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2024, Basicos de Función Lineal
Breve análisis de la función lineal para estudiantes secundarios
2024 •
आर्थिक विज्ञान (अर्थशास्त्र) में नोबेल मेमोरियल पुरस्कार विजेताओं की सूची
How Objects Tell Stories: Essays in Honor of Emma C. Bunker
The BMAC, the Seima Turbino and the Eastward Transmission of Tin Bronze Technology in Inner Asia2018 •
INTRODUCTION It cannot be ignored that copper-base metallurgy was in place across much of Eurasia well before the eastward transmission of tin-bronze technology began ca. 3000 BCE and hence experienced metalworkers were on hand in many culture areas to engage with newly arriving alloyed objects, technological information and/or its practitioners (Chernykh 1992; Linduff 2004; Linduff 2014; Linduff and Mei 2014). Tin-bronze metallurgy, therefore, had a cultural and technological substrate in place so that it flourished among often metallurgically-experienced human populations and then could be transmitted (Linduff 2014). It was, in the end, cultural ratcheting over time that fostered this process. Cultural ratcheting is built on the human ability to transmit information between individuals over time or inter-generationally until such time that a new idea comes to the fore (Pringle 2016, p. 93; Coward and Grove 2011). “Modifications and improvements stay in the population until further changes ratchet things up again.” (Bentley and O’Brien 2012, p. 2). These descriptions lie at the heart of the innovation process, the result of accumulating knowledge/experience, which, in turn, can give rise, for example, to a new technological configuration. As Cyril Stanley Smith (1981, p. 351) succinctly put it, “….discovery needs preparation.” The discussion to follow is underpinned by the premise that tin-bronze metallurgy was a technological innovation that first appeared in greater Southwest Asia at sites dating to the first half of the third millennium BCE (Fig. 1) (Helwing 2009, pp. 211-12; Muhly 1973a, b, 1976, 1985; Nezafati et al. 2011, pp. 212-13; Penhallurick (1986/2013); Pernicka 1998, pp. 139-40, abb.1a-b; Pigott 2012b; Rahmstorf 2011; Ruzanov 1999; Weeks 2003). During this period, the technology was transmitted widely by extended human contact in a non-linear, non-uniform fashion across a broad geographical swath extending from the eastern Aegean, and Anatolia through Mesopotamia to sites in the southern Gulf, and including the Caucasus/ Transcaucasia and into southern Central Asia. By the later third millennium BCE, it appeared well to the north of this latter area in the eastern forest-forest/steppe and in the neighboring Sayano-Altai Mountains region and from there in the western borderlands of ancient China; after ca. 2000 BCE it appeared in the Chinese Central Plain (Chernykh 1992; Ciarla 2007; Higham et al. 2011; Linduff 2014; Linduff and Mei 2014; Rispoli et al. 2013; Roberts et al. 2009; Roberts 2011; Pigott 2012b; Pigott and Ciarla 2007; Potts 2012; Sherratt 2006; Stöllner et al. 2011; Weeks 2003; Wilkinson 2014)1 (Fig. 2a and b). Ultimately, it appeared in northern Southeast Asia by ca. 1000 BCE (Ciarla 2007; Higham et al. 2011; Rispoli et al. 2013; Pigott 2012b; Pigott and Ciarla 2007) though the date of this technology’s arrival in the region remains under debate (White and Hamilton 2014; see Chiou- Peng, this volume). However, it is not my intention here to review the entire scenario of tin-bronze’s Eurasian transmission, but rather to explore one aspect of the technology’s eastward transmission, namely the potential role that may have been played in this process by the Inner and Central Asian Art and Archaeology 1 · 191–221 192 socio-political entity known as the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex or BMAC (ca. 2300-1700 BCE) in southwestern Central Asia (Fig. 3). This includes also the BMAC’s possible involvement in a trade in tin (Frachetti and Rouse 2012, pp. 695, 697-98; Kohl 2007, pp. 219, 221; Lyonnet 2005; Wilkinson 2014).2 In sum, my effort here is focused on testing an hypothesis concerning the Eurasian transmission of the innovation of tin-bronze metallurgy at a specific Inner Asian time and location.
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