Evaluation of Rainwater Harvesting System On SkinDeo Factory Cikarang
Putri Anggun Sari1, Dodit Ardiatma2, Hadi Ismanto3
Pelita Bangsa University
1
2
poetrispt@pelitabangsa.ac.id , doditardiatma@pelitabangsa.ac.id , ismantohadi20@gmail.com3
Abstract. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the construction of
rain water harvesting buildings or rain water harvesting with a reservoir system or the
construction of a ground water tank related to the distribution system of the raw water
network itself, the operation and maintenance of the water and to test the quality of the
water collected in the building ground water tank. Research conducted using quantitative
descriptive methods by collecting data related to the dimensions of Rainwater Harvesting
(PAH), data on the roof area of water catching the whole section that captures water to the
ground water tank, rainfall data from 2007 to 2017 as its inflow value, and raw water
needs of usage in the factory area. From the results of this study it was found that the
potential for groundwater savings in a period of 3 years was 45.3%, the water quality from
the results of laboratory tests, and physical tests of rainwater were included in the first
class criteria of water quality whose designation could be used for raw water drink, the
water distribution system used is the down feed system, the water treatment used (filtering
of solid material, siltation, absorption). However, in the factory area itself the water is only
limited to being used for production operations, including bathroom needs, gardening,
cooling tower and certainly to reduce runoff caused by rainwater itself. The conclusion of
this study is that the expected design criteria are in accordance with current needs and can
meet existing needs and are able to accommodate rainfall runoff.
Keywords: Evaluation, Rainwater Harvesting, Skin-Deo
1 Introduction
Water is one of the main needs for humans and healthy plant growth.. Water supply
security has become a major concern worldwide due to ever-increasing water demand
resulting from population growth, rapid urbanisation and industrial development. Moreover
availbility of water resources is decreasing due to water pollution around the world as
consequence of increasing urbanisation and industrialisation [1].
Good water sources from springs, rivers, wells, lakes, seas and rainwater are owned by so
many and extensive in Indonesia. In general, abundant water in Indonesia, especially those
sourced from rain water with an average rainfall of 2000 - 4000 mm / year means that if rain
water is "collected" for one year it will be as high as 2-4 meters. Therefore, there are several
efforts that can be done, namely by carrying out a rain harvesting system. Even in the
international world is now an important part of the global agenda of environmental water
resources management in order to tackle water inequality in the rainy and dry season (lack of
water), a source of shortages of clean water supply to the world's population, and prevention
of floods and droughts.
In general, risk of water inadequacy is lesser in developed countries than developing
countries [2]. But supplying adequate water to the cities requires a notable amount of other
INCEESS 2020, July 17-18, Bekasi, Indonesia
Copyright © 2021 EAI
DOI 10.4108/eai.17-7-2020.2303069
resources such as energy and infrastructure. Hence even countries with good water balance
conditions between demand and available water resources are continuously evaluating
alternatives (e.g. reduction in water consumption and identification of new sources to supply
water) to optimise water management. One of the most common and adaptable alternative
sources is the rainwater for use in the buildings, in particular residential buildings [3],[4], [5].
Rainwater is used as either the principal or a supplementary source of water to the main
water supply system in a residential building [6]. One of the existing water conservation
methods that already exist for households or other needs is rainwater harvesting, which is a
source of collecting, storing rainwater and utilizing existing runoff water. Rainwater
harvesting is a method of catching or collecting and utilizing rainwater optimally. Rain
harvesting can be defined as an effort to collect rain water for clean water needs and or absorb
rainwater into the ground to cope with floods and drought. Most techniques for collecting
water usually use large water sources such as rivers and groundwater (eg wells and irrigation
systems), and require large-scale investment. But in many countries of the world, various
small-scale and simple methods have been developed to capture and collect runoff water used
for a variety of productive purposes both for households or for other needs such as industry. If
this surface runoff is left alone it can cause soil erosion, and this run-off flood / standing water
can be harvested and utilized.
2 Literatur Review
2.1 Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is an activity to collect rainwater locally and store it through various
technologies, for future use to meet the demands of human consumption or human activities
[7]. Another definition of rainwater harvesting is the collection, storage and distribution of
rainwater from the roof, for use inside and outside the home or business. Sustainable drainage
system is a technique used in managing rainwater that falls on the surface of roofs and other
surfaces through a series of actions, whose main purpose is to control the flow rate and volume
of surface runoff to reduce the risk of flooding and water pollution and in order to reduce
pressure on the drainage network (sewerage network) and in order to improve biodiversity and
local convenience (localamenity). The basic concept of developing sustainable drainage is to
improve water use, minimize losses and improve and conserve the environment. Thus, the
main priority of activities must still be aimed at managing runoff [7].
Rainfall is the main variabel of interest for a RWHS system [2], especially temporal
variability of rainfall is the critical governing factor in its performance. Design of RWHS is
generally concerned with determining the optimum tank size to ensure water supply for the
anticipated use. An oversized tank is loss of resources (e.g. energy, time, and money); on the
other hand and undersized tank will not be able to fulfil the required water de- mand.
Therefore, needs of households and the characteristics of the geographical locations should be
considered when designing a RWHS. Many studies are available in literature on the benefits,
design, performance and feasibility analysis of a RWHS, for example in Germany [8], in
China [9], in Brazil [10], in USA [11], [12], in Italy [13], in Virginia [14], in Mexico [15] and
in Australia [16[, [17].
2.2 Inflow
The main equations used, including; surface runoff discharge using the Rational Method
with equations. Inflow (input) is the volume of rainwater that falls on the roof of a building
and is accommodated. The formula used to obtain inflow is a rational method based on the
following equation:
Q = 0,287.C.I.
Q
I
A
(1)
= runoff discharge plan (m3/s) C= runoff coefficient
= rain intensity at the same duration as the concentration time and a certain rain return
period (mm/h)
= area of drainage (hectare)
Runoff coefficient (C) is determined using the Weighted Runoff Coefficient formula or C
equivalent, with the equation [18].
2.3 Calculation of Potential Amount of Water that Can be Harvested
The potential of the water harvesting potential from a roof building can be known through
simple calculations [19], as follows:
harvestable water = Area x rainfall x runoff coefficient. In the illustration in the figure below
for a 200 m2 rain catchment area, 500 mm annual rainfall, the amount of water that can be
harvested is determined as follows:
a) With an area of = 200 m2 and the amount of annual rainfall = 500 mm, the volume of rain
water that falls in the area is : 20.000 dm2 x 5 dm = 100.000
b) Assuming that only 80% of the total rain can be harvested (20% is lost due to evaporation
or leakage), then the volume that can be harvested: 100.000 x 0,8 = 80.000 l/y
by using the following equation:
V = R x A x kV
V
A
k
(2)
=the volume of water accommodated (m3) R = rainfall (m)
=catchment area (m2)
=water runoff coeficient
3 Research Method
This research method is a way to obtain relevant data to evaluate and also identify the
concept of design criteria and the application of rainwater harvesting technology in the Skin
Deo factory and also evaluating the system of rainwater harvesting, which already exists to
accommodate rainwater and runoff discharge. In this study primary data collection will be
sourced from surveys and also secondary data collected from literature studies and related
agencies. The survey conducted in this study is obervasation conducted in the environment of
Skin Deo Cikarang factory by observing the physical condition of the granary, the catchment
area and the need for raw water. The analytical method used in this research is quantitative
descriptive method. This method is in the form of data collection, data analysis, and
interpretation of the results of the analysis to obtain information for conclusions.
4 Result And Discussion
From the research results of the rainwater harvesting system, this skin deo factory use a
Cistern / Catchment system by utilizing the roof media to catch / harvest rainwater directly
such as gutters, downspout pipes, first rainwater pouring channels (first flush diverters) and
rainwater collection units (Figure.1).
Treatment
Conveyance
Catchment
Storage
Delivery
Filtering/Separatio
n
Fig.1. harvest rainwater directly
Filtering/Disinfectio
n
4.1 Calculation Analysis
Calculation analysis is done through the processing of raw data obtained from the Office of
Public Spatial Planning (PUPR) of Bekasi City, Perum Jasa Tirta II of Bekasi City from
monitoring rainfall data. By calculating or determining the average rainfall:
Table 1. Data on Maximum Rainfall of Bekasi Dam Station Rainfall Data for the Last 10 Years
(2007-2017).
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Jan
290.00
108.00
198.00
318.00
74.00
209.00
447.00
827.00
197.00
106.00
151.00
Feb
732.00
585.00
302.00
265.00
52.00
298.00
256.00
408.00
332.00
187.00
103.00
Mar
152.00
258.00
144.00
130.00
35.00
168.00
124.00
218.00
139.00
119.00
30.00
Apr
361.00
169.00
2.00
70.00
81.00
120.00
60.00
131.00
101.00
64.00
55.00
May
97.00
40.00
89.00
86.00
155.00
18.00
219.00
91.00
47.00
194.00
90.00
Jun
92.00
37.00
65.00
102.00
29.00
18.00
87.00
108.00
8.00
72.00
40.00
Month
Jul
Aug
2.00
13.00
12.00 20.00
5.00
22.50
19.00 51.00
3.00
6.00
0.00
0.00
272.00 32.00
55.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
116.00 127.00
0.00
0.00
Sep
6.00
31.00
54.00
165.00
6.00
22.00
64.00
5.00
5.00
9.00
0.00
Oct
88.00
65.00
22.00
28.00
25.00
0.00
99.00
0.00
0.00
243.00
39.00
Nov
202.00
110.00
164.00
120.00
38.00
196.00
116.00
118.00
53.00
106.00
82.00
Dec CH Ma (Xi)
279.00
732.00
103.00
585.00
227.00
302.00
49.00
318.00
186.00
186.00
303.00
303.00
440.00
447.00
120.00
827.00
115.00
332.00
166.00
243.00
193.00
193.00
Source: Division 1 of Perum Jasa Tirta II, Bekasi City
Table 2. Data on Maximum Rainfall of Setu Station Rainfall
Data for the Last 10 Years (2007-2017)
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
89.00
102.00
198.00
295.00
172.00
320.00
449.00
786.00
248.00
224.00
197.00
555.00
507.00
128.00
459.00
202.00
226.00
247.00
384.00
354.00
371.00
332.00
120.00
187.00
183.00
338.00
84.00
186.00
305.00
217.00
139.00
310.00
139.00
263.00
302.00
26.00
123.00
374.00
310.00
58.00
322.00
101.00
254.00
101.00
168.00
116.00
45.00
252.00
189.00
40.00
230.00
308.00
47.00
195.00
47.00
77.00
9.00
84.00
228.00
20.50
132.00
50.00
191.00
8.00
186.00
8.00
Month
Jul
Aug
Sep
16.00
0.00
8.00
6.00
6.00
0.00
35.00 56.00 63.00
105.00 199.00 602.00
9.50
19.00 19.00
16.50
0.00
53.00
259.00 37.00
0.00
184.00 70.50 30.50
0.00
0.00
9.00
155.00 174.00 307.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
Oct
Nov
Dec
CH Ma (Xi)
71.00
86.00
0.00
730.00
130.00
42.00
123.00
136.00
0.00
197.00
0.00
112.00
118.00
150.00
222.00
150.00
448.00
178.00
247.00
53.00
181.00
53.00
319.00
46.00
226.00
280.00
258.00
453.00
392.00
228.00
116.00
133.00
115.00
555.00
507.00
226.00
730.00
374.00
453.00
449.00
786.00
354.00
371.00
332.00
Tabel 3. Data on Maximum Rainfall of Cibitung Station Rainfall
Data for the Last 10 Years (2007-2017)
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
2007 500.00 724.00 156.00 289.00
May
89.90
Jun
104.00
Month
Jul
Aug
0.00
19.90
Sep
1.20
Oct
104.00
Nov
110.00
Dec CH Ma (Xi)
321.00
724.00
2008 124.00 582.00 149.00 124.00
49.00
30.00
5.00
8.00
0.00
75.00
44.00
74.00
582.00
2009 304.00 233.00 101.00
75.00
48.00
80.40
0.00
32.20
3.00
0.00
96.50
177.00
304.00
2010 442.00 223.00
70.00
116.00
40.00
147.00
10.00
69.00 2002.00 349.00
150.00
118.00
2002.00
2011 151.00 103.00
30.00
55.00
90.00
40.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
39.00
82.00
193.00
193.00
2012 355.00 130.00 229.00 270.00
32.00
60.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
80.00
220.00
355.00
70.00
2013 637.00 232.00
89.00
168.00 224.00
89.00
14.00
7.00
58.00
0.00
88.00
637.00
2014 317.00 494.00
65.00
151.00 173.00 147.00 147.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
152.00
127.00
494.00
263.00
2015 257.00 263.00 100.00 114.00
26.00
17.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
35.00
86.00
2016
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
11.00
14.00
19.00
292.00
14.00
394.00
13.00
18.00
19.00
2017 169.00 394.00
79.00
9.00
111.00 103.00
82.00
138.00 164.00 221.00 256.00
Source: Division 1 of Perum Jasa Tirta II, Bekasi City
The comparison between raw water demand and rainwater supply is obtained from the
merging of the calculated data with the Analysis data
Fig.2. Comparison of water supply and raw water requirements
4.2 Hidrology
Rainfall data in this study uses monthly rainfall data from 3 rainfall recording stations with
a period of 10 years from 2007 to 2017. These data were obtained from Division 1 of Perum
Jasa Tirta II Bekasi City. The data of the three stations used are the closest rainfall stations to
the location of the study, namely the Bekasi Dam Rainfall Station, Setu Rainfall Station and
Cibitung Rainfall Station. The following is the rainfall data, which is: Calculation of the Rain
Plan Logarithm. Rumus:
Log RT = logXi Rata2 + (K*STDEV logXi)
(3)
r =(R24/24)*(24/t)^(2/3)
(4)
RT =POWER(10;..)
(5)
Table 4. Rainfall Analysis (Log Person)
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
TOTAL
Xi
724
582
304
2002
193
355
637
494
263
19
394
log Xi
2.8597
2.7649
2.4829
3.3015
2.2856
2.5502
2.8041
2.6937
2.42
1.2788
2.5955
28.0369
log Xi-log X
0.3109
0.2161
-0.0659
0.7527
-0.2632
0.0014
0.2553
0.1449
-0.1288
-1.2701
0.0467
(log Xi-log X)2 (log Xi-log X)3
0.0967
0.0301
0.0467
0.0101
0.0043
-0.0003
0.5665
0.4264
0.0693
-0.0182
0
0
0.0652
0.0166
0.021
0.003
0.0166
-0.0021
1.613
-2.0486
0.0022
0.0001
-1.583
4.3 Calculation of Rainwater Discharge That Can be Harvested
Layout map of Skin Deo Factory Cikarang is used to determine the type of building roof to
determine runoff coefficient (A) and catchment area in the form of a roof. The coefficient (k),
rainfall (R) and catchment area that are known are used to calculate the volume of collected
rainwater, with the following equation.
V = R .A. K
(6)
Rainwater Discharge, the method used to calculate rainwater discharge in a channels in
this study is the rational method of USSCS (1973). The general form of this equation is as
follows [18]:
Q = Qah. C. I. A.
Q =flood discharge plan Qah = 0,00278 C I A m3/s
C =run off coeficient (industrial weight area = 0,60-0,90) I
time (mm/h)
A = catchment area of the roof (ha)
(7)
= rain intensity for a constant
Q = Qah. C. I. A
= 0.00278 x 0,90 x 26,137 x 42,558
= 0,0042558 ha
= 0,0223 m3/s (total runoff discharge)
Table 5. Calculation of PAH capacity for Cibitung Rain
Station with a Total Raw Water Need of 70%
Total Water
Water
Total
Total
Deficiency
(m³)
Advantages
Number Average Roof Area Needs (m³/hr) Koef supply
Water
Water
Month of days
(mm)
(m²)
Run off Rain
Needs
Needs 70%
(m³)
Explanation
(m³)
(m³)
100% (m³)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
1
Jan
31
169
42.558
20.883
0.9
799.865 647.373
453.161
317.213
222.049
Feb
28
394
42.558
18.542
0.9
710.199 519.176
363.423
254.396
178.077
Mar
31
79
42.558
19.868
0.9
760.988 615.908
431.136
301.795
211.256 e = Obtained
from the
Apr
30
111
42.558
16.704
0.9
639.8
501.12
350.784
245.549
171.884
Table
May
31
103
42.558
19.391
0.9
742.718 601.121
420.785
294.549
206.185
g
=cxdxf
Jun
30
82
42.558
14.52
0.9
556.148
435.6
304.92
213.444
149.411
h=bxe
Jul
31
138
42.558
20.656
0.9
791.17
640.336
448.235
313.765
219.635
j=h>gk=
474.015
331.81
232.267
Aug
31
164
42.558
21.844
0.9
836.673 677.164
g>h
611.85
428.295
299.807
209.865
Sep
30
221
42.558
20.395
0.9
781.173
Oct
31
256
42.558
19.411
0.9
743.484 601.741
421.219
294.853
206.397
Nov
30
292
42.558
20.369
0.9
780.178
611.07
427.749
299.424
209.597
392.596
274.817
192.372
Dec
31
14
42.558
18.092
0.9
692.963 560.852
4.4 Storage Capacity Of Rainwater Harvesting
Tank Volume Calculation for Rainwater Harvesting, or Rainwater Harvesters in Skin Deo
Factory Cikarang Factory Skin Deo Factory has a shape like Figure 4.3. The shape of the
building Harvesting rainwater with the building volume in the form of a trapezoid, so here I
use the trapezoid formula where the size is in accordance with the existing in the picture.
a = 6400 + 3500 + 3500 mm
= 13400 mm 13,4 m
b = 6400 mm 6,4 m t
= 3500 mm 3,5 m l = 20000 mm 20 m
V = 20 x 9,9 x 3
= 693 m3
Fig. 3. Rainwater Harvesting Building Shape
V tank =
=
++ ++++
= 288,3 m3 = 300 m3
After calculating the capacity of the rainwater harvesting tank, the monthly water balance
can be calculated as in the following Table 10.
Table 6. Water Balance Reservoir
Month Supply (m3) Initial (m3) First Annual Requirement (m3) Final (m3)
Jan
169.0
143
250
62.0
Feb
394.0
430
250
574.0
Mar
79.0
362
250
191.0
Apr
111.0
261
250
122.0
May
103.0
327
250
180.0
Jun
82.0
263
250
95.0
Jul
138.0
151
250
39.0
Aug
164.0
904
250
818.0
Sept
221.0
474
250
445.0
Oct
256.0
589
250
595.0
Nov
292.0
519
250
561.0
Dec
14.0
346
250
110.0
2023
3000
4.4 Evaluation of Rainwater Harvesting Planning Results
Results of the evaluation of rainwater harvesting planning at Skin Deo Factory Cikarang,
Tbk. with a 600 m³ capacity plan can be shown in Table 11.
Table 7. Rainwater Harvesting Planning At Skin Deo Factory Cikarang
Plan
Actual
3
From
the
calculation
data for the
Design criteria capacity 600 m .
needs of this shelter is equal to
. = .
Depending on the needs by
looking at the actual
conditions using calculations,
with the current actual condition
1∕2 of the maximum capacity can
still
be covered.
Results
In accordance with the
needs of the conditions
in the area and enough
to covered the needs.
Plan
Actual Conditions Shelter
conditions use ponds covered
with a roof.
Actual
In accordance with the Subagyo
(2012), related to the water
utilization system by using a
reservoir system but here it is
better because there is a canopy.
Results
In accordance with the
theory and the needs has
planned.
In accordance with the initial
purpose
to
reduce
the
occurrence of floods around
the area of the Skin Deo
Factory Cikarang, Tbk. due to
rainwater runoff.
Conditions in the field are based
on information from primary
interview data and secondary
data, the last 3 years of standing
water in the area has been
reduced and
almost completely does not
occur.
For pH measurement results in
the rainwater area in the
Cikarang Skin Deo Factory, Tbk
is : 6.0-6.7.
In accordance with initial
planning.
The characteristics of rain
water, rain water is one of the
gray water that can be utilized
for operational production
needs. Rainwater has acidic
properties based on the results
of pH checking
(pH: 6.0 -6.6).
Still in accordance with
the initial planning and
after processing with
RO3 the following pH
data was obtained : 5.57.5.
5 Conclusion
There are several conclusions that we can draw from the results of "Rainwater Harvesting
as an alternative in Water Resources Management as follows:
a)
2
3
With a catchment area of 42,558 m obtained Debit = 0.0223 m / s with Effective Tank
3
b)
c)
Volume = 288.3 m3 ≈ 300 m ,
In the form of a trapezoidal reservoir with the design according to Figure 4.3, the
volume of water collected in the reservoir is in accordance with the design criteria,
The amount of rainwater that can be collected on the roof of the factory with initial
3
storage tank capacity of 600 m with actual capacity, currently the holding tank only
3
3
holds 288.3 m = 300 m which can meet the total needs of 61% per month and can
save water use 39% monthly,
d)
3
The initial criteria for collecting rainwater is 600 m in design. Placement of
underground rainwater harvesting reservoirs with a ground water system and with the
help of pumps and temporary storage tanks, water can be channeled above and utilized
for the needs of town water that was previously through the process of RO (Reverse
e)
f)
g)
Osmosis),
Utilization of rainwater harvesting within factory very helpful in the operational
process where is used to supply cooling towers in the packing hall and amenitis /
bathroom areas,
In Harvesting rainwater in Skin Deo Factory Cikarang, Tbk., the water threat that is
used is very simple, namely: Filtering of solid material, Sedimentation of mud,
Absorption and then processed using the RO system.
rainwater obtained by filtering results in this designed technology, the pH value and
parameters for the standard can even be used for drinking water and can be utilized
without exceeding the permitted levels based on Group B / Category 1 standards set by
the Ministry of Health.
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