Giovanni Pomodoro (XVI Century)

History of Mechanism and Machine Science 30 Michela Cigola Editor Distinguished Figures in Descriptive Geometry and Its Applications for Mechanism Science From the Middle Ages to the 17th Century History of Mechanism and Machine Science Volume 30 Series editor Marco Ceccarelli, Cassino, Italy stefano.brusaporci@univaq.it Aims and Scope of the Series This book series aims to establish a well defined forum for Monographs and Proceedings on the History of Mechanism and Machine Science (MMS). The series publishes works that give an overview of the historical developments, from the earliest times up to and including the recent past, of MMS in all its technical aspects. This technical approach is an essential characteristic of the series. By discussing technical details and formulations and even reformulating those in terms of modern formalisms the possibility is created not only to track the historical technical developments but also to use past experiences in technical teaching and research today. In order to do so, the emphasis must be on technical aspects rather than a purely historical focus, although the latter has its place too. Furthermore, the series will consider the republication of out-of-print older works with English translation and comments. The book series is intended to collect technical views on historical developments of the broad field of MMS in a unique frame that can be seen in its totality as an Encyclopaedia of the History of MMS but with the additional purpose of archiving and teaching the History of MMS. Therefore the book series is intended not only for researchers of the History of Engineering but also for professionals and students who are interested in obtaining a clear perspective of the past for their future technical works. The books will be written in general by engineers but not only for engineers. Prospective authors and editors can contact the series editor, Professor M. Ceccarelli, about future publications within the series at: LARM: Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics DiMSAT—University of Cassino Via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (Fr) Italy email: ceccarelli@unicas.it More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7481 stefano.brusaporci@univaq.it Michela Cigola Editor Distinguished Figures in Descriptive Geometry and Its Applications for Mechanism Science From the Middle Ages to the 17th Century 123 stefano.brusaporci@univaq.it Editor Michela Cigola Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering University of Cassino and South Latium Cassino Italy ISSN 1875-3442 ISSN 1875-3426 (electronic) History of Mechanism and Machine Science ISBN 978-3-319-20196-2 ISBN 978-3-319-20197-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20197-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015944151 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) stefano.brusaporci@univaq.it Series Editor’s Preface I am very happy, for the following reason, to present this impressive book in our series. It is a first book of a series of stories about notables who have contributed to developments of Mechanisms and Machine Science (MMS) from the field of Descriptive Geometry. It is important to recognize the merits of these people and to give proper credit for their achievements that are still of modern interest and application. Thus, let us hope to have more of these contributions that are aimed at building an encyclopaedia of who-is-who in the wide areas of MMS, in combination with the other series of ‘Distinguished Figures in MMS’. This book is a brilliant example of the multidisciplinary content and interest in MMS. In addition, as one looks at the outstanding names that appear in this book, a reader will find already famous scientists presented with novel perspectives on their activities, even highlighting aspects that elsewhere might be considered of minor importance. But those contributions and efforts were significant for the evolution of MMS, both in theory and practice, with influential impact even in technological developments. Similarly, some of these notables are presented for the first time in MMS frames, bringing specific attention to outlining their achievements that still have possibilities for modern implementation. I am sure readers will not only find satisfaction in reading this book but will receive inspiration and hope for more historical evaluations and technical evolutions. Thus, I congratulate the editor and authors of this book for the very interesting results and I wish enjoyment to all its readers. Cassino March 2015 Marco Ceccarelli Chief Editor of Series on History of MMS v stefano.brusaporci@univaq.it Contents Descriptive Geometry and Mechanism Science from Antiquity to the 17th Century: An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michela Cigola 1 Gerbert of Aurillac (c. 940–1003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carlo Bianchini and Luca J. Senatore 33 Francesco Feliciano De Scolari (1470–1542) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arturo Gallozzi 53 Niccolò Tartaglia (1500c.–1557) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alfonso Ippolito and Cristiana Bartolomei 77 Federico Commandino (1509–1575) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ornella Zerlenga 99 Egnazio Danti (1536–1586). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mario Centofanti 129 Guidobaldo Del Monte (1545–1607) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barbara Aterini 153 Giovan Battista Aleotti (1546–1636) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fabrizio I. Apollonio 181 Giovanni Pomodoro (XVI Century) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stefano Brusaporci 201 Jacques Ozanam (1640–1718). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cristina Càndito 223 vii stefano.brusaporci@univaq.it Giovanni Pomodoro (XVI Century) Stefano Brusaporci Abstract Giovanni Pomodoro was a mathematician, astronomer and land-surveyor, and an experienced instruments builder, who lived in the XVI century. His figure and his name cannot be split off from his only known work: the treatise “Geometria Prattica” [Practical Geometry], published posthumously in 1599. The treatise has a constant practical aim and in all probability in this aspect lies the fame and fortune of the work through the centuries: It is “modern”, shaped as a “handbook”, more than as an exhaustive “treatise”, and it favoured the diffusion of scientific notions and solutions between clients and common people, according to the process of knowledge diffusion that would be implemented between the XVI and the XVII centuries. In particular it is thanks to the numerous tavolas dedicated to the “surveyor’s cross” that the work has always been a reference in the study of historical surveying methods and tools. Introduction The “Geometria Prattica” is the main source of information on Pomodoro, in particular contained in the Foreword and in the Introduction, respectively written by Pomodoro’s brother Pietro and by Giovanni Scala. The scarcity of biographical information on Pomodoro is a counterpoint to the fame of his work. The work had six editions, all published in Rome: 1599, 1603 (reprint of the previous one with a new frontispiece); 1624, 1667, 1691 (reprint of 1667 edition), 1772 (Fig. 1). S. Brusaporci (&) Department of Civil, Construction-Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of L’Aquila, via G. Gronchi 18, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy e-mail: stefano.brusaporci@univaq.it © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 M. Cigola (ed.), Distinguished Figures in Descriptive Geometry and Its Applications for Mechanism Science, History of Mechanism and Machine Science 30, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20197-9_9 stefano.brusaporci@univaq.it 201 Giovanni Pomodoro (XVI Century) 219 Pomodoro’s work is colloquial, of course for reasons dictated by the “Geometria Prattica” way of composition, with Scala’s explanations to Pomodoro’s tavolas. And this didactic model seems to be similar to the one already used by Serlio (1475–1554?) and by Palladio (1508–1580). The culture of the Renaissance expands outside of the universities, precisely thanks to the treatises. Academies prosper, favouring the diffusion of knowledge, with their societies not restricted only to scientists. The Academies, more than the Universities, become the core of intellectual life, a place of expression and development of the “dialogue” between minds. There is a process of erudition’s diffusion—and even of “dilution”, and in this context the “Geometria Prattica” operates in consonance. In fact, it is the first handbook in the history of surveying: according to an “aristocratic” point of view, it produces a “vulgarization” of the notions, but for example fully in trend with a line that has founded fortune —“mutatis mutandis”—in the series of small size volumes of Greek, Latin and Italian classics, disseminated in the early sixteenth century. This is in accordance with the new climate of the Post-Reformation, to which the policy of the Republic of Venice had consciously adhered to stabilize its role as a continental power: Post-Reformation «able to weld the culture of the dominant classes to the one of the lower ones, to realize the most complete process of ideological homogenization that the Church had ever made» (Cozzi 1987, 25). Bibliography Pomodoro’s Work Publications Pomodoro G (1599) “Geometria prattica tratta dagl’Elementi d’Euclide et altri auttori da Giouanni Pomodoro venetiano mathematico eccellentissimo descritta et dichiarata da Giouanni Scala mathematico. Nella quale si uede in 50 tauole di rame scolpito tutto quello che ad un buon giometra s’appartiene di sapere et porre in uso. Opera non meno uttile che necessaria, a’ misuratori di terreni, di fabriche, et altri simmili, ma’ in’oltre ancora a, geografi, cosmografi, architetti ciuili, et milittari, a’ bombardieri, soldati privati, a’ capitani, mastri di campo, et a’ qual si voglia altra persona virtuosa”, Stefano Paolini, Roma Pomodoro G (1599) “Geometria prattica dichiarata da Giouanni Scala sopra le tauole dell’ecc.te matthematico Giouanni Pomodoro tratte d’Euclide et altri authori. Opera per Generali da guerra Capitani Architetti Bombardieri e Ingegneri Cosmografi nonché per odinari professori di misure”, Stefano Paolini, Roma. [reprint 1603 with new frontispiece] Pomodoro G (1624) “La geometria prattica di Gio. Pomodoro venetiano cauata da gl’Elementi d’Euclide, e d’altri famosi autori, con l’espositione di Gio. Scala matematico. in cinquanta tauole, scolpite in rame, dalle quali con facilità possono apprendere tutte le cose, che al buon geometra appartengono. Opera necessaria à Misuratori, ad Architetti, à Geografi, à Cosmografi, à Bombardieri, à Ingegneri, à Soldati, & à Capitani d’Eserciti”, Giovanni Angelo Ruffinelli, Roma, [printing office “Andrea Fei stampator ducale”, Bracciano 1623] Pomodoro G (1667) “La geometria prattica di Gio. Pomodoro venetiano cauata da gl’elementi d’Euclide, e d’altri famosi autori, con l’espositione di Gio. Scala matematico. Ridotta in cinquanta tauole, scolpite in rame, dalle quali con facilita si possono apprendere tutte le cose, che al buon geometra appartengono. Opera necessaria à Misuratori, ad Architetti, à Geografi, à stefano.brusaporci@univaq.it 220 S. Brusaporci Cosmografi, à Bombardieri, à Ingegneri, à Soldati, & à Capitani d’Eserciti”, Gio. Batta de Rossi milanese in piazza Nauona, Roma [in printing office of “Moneta”, Roma 1667] Pomodoro G (1667) “La geometria prattica di Gio. Pomodoro venetiano cauata da gl’elementi d’Euclide, e d’altri famori autori, con l’espositione di Gio. Scala matematico. Ridotta in cinquanta tauole, scolpite in rame dalle quali con facilità si possono apprendere tutte le cose che al buon geometra appartengono. Opera necessaria à Misuratori, ad Architetti, à Geografi, à Cosmografi, à Bombardieri, à Ingegneri, à Soldati, & à Capitani d’Eserciti”, Matteo Gregorio Rossi romano in piazza Nauona, Roma [reprint 1691 in printing office of “ Moneta”] Pomodoro G (1772) “Geometria pratica di Giovanni Pomodoro veneziano ridotta in tavole cinquantuno con le spiegazioni di Giovanni Scala matematico”, Carlo Losi, Roma 1772 [in printing office of “Generoso Salomoni”] Other References Alberti GA (1840) “Istruzioni pratiche per l’ingegnere civile”, Borroni e Scotti, Milano Alberti LB (2005) “Descriptio Urbis Romae”, 1443–1448. In Boriaud JY, Furlan F (eds) “Leonis Baptistae Alberti. Descriptio Vrbis Romae. È dition critique”, Leo S. Olschki Editore, Firenze Alberti LB (1960–1973) “Ludi rerum mathematicarum”, 1450–1453, in Grayson C (ed.), “L.B. Alberti. Opere volgari”, Laterza, Bari, 1960–1973, III, pp 133–173 Al-Biruni (1934) Book of instructions in the elements of the art of astrology, 1029. In: Ramsay Wright R. (ed) Luzac, London Bartoli C (1564) “Del modo di misurare le distantie”, Sebastiano Combi, Venezia Boffito G (1929) “Gli strumenti della scienza e la scienza degli strumenti”, Seeber, Firenze Camerota F (1996) “Introduzione”, in Vasari il Giovane G., “Raccolto fatto dal Cav:re Giorgio Vasari: di varii instrumenti per misurare con la vista”, Giunti, Firenze Carletti N (1772) “Istituzioni d’archittettura civile di Niccolò Carletti Filosofo, Professore di Architettura, accademico di merito di S. Luca”, stamperia Raimondiniana, Napoli Ceccarelli M, Cigola M (2001) Trends in the drawing of mechanisms since the early Middle Ages. J Mech Eng Sci 215:269–289 Centofanti M (2001) “Agrimensura”. In: Maestri D (ed) “Essendo la geometria origine e luce di molte scienze et arte”, Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio della Provincia dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, pp 155–164 Centofanti M (2001) “Strumenti e metodi per il rilevamento”. In: Maestri D (ed) “Essendo la geometria origine e luce di molte scienze et arte”, Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio della Provincia dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, pp 123–154 Centofanti M, Brusaporci S (2013) “Surveying methods and instruments in the sixth book of Ieronimo Pico Fonticulano’s Treatise on Geometry (1597)”. In: Pisano R, Capecchi D, Lukešová A (eds) “Physics, astronomy and engineering. critical problems in the history of science and society”, Scientia Socialis Press, Šiauliai, pp 177–184 Cigola M (2012) In praise of parallel theories: Descriptive geometry and applied mechanics. In: Carlevaris L, Filippa M (eds) In praise of theory. The fundamentals of the disciplines of representation and survey, Gangemi, Roma, pp 39–46 Cigola M, Ceccarelli M (1995) On the evolution of Mechanisms drawing. In: Proceedings of IXth IFToMM world congress, Politecnico di Milano, vol 4, pp 3191–3195 Comoli A (1791) “Bibliografia storico – critica dell’architettura civile ed arti subalterne”, vol III, Il Salvioni, Roma Cozzi G (1987) “La politica culturle della Repubblica di Venezia nell’età di Giovan Battista Benedetti”. In: “Cultura, scienze e tecniche nella Venezia del Cinquecento”, Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, Venezia, pp 9–28 Cultura, scienze e tecniche nella Venezia del Cinquecento (1987) Istituto veneto di scienze lettere ed arti, Venezia D’Ayala M (1854) “La bibliografia militare d'Italia”, Stamperia reale, Torino stefano.brusaporci@univaq.it Giovanni Pomodoro (XVI Century) 221 Docci M (1987) “I rilievi di Leonardo da Vinci per la redazione della pianta di Imola”. In: Benedetti S, Miarelli Mariani G (eds) “Saggi in onore di Guglielmo De Angelis d’Ossat”, Multigrafica, Roma, pp 29–31 Docci M, Maestri D (1993) “Storia del rilevamento architettonico e urbano”, Laterza, Roma-Bari Enriguez F, Diaz De Santillana G (1932) “Storia del pensiero scientifico”, vol I. Treves Treccani Tumminelli, Milano – Roma Fonticulano IP (1597) “Geometria”, Giovanni Francesco Delfini, L’Aquila Gamba E, Montebelli V (1988) “Le scienze a Urbino nel tardo Rinascimento”, Quattro Venti, Urbino Gemma Frisius R (1533) “Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione”, Antwerp Gerbert d’Aurillac (1963) “Geometria incerti auctoris”. In: Bubnov N (ed) “Gerberti postea Silvestri II papae Opera Mathematica (972–1003)”, Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hildesheim Grillo S (1861) “Prolusione al corso di Geodesia”. In: “Giornale dell’ingegnere – architetto ed agronomo”, IX, Stabilimento Saldini, Milano Kiely ER (1947) Surveying instruments: their history and classroom use. The Columbia University Press, New York Lazesio (de) Feliciano F (1527) “Libro di arithmetica & geometria speculatiua & praticale”, Francesco di Alessandro Bindoni, & Mapheo Pasini, Venezia Lindgren U (2007) Land Surveys, Instruments, and Practitioners in the Remaissance. In: Woodward D (ed) The History of Cartograpy—volume 3. Cartography in the European Reinasseance”, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2007, pp 477–508 Lyons HG (1927) Ancient surveying instruments. Geograph J LXIX:132–143 Maestri D (ed) (2001) “Essendo la geometria origine e luce di molte scienze et arte”, Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio della Provincia dell’Aquila, L’Aquila Marini L (1811) “Architettura militare di Francesco De’ Marchi illustrata da Luigi Marini”, Roma Nappo T (ed) (2007) “Indice biografico italiano”. In: Saur KG, vol 10. Munchen Oddi M (1625) “Dello squadro”, Bartolomeo Fobella, Milano Orsini L (1583) “Trattato del radio latino”, Vincentio Accolti, Roma Palladio A (1570) “I quattro libri dell’architettura”, Dominico de’ Franceschi, Venezia Perini L (1751) “Trattato della pratica di geometria…”, Giuseppe Berno, Verona Peverone GF (1558) “Due breui e facili trattati, il primo d’arithmetica: l’altro di geometria ne i quali si contengono alcune cose nuoue piaceuoli e utili, si à gentilhuomini come artegiani. Del sig. Gio. Francesco Peuerone di Cuneo”, Gio. di Tournes, Lione Pomodoro G (1599) “Geometria prattica tratta dagl’Elementi d’Euclide et altri auttori da Giouanni Pomodoro venetiano mathematico eccellentissimo descritta et dichiarata da Giouanni Scala mathematico”. Stefano de Paulini, Roma Promis C (1874) “Biografie di ingegneri militari italiani dal sec. XIV alla seconda metà del XVIII”, Fratelli Bocca, Torino Rossi C, Ceccarelli M, Cigola M (2011) “The groma, the surveyor’s cross and the chorobates. In-deph notes on the design of old instruments and their use”. In: “Disegnare Idee Immagini” 42:22–33 Ryff WH (1547) “Der furnembsten notwendigsten der gantzen Architectur angehörigen Mathematischen und Mechanischen Künst eygentlicher Bericht und verstendliche unterrichtung”, Petreius, Nurnberg Scala G (1596) “Delle fortificazioni”, Roma School Science and Mathematics (1910) Vol. 10, Texas Tech University, Lubbock (Texas) Serlio S (1584) “I sette libri dell'architettura”, Venezia Stroffolino D (1999) “La città misurata. Tecniche e strumenti di rilevamento nei trattati a stampa del Cinquecento”, Salerno editrice, Roma Tafuri M (1987) “Daniele Barbaro e l acultura scientifica veneziana del ‘500”. In “Cultura, scienze e tecniche nella Venezia del Cinquecento”, Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, Venezia, pp 55–84 stefano.brusaporci@univaq.it 222 S. Brusaporci Tarozzi G (1985) “Gli strumenti nella storia e nella filosofia della scienza”, Istituto per i beni artistici, culturali, naturali della Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna Tartaglia N (1550) “La Noua scientia de Nicolo Tartaglia con una gionta al terzo libro”, Nicolo de Bascarini, Venezia Tartaglia N (1554) “Quesiti et inuentioni diuerse de Nicolo Tartaglia”, Nicolo de Bascarini, Venezia Vagnetti L (1970) “Cosimo Bartoli e la teoria mensoria nel secolo XVI. Appunti per la storia del rilevamento”. In: “Quaderno dell’Istituto di Elementi di Architettura e Rilievo dei Monumenti di Genova” 4:111–164 Vasari il Giovane G (1600) “Raccolto fatto dal Cav:re Giorgio Vasari: di varii instrumenti per misurare con la vista” stefano.brusaporci@univaq.it