Mental Health in Prisons

Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology Series Editors Ben Crewe Institute of Criminology University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK Yvonne Jewkes Social & Policy Sciences University of Bath Bath, UK Thomas Ugelvik Faculty of Law University of Oslo Oslo, Norway This is a unique and innovative series, the first of its kind dedicated entirely to prison scholarship. At a historical point in which the prison population has reached an all-time high, the series seeks to analyse the form, nature and consequences of incarceration and related forms of punishment. Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology provides an important forum for burgeoning prison research across the world. Series Advisory Board Anna Eriksson (Monash University) Andrew M. Jefferson (DIGNITY - Danish Institute Against Torture) Shadd Maruna (Rutgers University) Jonathon Simon (Berkeley Law, University of California) Michael Welch (Rutgers University) More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14596 Alice Mills · Kathleen Kendall Editors Mental Health in Prisons Critical Perspectives on Treatment and Confinement Editors Alice Mills School of Social Sciences University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand Kathleen Kendall Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton Southampton, UK Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology ISBN 978-3-319-94089-2 ISBN 978-3-319-94090-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94090-8 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2018946175 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 Chapter 2 is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). For further details see license information in the chapter. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover credit: © Paul Doyle/Photofusion Picture Library/Alamy This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To Kathy Biggar, founder of the Samaritans Listener scheme, which trains prisoners to provide compassionate emotional support to fellow prisoners in distress, and to all those prisoners who provide support to others. Acknowledgements We would like to thank our contributors for producing such innovative chapters, despite the pressures of their busy lives and usual jobs. Our thanks also go to Yvonne Jewkes and Ben Crewe, the series editors, and Josie Taylor at Palgrave for their considerable enthusiasm for the project and the patience they have shown whilst we have brought it to a conclusion. Our gratitude must also go to the Southampton prison mental health research team of Luke Birmingham, Judith Lathlean and David Morton, who were involved in the study which first sparked and maintained our interest in mental health in prisons, and who, along with Katey Thom and Susan Hatters-Friedman from Auckland, have provided tremendous support and encouragement. Finally, our thanks go to Neil, Ella and Issy, and Clive, Pippin and MaryAnn and Allan Kendall for their love, support and patience. vii Contents 1 Introduction Alice Mills and Kathleen Kendall Part I 2 3 4 1 Penal Power and the Psy Disciplines: Contextualising Mental Health and Imprisonment ‘We Are Recreating Bedlam’: A History of Mental Illness and Prison Systems in England and Ireland Catherine Cox and Hilary Marland 25 The Architecture of Psychiatry and the Architecture of Incarceration Simon Cross and Yvonne Jewkes 49 Psychological Jurisprudence and the Relational Problems of De-vitalisation and Finalisation: Revisiting the Society of Captives Thesis Bruce A. Arrigo and Brian G. Sellers 73 ix x Contents Part II 5 6 7 Care Versus Custody: Challenges in the Provision of Prison Mental Health Care Alice Mills and Kathleen Kendall 105 How Do New Psychoactive Substances Affect the Mental Health of Prisoners? Hattie Moyes 131 ‘There Was No Understanding, There Was No Care, There Was No Looking After Me’: The Impact of the Prison Environment on the Mental Health of Female Prisoners Anastasia Jablonska and Rosie Meek Part III 8 9 10 11 Care Versus Custody 159 Dividing Practices: Structural Violence, Mental Health and Imprisonment Institutions of Default and Management: Aboriginal Women with Mental and Cognitive Disability in Prison Ruth McCausland, Elizabeth McEntyre and Eileen Baldry 185 Culture, Mental Illness, and Prison: A New Zealand Perspective James Cavney and Susan Hatters Friedman 211 ‘Malignant Reality’: Mental Ill-Health and Self-Inflicted Deaths in Prisons in England and Wales Joe Sim 235 Institutional Captives: US Women Trapped in the Medical/Correctional/Welfare Circuit Maureen Norton-Hawk and Susan Sered 259 Contents 12 Queer and Trans Incarceration Distress: Considerations from a Mad Queer Abolitionist Perspective Andrea Daley and Kim Radford Part IV 13 14 285 Alternative Penal Practices and Communities A Sense of Belonging: The Walls to Bridges Educational Program as a Healing Space Shoshana Pollack and Denise Edwards 311 Coping with Incarceration: The Emerging Case for the Utility of Peer-Support Programmes in Prison Christian Perrin 331 Part V 15 xi Mental Health in Prisons: Key Messages and Strategies from Critical Perspectives Conclusion Kathleen Kendall and Alice Mills Index 355 365 Notes on Contributors Bruce A. Arrigo, Ph.D. is Professor of Criminology, Law and Society, and of Public Policy in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at UNC Charlotte, USA. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, and the recipient of Lifetime Achievement Awards from the Society for the Study of Social Problems and the American Society of Criminology. He has published more than 200 journal articles, law reviews, book chapters, and academic essays as well as 25 monographs, edited volumes, textbooks, and reference works. His most recent project is The SAGE Encyclopedia of Surveillance, Security, and Privacy (2018). Eileen Baldry is Deputy Vice Chancellor, Diversity and Inclusion, and Professor of Criminology at UNSW Sydney. Her research focuses on social justice matters including social and criminal justice relating to women, Indigenous Australians, people with disabilities; homelessness, transition from prison and community development. James Cavney, MBChB is a forensic psychiatrist with a background in anthropology and social psychology. Dr. Cavney is the Lead Clinician of the Kaupapa Māori and Pacifica Services at the Auckland Regional Forensic Psychiatry Services. xiii xiv Notes on Contributors Catherine Cox is an Associate Professor in the School of History at University College Dublin and co-PI on the Wellcome Trust Investigator Award, ‘Prisoners, Medical Care and Entitlement to Health in England and Ireland, 1850–2000’. Her past publications examine mental health and migration, institutionalisation and nineteenth-century medical practice. Simon Cross is Senior Lecturer in Media and Cultural Studies at Nottingham Trent University, UK. He has published widely on historical and contemporary media reporting of sensitive public policy issues including mental health. His current work includes analysis of changes and continuities in UK press reporting on the insanity defence. Andrea Daley is an Associate Professor and Director at the School of Social Work, Renison University College, Waterloo, Canada. She has published on social justice issues including those impacting sexual and gender-minority communities with a particular focus on access to equitable and good-quality health care; lesbian/queer women’s experiences of psychiatric services; gender, sexuality, race, and class; and the interpretative nature of psychiatric chart documentation as it relates to psychiatric narratives of women’s mental distress. She practises critical research methods to engage politics of knowledge building with communities towards the goal of social transformation. She teaches an undergraduate social work course at a provincial correctional faculty in Ontario, Canada that integrates university-enrolled students and incarcerated women. Denise Edwards was incarcerated in a Canadian federal prison. She is currently working on an undergraduate degree in Caribbean Studies at the University of Toronto and has recently won the BMO Financial Access to Higher Education Award. She is a published fiction writer. Susan Hatters Friedman, MD is Associate Professor in Psychological Medicine at the University of Auckland and a forensic and perinatal psychiatrist at the Auckland Regional Forensic Psychiatry Services. She is now also Professor of Psychiatry and Adjunct Professor of Law, Case Western Reserve University. Dr. Friedman has been part of the forensic prison team, providing mental health treatment at the Auckland Regional Women’s Correctional Facility for several years. Notes on Contributors xv Anastasia Jablonska is a Teaching and Research Fellow at Royal Holloway, University of London. Her research interests are primarily in the experiences of women in prison and the effects of imprisonment on their health and well-being. In her Ph.D. she explored themes such as food, physical activity and prison work to consider their impact on women’s health during their incarceration. Yvonne Jewkes is Professor of Criminology at the University of Bath and Visiting Professor in Criminology at the University of Melbourne. She is an expert on prison architecture and design and has published extensively in the area. She has also advised corrections departments and prison architects in several countries, including the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. Kathleen Kendall is Associate Professor of Sociology as Applied to Medicine at the University of Southampton. The main focus of her research has been on criminalisation, imprisonment and mental health. Her labour of love has been researching Rockwood, the first stand-alone ‘criminal lunatic’ asylum in Canada. Professor Hilary Marland is Professor of History at the University of Warwick and co-PI on the Wellcome Trust Investigator Award, ‘Prisoners, Medical Care and Entitlement to Health in England and Ireland, 1850–2000’. Her past publications have focused on women and psychiatry, migration and mental illness, nineteenth-century medical practice, midwifery and obstetrics, and girls’ health. Ruth McCausland is Research Fellow in the School of Social Sciences at UNSW Sydney. Her research focuses on women, people with disabilities and Aboriginal people in the criminal justice system, with a particular interest in evaluation and cost-benefit analysis of alternatives to incarceration. Elizabeth McEntyre is a Worimi and Wonnarua woman from Port Stephens, Great Lakes and Hunter Valley areas of New South Wales, Australia. Elizabeth is a Ph.D. scholar at UNSW Sydney and her research ‘But-ton Kidn Doon-ga: Black Women Know’, re-presents the lived experiences of Australian Indigenous women with mental and xvi Notes on Contributors cognitive disability in Australian criminal justice systems. Elizabeth is an accredited Mental Health Social Worker, Aboriginal Statewide Official Visitor for NSW prisons and a Member of the NSW Mental Health Review Tribunal. Rosie Meek is a Professor of Psychology at Royal Holloway, University of London. Her research is broadly concerned with prison regimes, interventions and evaluations, with a particular focus on prison education and health. Her most recent work has explored the use of sport in prison and (with Dr. Alice Mills) the role of the voluntary sector in criminal justice. Alice Mills is a Senior Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. She has extensive experience of research into specialist courts, the role of the voluntary sector in criminal justice (with Rosie Meek), and prison mental health, including examining the effects of the prison environment and evaluating several mental health in-reach teams. Her current research examines the links between stable housing and re-offending amongst ex-prisoners, funded by the Royal Society of New Zealand. Hattie Moyes (M.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons)) is the Research & Development Manager at Forward Trust. Hattie has written two award-winning papers on prisoners with substance dependence and mental health issues. As well as NPS, Hattie’s research interests include the role of mindfulness in substance-misuse treatment and improving prisoner health and well-being. Maureen Norton-Hawk is a Professor of Sociology at Suffolk University. Her research centres on women in conflict with the law and their pathway into and after prison. She recently co-authored a book Can’t Catch a Break: Gender, Jail, Drugs and the Limits of Personal Responsibility which examined the life experiences of women for five years post-incarceration. She is currently analysing the costs of incarceration, prostitution and recidivism of women held in and released from MCI-Framingham. Notes on Contributors xvii Christian Perrin is a Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Liverpool. Christian’s teaching and research takes a focus on imprisonment and he is enthusiastic about applied research and evidence-based practice. His Ph.D. explored the impact of prisoners doing personally meaningful work while serving time and the implications for policy and practice. Christian has published in many fields across Criminology, including desistance narrative, rehabilitative climate, and sexual offender treatment. Shoshana Pollack is a Professor in the Faculty of Social Work at Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada. Shoshana has been working and conducting research with criminalised and imprisoned women for twenty-seven years. She is the Director of the Walls to Bridges programme in Canada. Kim Radford is a radical social worker. Her lived experience of the psychiatric system informs her dedication to deconstructing the concept of ‘mental health’. She is especially concerned with creating more ethical systems of care/support in partnership with Mad and psychiatric survivor communities. Brian G. Sellers, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Eastern Michigan University. His research interests include juvenile justice policy, delinquency, restorative justice, school violence, homicide, psychology & law, and surveillance studies. He is the co-author of Ethics of Total Confinement: A Critique of Madness, Citizenship, and Social Justice. His work has recently been published in Criminal Justice and Behavior, Behavioral Sciences & the Law, Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice and Contemporary Justice Review. Susan Sered is Professor of Sociology at Suffolk University in Boston, Massachusetts. Her books include Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the Land of Opportunity, Can’t Catch a Break: Gender, Jail, Drugs, and the Limits of Personal Responsibility, and What Makes Women Sick: Maternity, Modesty, and Militarism in Israeli Society. xviii Notes on Contributors Joe Sim is Professor of Criminology at Liverpool John Moores University. He is the author of a number of books on prisons and punishment including Medical Power in Prisons and Punishment and Prisons. He is also a trustee of the charity INQUEST which campaigns for truth, justice and accountability around deaths in custody. Abbreviations ABS ACCT ADTP BHA BJS CMCH CORI CSC DH/HMPS DRWs DSM FPT GLM GP HMCIP HMIP HMPPS IAMHDCD IEP IPA Australian Bureau of Statistics Assessment, Care in Custody and Teamwork Alcohol Dependency Treatment Programme Boston Housing Authority Bureau of Justice Statistics Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 Criminal Offender Record Information Close Supervision Centre Department of Health/HM Prison Service Drug Recovery Wings Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Forensic Prison Team Good Lives Model General Practitioner HM Chief Inspector of Prisons HM Inspectorate of Prisons HM Prison and Probation Service Indigenous Australians with Mental Health Disorders and Cognitive Disability in the Criminal Justice System Project Incentive and Earned Privileges Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis xix xx Abbreviations IPP JCHR LBGTQ MDT MFUs MHDCD MHIRT MHSU MRC NAI NAO NHS NOMS NPS NSW PHE PIC PJ PPO PSA PTSD RIDR SC SDTP SLMC SMI SSDI SSI SUs THC VA W2B WHO WSDTP Indeterminate Imprisonment for Public Protection Joint Committee on Human Rights Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Mandatory Drug Testing Māori Focus Units Mental Health Disorder and Cognitive Disability in the Criminal Justice System Project Mental Health In-Reach Team Mental Health Screening Unit Massachusetts Rehabilitation Commission National Archives of Ireland National Audit Office National Health Service National Offender Management Service New Psychoactive Substances New South Wales Public Health England Prison Industrial Complex Psychological Jurisprudence Prisons and Probation Ombudsman Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Report Illicit Drug Reaction Synthetic Cannabinoids Substance Dependence Treatment Programme See Life More Clearly Serious Mental Illness Social Service Disability Insurance Social Security Insurance Service Users Tetrahydrocannabinol Veterans Administration Walls to Bridges World Health Organization Women’s Substance Dependence Treatment Programme List of Figures Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2 Fig. 6.1 Fig. 6.2 Fig. 11.1 Fig. 11.2 Fig. 11.3 The relational space of coexistence The relational spaces of penal coexistence: deficit and desistance models of human relatedness Prison Spice Spiral 1 Prison Spice Spiral 2 Organisational chart—Massachusetts executive offices (Adapted from state government organizational chart—Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1 January 2008) Pathways in the institutional circuit Primary care for post-incarcerated women 83 88 138 151 271 279 282 xxi List of Tables Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Table 14.1 Age and ethnicity of participating service users Mental health symptoms experienced by participants on Forward’s accredited programmes (2012–2017) Completion rates of NPS users and non-NPS users on Forward’s accredited prison-based substance-misuse programmes, 2012–2017 Peer-support scheme details 140 142 147 335 xxiii