Communication 21 1978

Archeologické rozhledy XXX(3), 1978, 323-333 COMITE POUR LA SIDERURGIE ANCIENNE de I'Union internationale des sciences prehistoriques et protohistoriques IV. U. Guyml , president R. Pleiner, secreta ire Siege clu sec retariat: Instilut d ' archcoiogie, Prague 1, Letenska 4 Com muniwtion 2 1 EXHIBITIONS: ElSENV ERHUTTUNG VOR 2000 Jahrcn was the titl e of a specialized ex hibition of rewlts in archaeological excavations directed to the early iron smelting in Poland. The organizing institution s were the Slate Museum of Archaeology at Warsaw, Archaeological Museum at Cracow and t he Ancien t Metallurgy Museum at Pruzsk6w who cooperated with the Museum of Archaeology of the Staatlichc Musecn Prcussischcr Ku1turbcsitz at Berlin. The ex hibition look place in the days August 27th - October 30th, 1977 at the La nghan sbau , Schloss Char]ottenburg near Berlin. Results of broadly conceived research programme of bloomery product ion hI the Holy Cross Mountains and jn the environment of Warsaw at the beginning of our cra wcre presented to wide public. See p. 330 in this issue . Archeologicke rozhledy XXX, Praha 1978 323 CONFERENCES: 44. SITZUNG DES GESCHJCHTSAUSSCHUSSES DES VDEh IM DEUTSCHEN KLINGEN· MUSEUM AT SOLlNGEN·GRA.FRATI-I. FEDERAL GERMANY (15th of March . 1977). Papcn dealing with the ea rl y iron making and working: 111. Sonnecken: MassenhiittfJl in Kierspe ( see the ah s t ract of the dct<liled publica tion in this is sue. p. 331). M. Sachse: DamaszcnerstahlGeschichtc, Legcllde und \Virklichkcit. The author , who him self ma s tered the llattcrn welding process for re s toration purposes had given a historical survey of development of thi s technique. :Mc<lnwhilc the pattern welding does nol involve special tcchnologicul problem s; the texture of dama sk is charged with many unan swe red questions. 1977 INTE R NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ARCHAEOMETRY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROSPECT ION was held ut the University of Pennsylvania and the University Museum, Phila- delphia . U.S.A .• on the 16th- 19th of March and chaired by Prof. R. Maddin. The extremely ri ch programme was d evo ted lo the ex ploita tion of sciences on behalf of archaeology and with the ancient metallurgy of iron were dealing the f.ollowing items: J. A. Charles: Information from the ｍｩ｣ｲｯｾｴｮｵ･＠ of Bloomer), Iron. Heterogeneity of the material; the analysis of the nOllmetallic inclus ions in situ may be promi ss ing in terms of identification the orc resources of bloomcry iron. R. Pleiner: Technology of Three A ssyrian Iron Artifacts from Khorsabad. Carburized steel of a bi-pointed or beak-shaped bar contrasts with wrought iron implements, 8th century BC. J. Piaskow!)ki: Examinations of the Early Iron Objects. Purposes and Standardization of Methods. Call for examination of archaeological iron objects. J. A. Todd - J. A. Charles: The Primitive Bloomery Process. Report Oll the survivillg bloomery production in Ethiopia. R. Maddin - T. S. Wheeler - J. D. M"uhly : The Case for the Steeling Process in Ancient Palestine. In the light of metaHographi c investigation s iron objects from Taunuch, Tell cl Fara, Hazor, .Jcmmeh and Mount Adir are interpreted as case-carburized. J. A. 1'odd - J. A. Charles: Inclusion Composition Analysis - An Inves tigation into the Relationship between Slag and Ore - Compositions. A comparison bet\,;een bloomery slag and s lag particles entrapped in blooms, based on the complex analysis of E thiopian sa mples and re sults of trial smelts opens hopeful perspectives in distinguishing artifact s from specific production centres. R. E. ill. H edges - C . .T. Salter: The Provenance of W'rought Iron from Trace Element Analyses of Slag Inclusions. Trace elements in slag phases of the so-called currency bars from South England indicate clear multidimen sional clustering of a certain element from each site. ASPECTS OF EARLY METALLURGY, a sy mposium on early metallur gy organized Ly th e Hi sto rical Metallurgy Society and the Briti sh Museum R esea rch Laboratory, held at the British Mu seum , London on 22nd and 23rd April 19 77. The mnjority of papers dealt \vith the non-ferrou s m e tallurg y but seve ral co ntrihutions treated the smelting and working of iron in Homan, Saxon and ea rly medie val periods (W·. 1-1. Mannitlg , M. U. Jones , N . Swirulells and Lloyd Laitlg ). See the bibliography on p. :no in thi s issue. ARCHAEOLOGY AND METALLURCY was the theme of a matinee at the National Technical Museum at Prague , 25th of Ma y, 1977. It was conceivcd in terms of popularization of some re sults for broader public. On ferrou s m e tallurgy: V. Grolich: Excavations of hloomeries dating from the late Roman period and early Middle Ages in the environment of Blan skn. Sites of Sudice and Olomucany, see p. 325 in this issue. K. Strcinsky: Technology of the Late Hallstatt period iron ring found at Byei skala. Complex analy sis of a curious hollow ring converted completely into iron oxides; metal1ic copper (:ri stallites. EISENGEWINNUNG UNO ·VERARBEIT UNG IN DER FRUI-IZEIT. Arbeitstagung des Fachausschusses fur Montangeschichte d es Bergrniinni sc hcn Verbandes Osterreichs - R eichenau u. d. Rax, 22th- 21th September 1977. This meeting on carly iron production was focused on the 324 problems of mining and metalJurgy of iron in cooperation both with meta1lurgists and archaeologi sts or historians of technology. The site of meeting, R eichenau a. d. Rax, Niederosterreich, is situated in a region where copper and in later times iron have heen produced. R. Papp: Eisenerz· bau und Verhtittung in R eichenau an der Rax; K. Ludikovskj: ｅｩｳ･ｮｰｲｯ､ｵｫｴｾｺＨＧｉｄ＠ bei Boskovicc im 3. u. 4. Jhdt. u. Z.; Souchopova: Bemerkung£n zu neuen Auegrabungen in Miihrfn (for both la tter contribution s see p . 329 in this issue); U. Zahn: Die friihgeschichtliche Erzgewin· fiung und Eisenverhiittung in Ostbayern; ll.-J. Kiistler: Ergebnisse von Schlackenuntersuchungen am Ma terial von Sedbersdorf in Ostbayern; G. Sperl: 100 Jahre Schmelzver suche zur frtihen Eisenverhiittung; K. Kraus: Lagerstatten und Produktionsstiitten d es .,ferrum noricum" im 1. Jhdt. v . Chr. The papers by E. Karzer and K. Dinkloge dealt with the metallurgy of iron in the New Age. During the field excursion the participants visited the mining museum of Reichenau having inspected the mining di strict of Grillenberg as well as the remains of the last blast furnace in v. Edlach. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY, Excavations: BLOOMERl ES IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF BLANSKO, WEST MORAVIA: ROMAN PERIOD AND EARLY MIDDLE AGES. Research of thi s iron bearing region north of Brno is continued by the cooperation of the Museum at Blansko and of the Archaeological Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Brno. On a field between the viHages of Sudice and Pametice the magnetometric prospection (Geofyzika Brno) could be v erified by revealing the third group of hearth r emain s belonging to slag-pit furnace s (1977). It counted 43 units (furnace field of 1975 revealed 71 unit s, that of 197617 units) . Date: 3rd-4th centuries AD. Ore and excellent refractory clay d eposits are in the close vicinity. The author of the dig is K. Ludikovskj, Arch. Inst. Brno. - In the southward cadaster of Olomucany there came to light a different bloomery 011 foreeted hank s of a brook. It wa s a circular working pit flanked by four stationary dug· in furnaces-. The pottery dates thi s plat to the 9th century AD (Great Moravian period). The excavation was directed by Mrs V. Souchopova, Museum of Blansko. In connection with this research programme there a re planned furth er trial smelts at Blansko. After V. Souchopova and K. Ludikovsky Metallography: INVESTIGATIO NS OF THRACIAN IRON ARTIFACTS FROM B ULGARIA. Examination of to in of 90 Thracian iron objects from 22 sites in Bulgaria r epresenting an important contribution the knowledge of early European blacksmith's craft and covering partly the considerable lack our data. The resea rch was- undertaken by ca re of Mrs V. Inkova, supported by laboratories the Historical Museum at Tirnovo, of the Metallurgical Institute and of the Academy of Art at Sofia. Three finds - sword s - date from about 1000 BC, the bulk of find s span s the 6th and the 4th- 3rd centuries B C. One specimen, a sword with a silver inlaid and inscribed scabbard date s from the Ist century BC; its blade is manufactured by true pattern.welding. A similar method was presumably applied in making a lance·head (ca. 3rd century BC). The early patternwelding verified in this part of E urope is surpri sing. Other weapons and t ools were oftCH mad e by piling iron and steel sheets, or by carburizing edges. Steel edges welded to iron blades were stated in about 61}ri of cases . A good deal of the assemblage arc all·steel artifacts. H ea t treatment co nsisting of martquench ing and probably of mild hardenin g carbon steel was also relatively co mmoll. The author of the investi ga tion sugges t s a similar niveau of technological achievements in Thracia, Greece and Asia Minor in individual hi storical periods. A detailed publication will be welcome to all stud ent s in a ncient iron working of Europe. After V. Inkova , Tirnovo 325 MEDIEVAL TOOLS FROM ABANDONED VILLAGES IN MORAVIA. At the Research Institute of Material and T echnology, Brno, there were investignted sets of iron objec t s, mainly plough- share s, axes, from excavated villages deserted in the 15th century AD , i. e, from Pfaffen schlag near Slavonice and Ms t en ice near Rouchovany. Apartfrom classical metallographical t es t s th ere wer e carri ed out observation in electron micro scopy for verifying heat trea ted structur es. microfrac tography, mi croprob e analysis. X-ray difrac tion analysis etc. A special interes t was paid to sla g inclu sions where most of ga ngue component s wefe concentrated. Obviously they were fo cu ses of corrosion ｰｲｯ｣ ･ｳｾ＠ especially those with elevated phosphorus content. Edge ca rburizing a nd welding of s teel to wrought iron were common . A curiou s axe hcad was that of l\'lstcnice. It wa s welded from iron . steel and probably meteoritic iron as 0,6 % Co and 2,8 % N i indicate. The use of iron of the above co mpo sition during th e High Middle Ages de serves our attention. In the same ins titute there were analyzed further objects, e. g. a bloom from OlolOu· CU ll)' (11th century), sickle from the ruins Obrany (1 5th century) and cast iron objects from the hlast furnace at Jo sefov near Adamov . K. S transkj, Brno ｳｩ｣ｫｬ･ｾＮ＠ Ge neral studies: CLASSIFICATIO N OF EAHLY BLOOMERY FURNACES ha s been paid attention since many years a nd the intere s t rev ives thanks to recent archaeologi cal discover ies . It wa s discus sed by many scholars (If. H . Coghlan , J. W . Gill.s, H. F. Cleere, P.-l. Pelet , K. Bidenin, K. Roesch, I. Serning. etc.). Recentl y Mr5 I. Martens , U niversitet s Oldsaksamling at O slo, has revised different point s of view while prese nting her own scheme of dividing and subdividing metallurgical features u sed for iron smelting. The study will appear in the Norwegian Archaeological Journal and it will b e completed by comments by O. Voss, I. Serning and R. Pleiner. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1975 (Supplement) A. S p ecialized items K. BEZDEK: see below M. CENEK - K. BEZDE K - K. STRANSK)· - V. SOUCHOPOV A (Mr s): Pffma vyroba zeleza z rud na Blancllsku . Summary: Dircct iron making process in the surroundings of Blansko. Kniznice odbornych a vcdec k ych spi su Vys okeho uceni technickeho v Brne, B 61. Brno 1975 , 79-89. Results of four tri al smelts in a furnace model corresponding with the sla g·pit type, though the aim was t o imita te a Slav bloomery furn ace dating from the 11th century AD, found at Olornucany, W es t Moravia. The height of the tc s t furnace var ied between 370- 800 ems. The bes t yield (3i 0/0) gave s melt no. 4 (800 em s, ore/ fuel 1 : 1, Indian haematite ore, high carhuriza· tion of th e sponge). M. LEO N I : Tradizione e realta' delle spade Ga lliche. Brief summar y in Engli sh with HO title. Sibrium 22 19 73- 75 (Var ese), 105- 12 5. Four Celtic sword blades from Sforzesca (middle La Time). and from Borgove r ceUi (l a te La Tenc). Only two of them arc r eprese nted by specimens t a ken from ed ges; th e rem a inin g bla de s wer e examined b y tub e-borers in ce ntral p ar t s . Wrought iron or mild steel. Only hlad e no. 4 from Borgovereelli wa s piled from wroug ht iron and steel s trip s a nd martquen ch ed. v. SOUC HOPOVA: see a bo ve 111. C. nek K. STRANSKY: ,ee abo ve M . C. n.k 326 13. History of iron as mentioned in other publication.s (1975) THE CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHAEOLOGY (L. Cottrel cd.). 3rd edition. London 1975. Pp. 196- 197. General remarks on iron and Iron Age, spread of iron from SW Asia. By J. V. S. Megaw. Z. \VOZNIAK: A survey of the investigations of the Bronze and Iron Age sites in Poland 1973 and 1974. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 27 1975 , 233- 239. Warsaw La Tene/ Roman di strict: M jlanowek-Falt,:cin Ilear Pruszkow 42 furnace ramaills, ｐｾ｣ｩ･＠ 38, Kanie 30 plus a bog iron store in a pit. Holy-Cross-Mountains district: GregorzewicC' near Opatow: a field of 104 furnace remains. According to S. Woyda and K. Bielenin. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1976 (continued) A. Specialized items: G. E. ARESHYAN: Zelezo v kul'ture drevney Percdney Azii i basseyne egeyskogo morya (po dannym pis'mennych istocnikov). Summary: Le fer dans la culture ancienne de ]'Asie Anterieure et du basin de la mer Egee (d'apres les sources ccrites). Sovetskaya archeologiya 1976/ 1,87-99. Comments on Near Eastern wTitten record s mentioning iron during the 2nd-Ist millenia BC. Hittite sources seem to be underestimated. Considering the main topic, Homeric poems had their origin in the Mycenaean period. Sporadic iron objects were exclusively bound to the ruling tops of the society. Large scale production did not start anywhere before 1000 BC. V. E. ARTILAKVA: Zelezoobrabatyvayusceye remeslo drevney Gruzii. In Russian: Iron vmrking craft of ancient Georgia . Tbilisi 1976. 263 p. incl. 93 plates, 2 charts. The book brings before the reader various archaeological, iconographical and historical data relating to the blacksmith's work in Georgia. Apart from of the 8th-7th centuries BC finds (Citachevi) the main topic deals with the craft of the early and high medieval periods . It should be strcssed that the work aimed to date numerous not stratified specimens of blacksmith's tools and artifacts in museum collections . The contents may be characterized as follow s: I Blacksmith's work and tasks of its research. Hi storiography and sources. 11 Centres of iron making and working. III Blacksmith's tool s. IV Woodworking tools. V Domestic utensils. VI Farmer's implements. VII Structural iron. YIII Arrow- and lance- heads , swords and daggers . IX Technology of the blacksmith's work. X Soei::!l position of black- and locksmiths in Middle Ages . Biographical remarks on some medieval arti sans in Georgia. Conc1usions. - A special attention deserve chapters III and IX. Blacksmith's tools and carved stone grave plates with blacksmith's emblems from the 11th- 14th centuries AD. Metallographica analyses of 57 artifacts. All-steel objects and iron-to-steel welding are nlatively rare. Heat treatment in 26 % of medieval cases. The book brings very interesting data which are handicapped by the not fully systematical arrangement of information. K. BERGMAN - 1. BILLBERG: Mctallhantverk: Ill: Uppgrlivt fodlutet for PKbanken i Lund . ..\rchaeologia Lundensia VII (A. Jp. M arlensson cd.). Lund 1976. The above chapter of a splendid publication of archaeological find s which came to light in the underground of the mentioned bank building is devoted to the metal- and blacksmith's handicraft, pp. 199- 212. Blacksmith's tong s and a soldering lamp from the 11th- 12th centuries AD workshops. Other examples of the deycloped medieval craft are mentioned and depicted in the papers by T. Nilsson: Nagot om hu shflllel och dess inventarium, 233- 250 (llth century knife with waved welding sea m s, fig. 196), and by K . Bcrgma" - 1. Billbcrg: Vapen , Fig. 347 (12th century pattern-welded sv.:ord blade). I. BILLBERG: sce above 327 J. GOMORI: IX- X. szazadi vasolvaszto helyek Sopron kornyckcn. In Hungarian: Anciellt bloomeries in Sopron. Szoproni Szemle 30/ 3 1976, 239- 255. At Sopron , We s t Hungary, there were excavated bloomeries equipped with two dug-in furnaces , dating from the 10th century A. D. Another site is at Nemesker, where a smelter's and blacksmith's settlement was discovered having preceded the Hungarian invasion in about 900 AD. It consists of 40 sla g heaps, 3 shaft furnaces, and of a reheating h earth . Tuyers, tongs , e tc. T. J. HORBACZ: Miecz z przedstawieniami Marsa i Vic torii ze zbiorow Pallstwowego Muzeulll Archeologi cznego w Warszawi e . Summary: A sword with images of Mars and of Victory from the co llection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. Wiadomosci Archeologiczne 41 /3 1976, 281- 291. A pattern-welded Roman sword with copper inlays from an unknown site in Poland (one of four examples known up to the present day). The author suggests its date from about 200 AD (after the Marcomannian wars); possibly a Roman gift to personalities of high rank among barbarians is involved. R. MADDIN: see below T. S. Wh eeler, p . 329 T. NILSSON: see above K. B ergman , p. 327 J. PIASKOWSKI: Class ifica tion of the structures of slag inclusions in early objects made of bloomery iron. Archaeologia Po Ion a 17 1976, 139- 149. In the author's opinion slag inclusions or the ratio of recognized types may be derived when identifying iron from different geographical regions even by macroscopic estimation. In his second attempt he divides the inclusions described on objects from Poland into four groups; inclusions ascertained in foreign countries are divided into 8 another groups. The divi sion is ba sed on visua lappearance without consideri ng the true mineralogical and chemical composition . H. PRZYGODSKA (Mr5): l\fanchc mctallkundlichc Priifungen von Antiquitatengegenstanden. A rchaeologia Po Iona 17 1976, 123- 137. Some metallographieal ana lyses of iron artifacts from unknown localities cannot be eva luated (knives, mountings, 3 pieces) as, moreover, they lack any datation. A. M. ROSENQVIST: MetaUografiske under sekelser og hardhetsmalinger av ringer frei rangier. Summary: Mctallog raphical examination and hardne ss tests of rings from rangles. Universitetets Old sak sa mling Arbok 1975/ 1976, 117- 122. Early medieval omamented iron r ings inlaid with brass or gun metal. The core is of mild ferritic-pearlitic s leel (WidmannsHitten texture). O. SCHAABE R: U bcdegungen zur Dculung der Plinius-Angahen tiber da s E isen aufgrund metallkundlicher Funduntersuehungen. Jahreshefte des Os terreichischen Arehaologi schen Ins titute s in Wien 51 1976/ 77 (Baden Lei Wien), 85-105. Reprint of an article publi shed in the lahrbuch d er Wittheit zu Bremen 18 1974, mentioned in our Corn. 15 (AR 27197 5,463). Pliny necessa rily compiled many ab s trac t s according to individual items so that various t erm s may have different meaning s, e. g. str ictura. etc. R. SCHI N DLER : Fragen zur romischen Eisenverhlittung im Moselland. Trierer Zeitschrift 39 1976,45- 59. After the coHapse of the Roman economy and of the distribution system in th e ar ea of the Moselle river , several Roman viHae started their own iron production about the end of the 3rd century AD. Stone-waHed furnace s at Hetzhof-Bengel, Serrig, and Ho chscheid. Bricks haped tuyeres, a co ni cal slag block. B . G. SCOTT: Uem anent s tructure s in corro sion products from an earJy mediaeval iron knife . Iri sh Archaeologi cal Re search Forum 1I1-2 1976, 61- 64. Comple tely corrod ed iron blades some- 328 times preserve traces of original textures of ferrite or pearJite in form of impressions. Demon· strated on a 14th century AD knife from Carrickfergus. V. SOUCHOPOV A (Mrs): ZclezarskC pece s odpichem strusky z 11. sto!' n. !. (Olomucany, les. odd. 99). Summary: Eisenhiittenofen mit Schlackenabstich aus dem 11. lahrhundert u. Z. (010· muca ny Forstabteilung Nr.99). In: Z dejin hutnictvi 3 - Rozpravy Narodniho technickeho muzea v Praze 68 1976, 7-11. Shapes of slags in the mentioned W es t Moravian iron making centre indicate the use of tapping furnaces. Tuyere panels. Limonite ores with elevated calcium content. T. S. WHEELE R (Mrs) - R. MADDIN: The Techniques of the Early Thai Metalsmiths. Expedition 18/ 4 1976, 38- 47. The main topic of the paper b eing bronze and brass working, working of iron is discussed on p. 46 because of an early iron spcar·head with a cast·on copper/bronze socket uncovered in level IV at Ban Chiang (1600-1300 BC). The blade is completely corroded but some original carburization cannot be excluded; no ni ckel content. B. History a/iron as mentioned in other publications (1976) ARKEOLOGISK BILLEDREVY. Viking 39 1976, 225. Among select pictures of foremost Norwegian finds there appears the rich collection of blackEmith' s tools from a man's gra'\'e unearthed at Bygland (9th century AD). J. C6MORI: Die Erforschung der Burg der GeEpanschaft von Sopron und ihrer Umgebung in den J ahren 1971- 74. Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 28 1976, 411-424. 10th century AD bloomeries at Sopron, West Hungary. Free standing furnaces . JADRANSKA OBALA U PROTOHISTORIJI (Symposium Dubrovnik 1972). Zagreb 1976. The volume contains two important papers for studies in the spread of iron use in southern Europe. D. G. Lollini (Mrs): Sintes i della civilita picena, 117-153. An abridged cJasEification of the Piceuo cu1ture in the East of Ita ly. Into phase 11 (8th century BC) fans the first occurrence of rare iron weapons (daggers), phase III is characterized by growing use of the menti oned m etal , phases IV- VI (6th- 4th centuries BC) witnessed further development of the iron using mate.riat culture. F. Prendi: Un apen;u sur la civilisation de la premiere periode du fer en Albanie, 155-175. The mo st ancient iron objects are to be registered in the inventory of phase I of the Early Iron Age (11th- 9th centuries BC; a knife and tweezer from the tumulus of Vayze), to become more corn· mon in pha se 11 (8th-7th centuries BC: fibulae , trunnion axe blades). KULTURGESCHlCHTE DER ANTIKE I. Gricchenland. (R. Miller cd.). Berlin 1976. On iron see pp. 53- 54, and 103. The privilege of the nobility to use iron persisted tiB the 8th century BC. L. LECIEJEWICZ: SlowiaJkzyzna zachodnia. In Polish: Western Slav countries. WaIEzawaWrodaw-Krak6w-Gdailsk 1976. On icon making and working see pp. 81-82, 126- 127, 132, 150 . D. G. LOLLINI: see above Jadranska ob ala K. MOTYKOV A (Mrs): Die iiltere romi sche Kaiserzeit in Bohmen im Lichte der neueren hi stori sc h· archiiologischen ForEchung. In: Aufstieg und Niedergang der romi sch en W elt H. Prinzipat. Berlin -New York 1976, 143- 199. Chapter 2 is devoted to iron making and working a s wen as to the use of non·ferrous al10ys in Bohemia during the Barbaro·Roman period (see p. 186). 329 F. PRENDI: sce above Jadranska obala, p. 329 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1977 (a s in December 1977) A. Spec ialized items ASPECTS OF EARLY METALLURGY (W. A. Oddy cd.). Historical Metallurgy Society & British Museum R esearch Laboratory . London 1977. Papers on the sympozium held in May 1977. The foHowing items arc concerned with the eady iron working: W', H. l\-lanniTlg: Black smiths' tools from \VaJtham Abbey, Essex, 87- 96. A hoard of iron objec t s (23 pieces) bugge red in 196 7. It contained II blacksmiths' tool s (S pair s of tong s, file . hearth-poker, hammer, 4 anvils). Late Iron Age. j \1, U . Jon es: Mctallurgical find s from a multi-period settlement at Mucking, Essex, 117- ]20. A sla g block re sembling the vaste from a slag-pit furnace , presumably of a Saxoll date. N. Sl(,indells - Lloyd Laing: Metalworking at the Mote of Mark , Kirk cudbright. in the 6th- 7th centuries AD, 121- 128. ]n the area of a fortified post there was stated non-ferrous and ironworking production. Various modern methods applied in order to identify and analyse find s a s ha ematite ore, slags, and iron object s, especially iron and steel bars . A. E. AIA NO: cf. Historical Metallurgy, below, p. 331 K. BIELENI N : cf. Eisenverhiittung, below K. Dr\BROWSKI: dtto M. CI:ZMAR: Uiiti ieleza v praveku. In Czech: The u se of iron in prehistory. VIII. seminar pro dobrovolnc pracovniky archeologickcho oddeleni RM Mikulov. Bfeclav 1977. An informationa l mimeographed text for purposes of volunta ry collaborators of the Museum at Mikulov, Moravia. E leme,n tary terms of early metallurgy of iron arc explained and information on features and artifact s is given. 19 p., 9 plates. E ISENV E RH UTTUNG VOR 2000 JAHRE N . Archiiologische Forschungen in der VR Polen . (Berlin) 1977. The volume appeared at the occasion of the Polish exhibition at West-Berlin. Prefaces b y A. vo n MUller and K. Dqbrowski introduce the following papers: K. Dqbrowski- T. Liarw: \Virtschaftliche Beziehungcn der Gebiete in der heutigen Volksrepublik Polen mit dem romischen 1mperium im Li chte der archaologischen Forschung, 7- 10. K. Bielenin: F rlihgcschichtlichcs Rergbau- und Hlitterl\\'cse n im Ｕｷ ｩｾｴｯｫｲｺ ｹｳ ｫｩ ･Ｍｇ ｣｢ｩｲｧ･ Ｌ＠ 11 - 26. The que stion of induced or for ced drau ght for slag-pit furnaces of thc mentioned centre cannot be solved as then is no example of the preserved ori ginal height of the shaft. According to thc shape of slag block s, a new va riant appears at Kowalko wice. Radiocarbon dating (calibrated?) pushes th e dating of so me of the bloomeries ab out two centuries earlier tha n presupposed up to now. S. Wo)'da: Ein Eisenverhuttungszentrurn der vorromischen Eisenzeit und der romi schen Kai sc rzeit in der l Jm gebung von Warschau, 27-35. One of the fir st illustrated preliminary reports of thi s recently di scove red iron smelting region , working mainly in the Barbaro-Roman period. Sitcs of Milanowck (hundreds of furnace hearths, a reheating installation) , Parzniewo (field s of furnace hearth s) Bi skupi cc (two groups with thc tot al number of 589 furnace hearths, ca. 50- 81 furnace s per 1 hec ta re). Slag blocs wci g hing about 200 kg!; at ｐｾ｣ｩ｡Ｎ＠ 1.. D. FOMrN: see B. A. Srarnko, p. 332 :K. JlAUCK: ｾ Ａ ｩ｣ｬ｡ｮ､ ｳ＠ Hort. Die sozialgeschichtliche Stellung des Schmi cde s in fruhen Bildprog rammen na ch und vor elem Religion swechseL Antikvariskt Arki v 64. Stockholm 1977. 330 Differences as to the glorification of blacksmiths in poems devoted to Wieland the smith and in the everyday conception of this craft in sagas may he explained by numerous pagan smiths deprived of magic potency during the christianizing process. Iconographical analysis of cuttings on the ivory case from Auzon, Northumberland, and of the picture stone from ａｲ､･ｾ＠ Got]and. HISTOIRE DU FER. Gtiide illustrc du Musee du Fer, Jarville pr cs de Nancy. 2nd edition. Jar· viUe 1977. Among numerous illustrations a special attention deserves the Cellic iron cuirasse from Dormans/ Marne and the Gallo·Roman stele from Dieulouard (Meurthe·el·Moselle) depicting three blacksmiths working at an anvil. HISTORICAL METALLURGY 11/ 2 1977. The following contributions are concerned with the early metallurgy of iron: A. E. Aiano: Romano·British lronworking sites, a Gazetteer, 73- 82. The paper includes 183 sites connected with Roman ironworking activity in England and Scotland. A list (with literary references) of ore, charcoal and slag finds , of ore·roasting pits , smelting furnace s, smithing hearths and iron implements related to iron working crafts is given. General remarks on the English terminology accompany the introduction. R. F. 'l'ylecote: The Downpatrick Bloom , 83. A 13th century AD iron bloom excavated at the hillfort of Downpatrick, Co Down, Ulster. Low phosphorus ferritic iron, now weighing 1 kg, preforged. I. J. Standing· R. F. Tylecote: The Drummer Boy Stone, Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, 84- 85. By means of mineralogical analysis of the slag a large stone block with a slaggy hollo,,, has been interpreted as a part of u smithery hearth. Not dated. V. G. KOTOVIC: Nekotoryc voprosy drevney mctallurgii medi v svyazy s problemoy zarozdc· niya zeleznoy metallurgii na Kavkaze. Summary: Quelques questions de l'ancicnne mctallurgie du cuivre se rapportant nux problcmes de l'apparition de la metalhirgie du fer au Caucase. Sovetskaya areheologiya 3 1977, 69- 78. Theoretical considerations pointed to the possibility of discovering metallic iron particles in slags produced by sulphide copper ore reduction in the Near East and Caucasus. In the latter region the period shortly before 1000 BC comes into question. A. v. MVLLER: see above , Eiscnverhiittung, p. 330 R. PLEI NER: Extensive Ei scnverhUttungsgebiete im freit'll Germanien. In: Symposium Ausklang der Latcnc·Zivi]isalion und Anfi.inge der germanischen Besiedlung im mittleren Donaugebiet (1972). Bratislava 1977, 297- 305. In contrast to scattered iron smelting industry among Teuton tribes there appear, mainly in the Late Roman period, bloomery centres rather with Jarge·scaJe production. Especially in NW Germany, West Jutland, Silesia , Little Poland , and in the Car· pathian Mountains. The technology was based on slag·pit furnaces. In the above centres archaeo· logists discover vast fields of remains with hundreds of units. L. A. SOLNCEV: see below, p. 332 M. SON NECKEN: Forschungen zur spatmittelalterlichen fruhneuzeitIiehen Eisendarstel1ung in Kiccspe , Miirki scher Kreis. Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte de s Eisenhiittenwesens in Wcstfalen. VDEh FachauscllU5'bericht 9.006. Diisseldorf 1977, 72 p. , 29 figs., 4 charts. An important book on metallurgy monuments churncterizing the transition from the direct iron production to the indirect onc, as illustrated by excavations in the Kierspe region , West Germany. Contents: Eillleitung, 1. Ergebnisse von Gehindebegehungen, 2. Katalog der MassenhiHtcn des J3.- 17. Jh s . im Stadtgebiet von Kierspe, 3. Grabungsbefunde, 4. Zusammenfassung , Sehrifttulll. In the environment of Kicrspe SW of Ludenscheid, Nordrhein·Westfalen, Federal Germany, there have been mapped 22 site s of the so· called Massenhiitten. A Massenhiitte represents a water driven smelling furnace 4 meters high which produced deliberately either blooms of wrought iron or pig iron. This is attested by chemical analyses of v8ste which comprises bloomery slags und blast furnace slag as well. There wr,re excavated 3 sites (J 3th- 15th centuries AD, dated by 331 radiocarbon date s and by pottery): Haus Rhade (furnace base of a circular plan), Hemecke, and Wehe. At HUllS Rhade came further to light a smithing plant. MetuIJographical analyses of 3 specimens - ".'rought iron nail and hook, blade with steel shells. 1. J. STANDING: cf. Historical Metallurgy. see above p . 331 B. A. SRAMKO - L. D . FOMIN - L . A . SOLNCEV: Nacal'nyy etap obrabotki zeleza v vostocnoy Evrope (doskifskiy period). Summary: L'f tape initiale du travail du fer en Europe orientalc (periode prescythique). Sovetskaya archeologiya 1977/ 1, 57-74 . MetalJographical analyses of 20 iron bJades from Eastern Europe. some of them equipped with bronze hilts (8th or 7th century BC). 11 specimens represent all-steel artifacts. No heat treatment. Cimmerians of the foreststeppe zone were more experienced in metal working than nomadic Seythians of the steppes. R. F. TYLECOTE: see above Historical Metallurgy, p. 331 H W. WERTR: Romische Eisenverhiittung im "lIebelhof Hertingen . Basler geographische Refte Nr. IS, Basel 1977, 12 p. Separatum. Rescue finds concerned with the Roman iron smelting (late 2nd century AD): tapping slags and "Bohnerz"-type limonite. Possibly iron production from certain villae rusticae in recent southwest Germany. A. R . WILLIAMS: Methods of manufacture of swords in medieval Europe: illustrated by the metallography of some examples. Gladius 13 1977 (Madrid), 75-101. Eight medieval swords (12th- 15th centuries AD) from several museum collections show a good deal of case-carburized blades (heat treatment). Others are welded together by piling iron and steel parts. A. R. WILLIAMS: Roman Arms and Armour: a Technical Note. Journal of Archaeological Science 4 1977, 77- 87. Metallographical examination of one Roman gladius and one piece of a lorica segmentata (Ristissen, Germany, 2nd century AD); both specimens made of pearlitic steel with varying carbon content (under 0,7 0/0)' not hardened. S. WOYDA; see above Eisenverbiittung, p. 330 B. History of iron as mentioned in other publications (1977) K. Dl\BROWSKI: Miejsce rezerwat6w areheologicznych w ksztaltowaniu srudowiska naturalnego. Wiadomosei Areheologiczne 57/ 1 1977, 3-8. Recent discoveries of the Late La Tene and Roman iron working "..·estwards of Warsaw from the standpoint of preservation of monuments and nature . Fig. 2 represents an excavated area with smelting furnace-rcmains at Milanowek. G. EOGA N; see below M. HERITY - G. EOGAN: Ireland in Prehistory. London- Henley- Boston 1977. Iron smelting of the La Time period traced at Rath na Seanaid . Taru. and Freestonc Hill. The earliest iron artifacts arc Celtic swords of the 2nd century BC. See pp. 223, 234- 236. K. HOREDT: ArchiioJogische Beitdige zur Herkunft der Sicbcnbtirger Sachsc n. In: Archaologie als Geschichtswissenschaft (J. Hermann et aI., ed.). Schriftcn zur Ur- und Frtihgeschichtc 30. Berlin 1977. 447- 459. Discussion on a find complex from ｾ･ｬｩｲｮ｢｡＠ (Roumania), comprising numerou s iron object s incl. blacksmith's tools as tongs , hammers, chisels, etc . An aquamaniJe of bronze [Joints to central Germany which was the starting area of Saxon settlers in Siebenburgen (13th century) . 332 \V. HUBENER: Walfcnformen und Bewaffnungstypen cler friihen Merowingerzeit. Fundbcrichte aus Baden- \Viirttemberg 3 1977, 510-522. The author reth ink s the typology of Migration period types of weapons paying attention to two of them: the aogo and thefrancisCll. He puts the question of manufacturing thc mentioned types in centralized workshops . S. KUCERA: Kitayskaya archcologiya 1965-1974 gg : paleolitoepocha hi. In Russian: Chinese Archaeology 1965- 1974: Palaeolithic Age - Yin period. l\1oskva 1977. This excellent book bringing a survey on recent results , problems and new finds of Chinese archaeology up to about 1000 BC, contains a very important chapter on the metallurgy of iron in section n (pp. 96- 105). Considering the frequency of archaeological iron objects and the evidencing data in written sources it is clear that the initial phase of the use of iron in China wa s the period of the Late Ch'un - Ch'iu and Early Cha n kou (i. e. roughly the 6th- 5t h centuries BC). when the somewhat limited but more than sporadical occurrence of iron weapons and tools is traceable among various so urces . Some earlier axe blades (yii) were identified as of meteoritic metal. Now the discussion arises on new find s at Tai si (an axe blade inserted into a brcnze corpus, Shan or Yin period, approx. 14th century BC) and simultaneously on the new interpretation of a term inscribed on the Ban Guy vessel (11th century BC); formerly it was read as ,. inh ab itants of countryside"', now possibly " iron founder s". The stratification and metal composition of the Taisi axe still involve cer tain problems and the Ban Guy word remains but a hypothesis so that the question of iron in China before 1000 BC is still open. However, the possibility of penetrating knowledge and of the respective specimens as well a s of new idea s cannot be bagatelized. K. LUDIKOVSKY: see below Po J. Michna P . .T. MICHNA: Prehled archeolo gickych vyzkumu na Moravc a ve Slezsku za rok 1976. Summary: Survey of archaeolog ical excavations in Moravia and Silesia during 1976. Vlastivcdny vestnik mora vsky 29 1977 (Brno), 176-183. Remark on the discovery at Sudice (West Moravia) where 17 slag -J}i t furnace rema ins were unearthed by K. Ludikovskj and V. SOlLchopov6 (Mrs). The agglomeration representing the act ivity of a bloomery dates into the Romano-Barbarian period (3rd- 4th centuries AD). M. N. POGREBOV A: Iran i Zakavkaz'ye v rannem zeleznom veke. In Rus sian : Iran and Transcaucasia in Early Iron Age . Moskva 1977. Mrs Pogrebova has analysed all available archaeological sources to the hi story of Iran and Transcaucasia in the Early Iron Age whi ch is divided into two phases: the fir st of them is dated to the 13th- 11th centuries BC, the second to the 10th till the 8th/ 7th centuries BC. During thi s p eriod , east Transcaucasia was closely ti ed with north Iran. more tightly than the we st Transcaucasian countries. The book contains some remarks on the spread of iron (sp. p. 143 sqq). In the first pha se iron penetrated both to Iran and Transcaucasia hut slowly. Iron spear heads b eca me latcr typical of the Transcauca sian countries, bi-metallic dagger types of Iran. The fir st centuri es of the last millenium BC represent a period when both territories, i. e. Transcullcasia and Iran, can be held for centres or focuses of further spread of iron to the North Ilnd East. As to some theses of recent Georgian and Armenian schola r s the uuthore ss' v iew is rather critical in dating important find complexes. V. SOUCHOPOV A: see P. J. Mic/ma, above. 333