路 Blocked Pathway 拥堵道路 House Entrance 住户入口 of the Thai house enclosed the ground floor area, previously used for open air cooking and eating, first with timber walls, and then added lavatories built with concrete blocks. The upper level became subdivided to allow spaces to be rented by more than one 154 family. This narrative of increasing enclosure echoes in the fence of the silk weaver’s residence, gradually transforming the Soi into a corridor; inally the apartment building provides a logical conclusion, with corridors on three levels providing access to a series of independent studio apartments. As an urban ensemble and through the traces of a historical 12 narrative remaining legible in the Thai house, the Soi embodies a catalogue of differentiated levels and varied articulations of spatial and social interconnection. maximum of connectivity and absence in plan by the corridor. Evans concludes that of privacy is reflected in the depiction of the architectural plan describes “the nature of Remarkably, these quence of contrasting Madonna dell’Impannata within a group human relationships”. Ban Krua’s urban plan buildings maintains a high degree of urban of people in affectionate eye contact and is not designed, and the scenes of inhabitation coherence. As one walks along the Soi, the physically in touch. A second pair, William one encounters are not choreographed. In experience is that of an ensemble, and not one Morris’s Red House at Bexley Heath (1859) contrast to Robin Evans’ artists and architects of fragmentation, as all variations are based along side La belle Iseult (1858), delineates that act as mediums through which the spirit on a shared theme, the articulation of layered in plan a series of rooms connected via a of their era and society expresses itself, boundaries between Soi and house. The corridor, and in painting a man and a woman Ban Krua is an assemblage of largely self- Thai house articulates boundaries through turning away from each other. The desire for planned and self-constructed buildings, and the rendered block walls that were added at privacy is depicted in painting and afforded an urban disposition produced by incremental ground level, the house of the silk weaver 景观设计学 Landscape Architecture Frontiers blind alley, or an interstitial space that is gated house through a combination of wall, fence, off from public access. The Nolli plan notates and sliding panels. Other homes in Ban Krua the location of private houses (solids), shared are shielded by walls of timber, corrugated access (voids), and renders in gray shades the metal, low timber rails, sometimes just by ambiguous spaces, such as passages cut off clotheslines, or utensils placed alongside the from public circulation by gates, or interstitial Soi. For all its differentiation in articulation, space left between houses. This dynamic this shared theme of screens affording privacy adaptability of circulation patterns led us to within very tight spaces lends coherence propose distinct diagrams of connectivity, to the experience of traveling through the and circulation. Local connections trigger narrow Sois. This is aided by the fact that urban disconnection and vice versa, as metal none of the houses are very large, as wealthy, gates or more subtle soft boundaries privatize large families inhabit groups of houses rather former Sois and alternate public routes are than a single, large building. A remaining silk established. The traces of such collective weaving workshop, one of the largest houses, negotiation remain visible in the offsets of the responds to the rhythm of the Soi through otherwise linear Soi. All Sois are uniformly the articulation of its facade, with an open narrow, and even those that serve as principal bay that can be closed by a metal gate, but means of access are inhabited by residents otherwise is open to ventilation and to views and used for storage of household items. in from the alley. The generous opening saves Therefore connection and disconnection never the Soi from becoming a corridor lined by a is binary, allowing for permutations over 13 11. 可达性分析 12. 动线分析 13. 巷道旁通往二层的楼梯 14，15. 共享空间的使用 11. Accessibility analysis 12. Circulation analysis 13. Staircase to upper level alongside Soi 14, 15. Inhabitation of shared spaces blank wall. In the neighbouring Soi, a family time, which would be dificult or impossible its spaces reflect the very specific structure makes available for a fee a laundry machine to achieve within more rigidly defined and culture of a marginal community, set in its living room. Thistrans forms the room boundaries of inhabitation. apart from mainstream society by religion 155 into an extension of the Soi, with some areas Interviews with various residents revealed and shared history, they resist linear transfer being afforded more privacy on a raised high levels of satisfaction and appreciation or even translation to other socio-cultural platform. of Ban Krua’s spaces; even those who could contexts and developmental dynamics. The Drawn as a continuous ground floor afford larger homes elsewhere chose to stay lessons we learned are from the complex and plan, Ban Krua reveals itself as a matrix of for Ban Krua’s communality and community rich interplay between society and space, freestanding, tightly spaced houses. Each gap cohesion. Could Ban Krua even provide and from Ban Krua’s ability to adapt while between houses might become a public Soi, a an alternative model for development? As maintaining coherence. 14 Experiments and Processes through a metal fence, and the apartment 15 :llDJlli§ii.t :¥: Landscape Architecture Frontiers Further Readings The Overlapped City: Redefining Energy Landscapes in the Post-fossil Era Howard T. Odum: Environment, Power and Society for the Twenty- Social Fabric and Spatial Permutation - Ban Krua, Bangkok Robin Evans: Figures, Doors and Passages First Century: The Hierarchy of Energy. Evans' seminal essay discusses the history of architectural plans, and Howard T. Odum is a pioneer in the fields of ecological engineering, how these describe "the nature of human relationships" in various epochs. ecological economics, and environmental accounting. In this classic By comparing paintings to architectural plans, the text explores differing work on the significance of power and its role in society, Odum reminds relationships between spatial organization and social arrangements. The us the real basis for industrialization progress and our modern lifestyle conclusion questions why the corridor model continues to predominate. (concentrated cities, work time extension through night lights, etc.) is the great flux of fossil fuel energies in the past 200 years, not (only) from Christoph Lueder: Diagram Utopias: Rota and Network as human brilliance, dedication and political design as many believe. Cheap Instrument and Mirror of Utopia and Agronica energy is temporary. So is growth. We must use available energies for cultural conversion to steady state. We must prepare ourselves for the Comparing Thomas More's Utopia of 1516 to Andrea Branzi's Agronica future: New, miniaturized, dilute, delicate ways of man and nature. of 1993, the essay explores the relationships between texts, plans, diagrams, and cosmographies as models of an ideal society and its Rania Ghosn : Energy as Spatial Project spatial organization. The historical shift from cyclical and centralized rota to expansive and transient network diagrams is contextualized within Rania Ghosn discusses a temporal positioning of energy relative to socio- contemporary urban discourses. 157 political factors. The (everyday) landscape of energy should be conceived as a spatial project: how energy- through extraction, production, Chaiwat Satha-Anand: Defending Community, Strengthening Civil distribution, and use - organizes space(s). What is at stake is a deeper understanding of the correlation between the management of energy as a Society: A Muslim Minority's Contribution to Thai Civil Society commodity and its impact on territories, socially and physically. Satha-Anand provides an account of the non-violent struggle of the community of Ban Krua against a highway exit ramp that would have S. Julio Friedmann, Thomas Homer-Dixon: Out of the Energy Box bisected their settlement. He explains the roots of Ban Krua's strong The article discusses the global energy crises and critiques various Cambodian lineage. communal sense in its historical origins as a Muslim Community of alternatives to the use of fossil fuels. Energy is the essence of modern civilization, and as societies and economies grow, so does their energy Rajeswary Ampalavanar Brown: Islamic Pluralism and consumption. Neither reducing energy consumption and increasing its Transnationalism: The View from the Waqf efficient use nor replacing fossil fuels with alternative sources of energy would be sufficient to solve our current crisis. Brown examines the role of the Waqf, which are properties such as cemeteries and mosques held by a charitable trust, in Ban Krua's struggle Kevin Bullis: A Billion People in the Dark: Solar-powered Microgrids Could Help Bring Power to Millions of the World's Poorest against the highway project, and how their status helped to establish links between Ban Krua's educated middle class and the Thai bureaucracy, army and politicians. Worldwide, one and a half-billion people lack electricity, most of them rural dwellers. Connecting a remote community to the conventional power grid, with its large, centralized plants, is expensive and can take more than a decade. Kevin Bullis argues that hybrid microgrids can provide dependable electricity by intelligently combining power from multiple local sources. This decentralized system is reliable, local and cheap.