Jurnal Natural
Vol. 23, (2) 2023
DOI 10.24815/jn.v23i2.31989
pISSN 1411-8513
eISSN 2541-4062
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Composition and similarity of vegetation types in the
Mount Seulawah Agam geothermal area, Aceh Besar
District
DAHLAN DAHLAN1,2,4*, MUHAMMAD DOUDI3, SAIDA RASNOVI1,4,
DALIL SUTEKAD1,4, MUSLICH HIDAYAT3
1
Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Syiah
Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
2
Departement of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
23111, Indonesia
3
Departement of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri
Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
4
Forestry Research Center, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
Abstract. The Mount Seulawah Agam area is an active volcanic area that has an impact on the emergence of
symptoms of volcanism. Such environmental conditions will cause the vegetation that grows in the area to be
unique and not commonly found in other areas. Apart from that, the area is still relatively natural and has not
experienced much disturbance by human activities. This study aims to determine the composition and similarity
of vegetation types in the geothermal area of Mount Seulawah Agam, Aceh Besar District. Data collection in
the field was carried out using the multiple square method with stratified sampling based on the specified soil
temperature zone. Each zone was laid out in four square plots in a systematic random manner. Each plant found
in the observation plot was recorded as its species name (identified by using a flora identification book) as well
as the number of individuals of each species. Data analysis was carried out using the Important Value Index
(IVI) analysis, and the Sorenson Similarity Index. The results showed that there were 611 individual plants
from 65 species identified in various growth rates (seedlings, sapling, poles, and trees). The similarity index
of plant species at each growth stage in the Seulawah Agam geothermal area, Aceh Besar District generally has
different species similarity in each observation zone, that is, the average is below 50%. This condition indicates
that there are significant differences in plant structure at various growth rates in each zone.
Keywords: Species composition, species similarity, vegetation, soil temperature, zones, geothermal
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is located on a world tectonic
framework which is closely related to
geothermal energy potential. Geothermal
potential in Indonesia is spread over various
islands, namely Java, Sumatra, Nusa Tenggara
and Sulawesi [1]. Aceh Province is located in
the westernmost of Sumatra island and has four
active volcanoes, namely Mount Burni Telong,
Mount Peut Sagoe, Mount Jaboi, and Mount
Seulawah Agam [2]. A geothermal system is a
system in which energy stored in the form of hot
water or hot steam under certain geological
*Corresponding Author:
dahlan@unsyiah.ac.id
Received: May 2023| Revised: May 2023 |
Accepted: June 2023
Vol. 23 | No. 2 | June 2023
conditions at a depth of up to several kilometers
in the crust of the earth and it includes
transferred heat and fluids toward the surface.
The presence of concentrations of heat energy
in
geothermal
systems
is
generally
characterized by the presence of heat anomalies
that can be recorded on the surface and stated as
high-temperature gradients [3].
The Ie Jue hot spring area is located in
Lamteuba, Mount Seulawah Agam, Aceh Besar
District, Aceh Province. Mount Seulawah
Agam is the most active compared to other
volcanoes in Aceh. The manifestation of this
volcano is the presence of van Heuzt crater and
Simpago crater, fumaroles, steam, and hot water
(or hot spring) [2]. Hot springs are one indicator
of the presence of geothermal or geothermal
energy [4]. Geologically, the Mount Seulawah
Agam area is a volcanic pathway that has an
impact on the emergence of post-volcanism
72
Composition and similarity of vegetation types in the Mount Seulawah Agam geothermal area …
(Dahlan Dahlan, Muhammad Doudi, Saida Rasnovi, Dalil Sutekad, Muslich Hidayat)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 1. Geothermal Area (Ie Jue hot spring), Lamteuba, Mount Seulawah Agam, Aceh Besar
District
Figure 2. Sketches of observation plots based on soil temperature zones
symptoms [5].Currently, the area has still been
relatively natural and not experienced much
disturbance by human activities. Therefore,
these environmental conditions is expected to
nurture vegetation types that are unique from
other areas.
The results of previous studies indicate that
typical vegetations to the volcanic areas were
identified where the diversity of vegetation
structures increases with the changing of
environmental factors, such as the distance from
the springs and its relationship with soil
temperature, soil pH, air temperatureand
humidity. These environmental factors affect
the typical shape of the vegetation types and
correlate with the structure and composition of
Vol. 23 | No. 2 | June 2023
the vegetation in the hot spring area [6].
Vegetation tends to decrease gradually when
the temperature increases in an area [7]. Areas
that have high soil temperatures will affect how
rich the plant species are in an area [8].
Based on the initial studies that have been
conducted, in the Ie Ju area (Lamteuba, Aceh
Besar) it is seen that the physiognomy of the
vegetation changes along with the changes in
proximity to hot springs. The closer to the hot
springs the different types of vegetation
predominate and the lower the height of the
vegetation, and vice versa. In the area closest to
the hot springs and the direction of the flow
looks open, only growing with a few types of
small plants such as moss, nails, and grass.
73
Composition and similarity of vegetation types in the Mount Seulawah Agam geothermal area …
(Dahlan Dahlan, Muhammad Doudi, Saida Rasnovi, Dalil Sutekad, Muslich Hidayat)
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Figure 3. Sample plot sketch of vegetation data collection
Vegetation in the form of shrubs and small trees
was only found growing at the distance more
than 35 m from the hot spring flow. However,
so far no data related to the influence of soil
temperature of the Ie Jue Lamteuba area on the
surrounding vegetationhas been reported.
Therefore, this research was conducted to
determine the composition and similarity of
vegetation types in the geothermal area of
Mount Seulawah Agam, Aceh Besar District.
METHODOLOGY
Study sites
The research was conducted in the geothermal
area (Ie Jue hot spring), Lamteuba, Mount
Seulawah Agam, Aceh Besar District (Figure
1). This research was conducted from August
2019 to August 2020.
Tools and materials
The tools used in this study included a compass,
digital camera, Global Positioning System
(GPS), stick pH meter, Hagameter, soil tester,
cloth meter, lux meter, meter, cardboard,
ratchet, stationeries, worksheets, plant scissors,
plastic bag, and plant species identification
book. The materials used in this study were 70%
alcohol, rope, old newspapers, plastic bags,
white cardboard, and hanging labels.
Data collection
This study used the multiple square plot method
with stratified sampling based on the soil
temperature zones. Zone I was at the area with
the highest temperature (≥ 28oC); Zone II was
the area around geothermal sources which have
soil temperatures between 26oC to <28oC; and
Zone III was the area around geothermal
sources that have a soil temperature <26oC. In
each zone, four observation square plots were
placed systematically random as can be seen in
Figure 2.
In each observation plot, nested plots were
made, namely 20 m x 20 m for observation of
tree strata (tree diameter ≥ 20 cm), 10 m x 10 m
Vol. 23 | No. 2 | June 2023
for pole level (tree diameter 10 cm to < 20 cm),
5 m x 5 m for sapling level (tree diameter < 10
cm, height > 1.5 m) and 2 m x 2 m for seedlings
(plant height ≤ 1.5 m). The following is a
sample plot scheme carried out in the field
(Figure 3).
In each predetermined plot, vegetation was
observed at each growth stage, namely
seedlings, sapling, poles, and trees. Each plant
found in the observation plots is recorded in its
name of the plant species (using the plant
determination key book (flora book) and flora
encyclopedia) and the number of individuals of
each species swas also recorded. Particularly for
the trees, poles, and sapling, the diameters of
their trunks were measured. Specimens of
plants that could not be identified on site were
taken, made as herbarium specimens, and then
identified at the Acehense Herbarium,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala,
Banda Aceh. The data were then analyzed using
the Importance Value Index (IVI) and the
Sorenson Similarity Index.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vegetation type composition
Species composition is the arrangement of the
number of individuals present in a plant
community. This research found the vegetation
composition in the Seulawah Agam geothermal
area, Aceh Besar District were consisted of a
total of 611 individuals and were identified to
65 species and 37 familieswith various growth
rates of seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees.
The highest number of species was found at the
growth rate of saplings (36 species), seedlings
(28 species), poles (22 species), and trees (17
species), respectively (Figure 4). This number
of species found was higher than in the Ie Suum
geothermal manifestation area, Mesjid Raya
District, Aceh Besar District (34 species) [9]
and in the Gemuhak hot springs area of South
Sumatra (40 species) [6], but lower than in the
lowland tropical forest area, Ulu Gadut, West
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Composition and similarity of vegetation types in the Mount Seulawah Agam geothermal area …
(Dahlan Dahlan, Muhammad Doudi, Saida Rasnovi, Dalil Sutekad, Muslich Hidayat)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
physical and chemical factors that are suitable
for the growth and development of plants in the
area [12].
Number of plant species
Sumatra(155 species) [10]. Differences in
species within an area are caused by the
differencesof habitat environmental conditions
that affect the growth of these species. Plant
growth is strongly influenced by environmental
physical and chemical factors which include
temperature, humidity, light intensity, and
nutrients in the soil [11]. The results of research
in the Telaga forest of Gunung Leuser National
Park (TNGL) also say that the high species
richness in a habitat is caused by environmental
40
This research area was divided into three
observation zones based on soil temperature in
the Seulawah Agam geothermal area, Aceh
Besar District and it showed different numbers
of species and individuals in each zone (Table
1). The division served a purpose to observe the
36
28
30
22
17
20
10
0
Semai
Pancang
Tiang
Pohon
Figure 4. Composition of vegetation types in the geothermal area of Mount Seulawah Agam, Aceh
Besar District
Table 1. The number of vegetation types present in each observation zone in the Seulawah Agam
geothermal area, Aceh Besar District
No
1
Sa
Po
Tr
Zone I (≥ 28oC)
23
20
9
8
12
18
10
12
18
15
o
Zone II (26 C - < 28 C)
o
3
Number of Individuals
Se
o
2
Number of Species
Observation Zone Based on
Soil Temperature
Zone III (< 26 C)
Total
Total
Se
Sa
Po
Tr
60
171
34
17
12
234
9
49
132
34
18
22
206
11
56
92
30
26
23
171
8 9 11
12
Seedling (Se); Sapling (Sa); Pole (Po); Tree (Tr)
171
180
150
132
Number
120
92
90
60
30
23
20 18 18
12 12
34 34 30
17 18
15
9 10
26
22 23
0
Species
Individuals
Species
Seedling
Individuals
Species
Sapling
Individuals
Pole
Species
Individuals
Tree
Growth stage
Zone I
Zone II
Zone III
Figure 5. Number of vegetation species and individuals of different strata in different zones
Vol. 23 | No. 2 | June 2023
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Composition and similarity of vegetation types in the Mount Seulawah Agam geothermal area …
(Dahlan Dahlan, Muhammad Doudi, Saida Rasnovi, Dalil Sutekad, Muslich Hidayat)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
ability of plant species to live and adapt to
different soil temperatures.
The composition of vegetation types in the
Seulawah Agam geothermal area, Aceh Besar
District varies based on the growth rate in each
observation zone (Table 1). The growth rate of
[14]. The existence of plant species based on
soil temperature zones in the Seulawah Agam
geothermal area, Aceh Besar District can be
seen in Table 2.
There were 16 plant species from 16 families
found particularly in every observation zone in
Table 2. Presence of plant species based on soil temperature zones in the Seulawah Agam
geothermal area, Aceh Besar District
Species existence
Number of species
Only in Zone I
43
Only in Zone II
34
Only in Zone III
39
In All Zones
16
seedling was found the most in Zone I with 23
plant species while tree found the least with 8
species Zone I was the closest area to the
geothermal crater which has ≥ 28o C soil
temperature, which affects the composition of
vegetation growth rates. The results of research
in the area of Mount Merapi after the
pyroclastic fire said that the most common types
of herbaceous plants were 42 species [13].
In Zone II, the growth rate of sapling was most
commonly found, which consisted of 18 plant
species, while the tree was the least foundwith
9 plant species. As it is known that the research
area in Zone II is an area that has a soil
temperature between 26oC to <28oC so the soil
temperature in this zone will affect the
composition of vegetation types at different
growth stages. The composition of the types of
vegetation growth rates in Zone III that was
most commonly found was the growth rate of
saplings, which consisted of 18 plant species.
While the growth rate of trees is the least
vegetation growth rate found in Zone III,
namely 11 plant species. As it is known that the
research area in Zone III is an area that has a soil
temperature <26oC so the soil temperature will
affect the composition of each type of
vegetation.
The high and low vegetation composition in the
Seulawah Agam geothermal area, Aceh Besar
District in each observation zone is caused by
several environmental factors. The results
showed that the success of each species to live
in an area was influenced by its ability to adapt
optimally to all environmental physical factors
(temperature, light, humidity, soil structure),
biotic factors (interactions between species,
competition, parasitism), and chemical factors
(water availability, pH, oxygen, nutrients in the
soil) and others that interact with each other
Vol. 23 | No. 2 | June 2023
the Seulawah Agam geothermal area, Aceh
Besar District. The types of vegetation found
were Flacourtia rukam, Cynodon dactylon,
Meyna
spinosa.,
Cyperus
rotundus,
Chromolaena
odorata,
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis, Vitex pinnata, Streblus asper,
Fagraea
fragrans,
Melia
azedarach,
Erioglossum rubiginosum, Ficus rasemosa,
Alstonia scholaris, Macarangan gigantea,
Aralia sp., dan Aleurites moluccana. Flacourtia
rukam was one of the plants found in every
observation zone, meaning that this type of
plant can adapt from the normal to high soil
temperature gradients in tropical forests. It can
adapt to a wide range of temperatures, rainfall,
and soil conditions but is not resistant to frost
and saline conditions [15].
Environmental factors, such as soil, air,
humidity, temperature, light, and water, can
affect the growth and development of plants
[16]. The existence of the 16 types of vegetation
indicated that they have relatively better
adaptability and tolerance compared to others,
especially to the high soil temperature factor,
while other types of vegetation tend to only be
able to live in a particular zone. Some plants
have succeeded in growing in diverse
environmental conditions so these plants tend to
be widespread in an area [17]. Although these
species were always present in every
observation zone, they were not always
classified as the dominant species, because in
each zone the types that dominate were
differentSo that these types of vegetation can be
used as a reference for the selection of
vegetation types in the same area that has a
higher soil temperature.
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Composition and similarity of vegetation types in the Mount Seulawah Agam geothermal area …
(Dahlan Dahlan, Muhammad Doudi, Saida Rasnovi, Dalil Sutekad, Muslich Hidayat)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
The importance value index (IVI) of vegetation
types in a community is one of the parameters
that able to show the role of vegetation types in
that particular community. Calculation results
showed that Cynodon dactylon had the highest
environmental conditions and the presence of
other species in the area [19]. The IVI values of
the five most dominant vegetation types of each
growth rate in the Seulawah Agam geothermal
area, Aceh Besar District can be seen in Table 3
Table 3. The five dominant species at each growth stage in the Seulawah Agam geothermal area,
Aceh Besar District
Growth Rate
Seedling
Sapling
Pole
Tree
KR
(%)
FR
(%)
DR
(%)
IVI (%)
Cynodon dactylon
22,78
12,85
-
35,64
Desmodium triflorum
20,25
2,85
-
23,11
Cyperus rotundus
11,39
7,14
-
18,53
Chromolaena odorata
6,58
10,00
-
16,58
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
5,82
8,57
-
14,39
Meyna spinosa
12,24
5,55
-
17,80
Streblus asper
8,16
6,94
-
15,10
Erioglossum rubiginosum
7,14
6,94
-
14,08
Flacourtia rukam
5,10
5,55
-
10,65
Vitex pinnata
5,10
5,55
-
10,65
Meyna spinosa
13,11
14,58
10,16
37,86
Alstonia scholaris
8,19
8,33
9,96
26,49
Streblus asper
8,19
8,33
6,92
23,45
Vitex pinnata
8,19
6,25
7,74
22,19
Fagraea fragrans
8,19
6,25
7,26
21,71
Ficus rasemosa
19,29
12,82
34,22
66,33
Melia azedarach
19,29
15,38
15,17
49,85
Vitex pinnata
17,54
15,38
11,13
44,06
Aleurites moluccanus
8,77
7,69
11,97
28,44
Erioglossum rubiginosum
7,01
10,25
4,92
22,19
Dominant Species
IVI in the growth rate of seedling, which is
equal to 35.64%. At the sapling and pole level,
Meyna spinosa was the species with the highest
IVIat 17.80% and 37.86%, respectively.
Meanwhile, at the tree level, Ficus racemosa
was the type with the highest IVIat 66.33%. The
high IVI value indicates that a species is
dominant and has higher adaptability than other
species. A type of vegetation can affect the
stability of the ecosystem because it is dominant
over other types [18]. The species that has the
highest IVI value means that it has the most
important role in an ecosystem. A species has
the most dominant influence on changes in
Vol. 23 | No. 2 | June 2023
The IVI values of vegetation in the Seulawah
Agam geothermal area, Aceh Besar District
varied based on its growth rate (Table 3). The
dominant species at the seedling growth rate
that had the highest IVI were Cynodon dactylon
(35.64%), followed by Desmodium triflorum
(23.11%), and Cyperus rotundus (18.53%),
respectively. Meyna spinosa was the most
dominant species found in the sapling and pole
growth rateat 17.80% and 37.86%, respectively.
Ficus racemosa was the most dominant species
found in tree growth rate (66.33%), followed by
Melia azedarach (49.85%), and Vitex pinnata
(44.06%). The value of this species was much
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Composition and similarity of vegetation types in the Mount Seulawah Agam geothermal area …
(Dahlan Dahlan, Muhammad Doudi, Saida Rasnovi, Dalil Sutekad, Muslich Hidayat)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
higher than the IVI value of other species at
each growth stage. Vegetation types that have
an IVI value of ≥ 10.00% are the types that are
included as the main constituent of the
vegetation community in an area [20].
Frequency at the growth rate of the pole, which
is equal to 14.58%. At the tree growth rate, the
highest relative frequency values were Melia
azedarach and Vitex pinnata, each of which was
15.38%. Based on the relative frequency values,
Table 4. Important value index of vegetation in each observation zone in the Seulawah Agam
geothermal area, Aceh Besar District
Observation
Growth Rate
Zone
Dominant Species
KR
(%)
FR
(%)
DR
(%)
IVI (%)
Seedling
Cynodon dactylon
16,37
10,00
-
26,37
Sapling
Meyna spinosa
23,52
8,00
-
31,52
Pole
Meyna spinosa
17,64
21,42
20,33
59,41
Tree
Vitex pinnata
25,00
27,27
25,71
77,98
Seedling
Desmodium triflorum
37,87
5,00
-
42,87
Sapling
Aralia sp.
11,76
13,04
-
24,80
Pole
Meyna spinosa
27,77
26,66
18,96
73,41
Tree
Ficus rasemosa
31,81
18,18
51,40
101,40
Seedling
Cynodon dactylon
Erioglossum
rubiginosum
Fagraea fragrans
52,17
20,00
-
72,17
16,66
12,50
-
29,16
15,38
10,52
15,62
41,53
Tree
Melia azedarach
17,39
Zone I (≥ 28oC); Zone II (26oC - < 28oC); and Zone III (< 26oC)
17,64
19,71
54,75
Zone I
Zone II
Zone III
Sapling
Pole
The relative density (KR) value of Cynodon
dactylon was a type of vegetation at the growth
rate of seedlings that has the highest relative
density value compared to other types of
Relative Density, which is equal to 22.78%.
While Meyna spinosa is a type of vegetation at
the sapling growth rate that has the highest
relative density value compared to the others,
which is equal to 12.24%. Then Meyna spinosa
is also a type of vegetation at a pole growth rate
that has the highest relative density value
compared to other types of KR, which is equal
to 13.11%. Ficus racemosa and Melia
azedarach are vegetation types at tree growth
rates that have the highest relative density
values compared to other KR species, which is
19.29%. The high relative density of these plant
species is due to the large number of individuals
found in each observation zone.
Relative Frequency (FR) Value of Cynodon
dactylon species is the highest type of seedling
growth rate, which is equal to 12.85%. While
the highest Relative Frequency at the sapling
growth rate was found in the types of Streblus
asper and Erioglossum rubiginosum, which
were 6.94% each. Then the type Meyna spinosa
is the type that has the highest Relative
Vol. 23 | No. 2 | June 2023
it can be seen the proportion between the
number of trees in a species with the number of
other species in the community can describe the
distribution of individuals in the community.
The spread and growth of individual trees are
strongly influenced by seed germination, soil
topography, and other environmental factors
[21].
The relative dominance (DR) value of Meyna
spinosa is a type of vegetation at a pole growth
rate that has the highest relative dominance
value compared to other types of DR, which is
10.16%. Meanwhile, Ficus racemosa is a type
of vegetation at a tree growth rate that has the
highest relative dominance value compared to
other types, namely 34.22%. The species that
dominate an area are expressed as species that
have wide adaptability and tolerance to
environmental conditions [22].
The Important Value Index of vegetation types
in each observation zone were varied (Table 4).
Based on Table 4 it is known that the most
dominant important value index of the growth
rate of seedlings in zone I is Cynodon dactylon
which is 26.37%. The most dominant value
index of sapling growth rate in the zone I was
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Composition and similarity of vegetation types in the Mount Seulawah Agam geothermal area …
(Dahlan Dahlan, Muhammad Doudi, Saida Rasnovi, Dalil Sutekad, Muslich Hidayat)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Meyna spinosa, which was 31.52%. The most
dominant value index of pole growth rate in
zone I is Meyna spinosa which is equal to
59.41%. While the importance value index of
the tree growth rate in zone I, the most dominant
was the Vitex pinnata type, which was 77.98%.
Type Cynodon dactylon is a type of plant that
can adapt to extreme environmental conditions
compared to other types of grass because it has
seeds that are small and easily spread quickly
[23]. This is following the research area in zone
I which is an extreme area characterized by
higher soil temperatures compared to other
areas. Meyna spinosa is a type of plant that
belongs to the Rubiaceae family which includes
thorny shrubs or small trees that are spread in
tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
About 11 of these species are distributed from
Tropical Asia to Southeast Asia, two or three
species are found in India [24].
The most dominant index of importance value
of seedling growth rate in zone II was
Desmodium triflorum, which was 4.87%. The
most dominant value index of the sapling
growth rate in zone II is Aralia Sp., which is
24.80%. The most dominant index of
importance value of pole growth rate in zone II
was Meyna spinosa, each of which was 73.41%.
While the importance value index of the tree
growth rate in zone II, the most dominant is the
Ficus racemosa, which is 101.40%.
Desmodium triflorum is a plant that can grow
from the lowlands to the highlands at an altitude
of 5-1500 meters above sea level. Until now, the
optimal height for this plant to grow is unknown
[25]. This is also the case with the research area
which has an altitude range of 237-263 meters
above sea level. The height at which it grows is
very influential on plants and needs to get the
main attention because it is difficult to modify.
Altitude affects air temperature, sunlight, air
humidity, and wind. The higher a place, the
lower the temperature of the place and the less
intensity of sunlight. Factors of temperature and
light intensity are used in the classification of
plants, namely lowland and highland plants
[26].
The most dominant value index of seedling
growth rate in zone III was Cynodon dactylon,
which was 72.17%. The most dominant index
of the importance value of the growth rate of
saplings in zone III was Erioglossum
rubiginosum, which was 29.16%. The most
dominant index of importance value of pole
growth rate in zone III is Fagraea fragrans,
which is 41.53%. The most dominant value
index of tree growth rate in zone III is the Melia
azedarach, which is 54.75%. A high IVI value
means that a species is dominant and has better
adaptability than other species. A type of
vegetation can affect the stability of the
ecosystem because it is dominant over other
types [18].
Similarity of Vegetation Types
The community similarity index describes how
similar the structure and species composition of
the stands are compared. The similarity index
Table 5. Index values of similarity of vegetation types based on temperature zoning in the
Seulawah Agam geothermal area, Aceh Besar District
Growth Rate
Seedling
Sapling
Pole
Tree
Observation Zone
Zone II
Zone I
100
Zone II
12,78
100
Zone III
12,78
13,00
Zone I
100
Zone II
18,90
100
Zone III
19,10
18,78
Zone I
100
Zone II
10,89
100
Zone III
15,89
16,40
Zone I
100
Zone II
10,25
o
o
Zone III
100
100
100
100
12,00
Zone III
o
Zone I
12,33
100
o
Zone I (≥ 28 C); Zone II (26 C - < 28 C); and Zone III (< 26 C)
Vol. 23 | No. 2 | June 2023
79
Composition and similarity of vegetation types in the Mount Seulawah Agam geothermal area …
(Dahlan Dahlan, Muhammad Doudi, Saida Rasnovi, Dalil Sutekad, Muslich Hidayat)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
value ranges from 0-100%, where the higher
similarity index value indicates the higher level
of similarity between the two communities
being compared [27]. The results of the analysis
of the similarity of vegetation types in the
Seulawah Agam geothermal area, Aceh Besar
District can be seen in Table 5.
The similarity index at each growth stage in the
Seulawah Agam geothermal area, Aceh Besar
District generally varied in each observation
zone, with an average below 50%. This
condition indicated that there are quite
significant differences in plant structure at
various growth stages. A comparison of the
similarity index values for the growth rate of the
seedlings among the three observation zones
that had the highest similarity was found
between zones II and zone III, which was
13.00%, while the dissimilarity of plant species
at the seedling level in the comparison of the
two zones was equal to 87.00%. Low species
similarity is caused by variations in physical
and chemical environmental conditions, as well
as interactions between species along the
observation zone [27]. The observed research
areas were classified as extreme areas, which is
characterized by high soil temperatures, which
range from <26oC to ≥ 28oC. So, it can be
concluded that although the two zones are the
highest compared to the other zones, there is no
similarity in plant species at the seedling level
in each observation zone.
While the sapling level plant species similarity
index among the three observation zones had
the highest species similarity between zone I
and III, which was 19,10%, while the seedling
level plant species dissimilarity in the
comparison of the two zones was 80,90%. A
community is considered completely different if
the similarity index value is < 50%, and it is said
that a community is the same if the similarity
index value is ≥ 75% [28]. So it can be
concluded that although the two zones ahad the
highest similarity compared to the other zones,
there is no similarity in plant species at the
sapling level in each observation zone.
The highest similarity index value at the pole
growth rate was found in zone II and zone III,
which was 16.40%. Meanwhile, the lowest
similarity index values were found in zone I and
II, which were 10,89%. Mangurran (1988)
states that a community is considered
completely different if the similarity index
value is <50%, and it is said that a community
is the same if the similarity index value is ≥75%
[28]. So it can be concluded that there are
differences in the similarity index of pole-level
plant species in each observation zone. This is
influenced by environmental factors found in
Vol. 23 | No. 2 | June 2023
the area which causes the similarity of different
plant species.
Meanwhile, the highest similarity index value
for tree growth was found in zone II and zone
III, namely 12,33%, with the index of
dissimilarity in the types of the two zones,
namely 87,67%. Meanwhile, the lowest species
similarity index at the tree growth rate was
found in zones I and II, which was 10,25%, with
the index value for the type dissimilarity of the
two zones, namely 89,75%. The existence of
differences in the index of similarity in a
species, which is caused by variations in
environmental conditions and interactions
between species in the study area causes the
species that live to also vary [29]. The higher
the similarity index value, the fewer different
species composition, and conversely the lower
the similarity index, the more different species
composition [30].
CONCLUSION
The composition of plant species in the
Seulawah Agam geothermal area, Aceh Besar
District, found as many as 611 individuals from
65 identified plant species starting from the
growth stages of seedlings, saplings, poles, and
trees. In zone I, the most dominant species
found based on growth rate were seedlings
(Cynodon dactylon), saplings (Meyna spinosa),
poles (Meyna spinosa), and trees (Vitex
pinnata). in Zone II, the most dominant species
found based on growth rate were seedlings
(Desmodium triflorum), saplings (Aralia sp.),
poles (Meyna spinosa), and trees (Ficus
racemosa), while in the Zone III the most
dominant types found based on growth rate
were seedlings (Cynodon dactylon), sapling
(Erioglossum rubiginosum), pole (Fagraea
fragrans), and tree (Melia azedarach).
Meanwhile, the similarity of plant species in
each observation zone in the Seulawah Agam
geothermal area, Aceh Besar District, is
classified into the low category, which is at in
average below 50%.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank all parties
who have helped both in research funding
and in the process of collecting research data
in the field. This research was funded by
Universitas Syiah Kuala.
80
Composition and similarity of vegetation types in the Mount Seulawah Agam geothermal area …
(Dahlan Dahlan, Muhammad Doudi, Saida Rasnovi, Dalil Sutekad, Muslich Hidayat)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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