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The disease burden in urban India poses a mammoth challenge despite advances in medical science, increased government intervention and rapid economic growth. Above 50% of the urban residents in India live in extremely poor conditions. The health situation in urban India becomes worse due to the haphazard proliferation of slums, and lack of basic civic amenities and quality healthcare services at affordable prices. The burden of diseases in India is very high as compared to other developing and industrialized economies contributing to high mortality rates and low life expectancies. The number of deaths due to infectious diseases (per million populations) is the highest in India (Figure 1). To add, within infectious and parasitic diseases tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoea, and childhood diseases account for the highest number of deaths in India. Cardiovascular ailments too cause significant mortality per million population in India, though less than those in developed economies such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom.
In the course of India’s urbanisation process, urban health issues are becoming new impediments for future development. Yet the topic has received only scant attention in research and politics. This contribution discusses determinants and outcomes of urbanisation on health and the effects of health on urbanisation. It starts with the introduction of a framework for the analysis of health in an urban context. After a brief description of the Indian urbanisation process, the paper analyses – on the basis of secondary data – the connections between (1) health and socioeconomic structures, (2) health and environment and (3) health and the health care system. The findings show that urban India suffers from a double burden of disease and growing health disparities in health outcomes. Based on these findings, policy implications are then described and areas for future research are defined.
The convergence of health and urban planning has received scarce research attention in India. Due to rapid rates of urbanization and complex economic, social, and political factors, urban centres are attracting high numbers of people from rural settings, including many poor looking for work in cities. New Delhi, India’s capital is one such city, with a high urbanization rate characterized by a great number of people living in unauthorized and/or unplanned settlements. One type of settlement that attracts migrants is the urban village, where many homes have been constructed in an unplanned, haphazard manner. While there is a link between poor living situations and poor health, the disease load in urban villages has been underexplored in research. This study’s aim is to understand the disease load in Aliganj, an urban village in the south zone of the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India in order to identify causes of ill health that can be addressed through urban planning. To determine urban planning recommendations, the study navigates the constellation of social, historical, political, and economic forces that determines the health risk factors in the said locality.
2011 •
ONE of the dominant concerns of the present age is the improving the living conditions of the rapidly increasing population living in cities. For the first time in human history beginning 2007, more than half of the world’s population will live in cities (Sclar et al., 2005). Estimates by the United Nations suggest that the world’s urban population has been increasing at a rate of 1.8 per cent annually and will soon outpace the overall world population growth rate of 1 per cent (United Nations, 2005). Nearly 48 per cent of the world’s population lives in urban areas and the prime locus of this spurt in city dwellers are the developing countries such as India (Sclar et al., 2005; United Nations, 2005). India, as the rest of the developing world, is urbanizing rapidly. 27.8 per cent of the country’s population comprising 285.4 million people, live in urban areas (see Fig. 1). India’s urban population grew by 31.2 per cent during the decade 1991-2001 which is significantly higher than ...
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Urban India: Evidence 20112011 •
India’s urban transition, a once in history phenomenon, has the potential to shift the country’s social, environmental, political, and economic trajectory. It could catalyse, the end of calorie poverty if post-1989 China is any example. It could deepen democracy and human development, leading to more Indians living longer, better quality and better educated lives. It could enable the transition to a less resource intensive development, with lower throughputs, footprints and nvironmental impacts that could reshape global trends because of India’s demographic and economic size. But these are only aspirations. Hard evidence indicates that much work needs to be done to realize these opportunities over the next twenty to thirty years.
2016 •
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