Mulayh Ibn al-Hakam: The Man Through His Poetical Output". In Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 101 (2011), pp. 233-272

ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲‫و‬ҽȍľ͑ͅҽȍфΎӕǣȍ ȸɗѸЬΎľҡɗË́ϘӕҡЙӕҡ ´ֆk̞ʊȸԆґґƄʊͮ٤ȸɗƸ٧  ٪ʊ٫ ҽȍľЬΎľҡ͑ĀȸɗѸ̞ɗƸľɗ͑ǽѸѸɗË́ѠľƸľфľ͑ËľѸ͑ĀͅΎĀľф͑ѠľѸľфËȍ ؉‫ل‬؉Classical References and Modern Studies Concerned with Mulay k̲Ύ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ́фǣľ ͑ӕ̲¡ľфѸ ΎƸ Ϙ́Ā kф¡ɗË dwnѸ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ˫ӣƸɗ ѸËȍΎ́фٍ k¡ӣ ‫ܡ‬k̲фѸȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍֆ¡&͑ɦ٤Ā‫ل‬Ë‫ل‬،؆‫آڈ؜‬،؉٧ٍΎ͑ËľǣҡȍľфľĀٍ؉ՓľфľҡȍľЙΎľ̲ѸΎƸҡȍľ ȸӕĀȍ́ɗЙΎľҡͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂ˔̲‫ل‬k´ҁфɗѸËȍΎ́фٍk¡ӣґ‫ܡ‬ɦĀѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦ٤Ā‫ل‬ ،‫آآآڈؗ؟‬٧ٍҡф͑Ѹ̲ɗҡҡľĀҡȍľ̲̲Ύ͑ǣҡȍľΎҡȍľфЙΎľ̲ѸҡȍҡȍľȍĀҡф͑Ѹ̲ɗҡҡľĀ ΎƸҡȍľȸӕĀȍֆ́ҡфɗ¡ľ͑Ā‫ܡ‬k¡ĀѸ‫ڎ‬ґҡҡ&фkȖ̲ĀǗфф&ʮٍĀľЙľ͑Āɗ͑ǣΎ̲͑͑‫ڎ‬ ӕѸËфɗЙҡΎƸҡȍľֆľф‫ڈإؐؗ‬؉؉ؓ‫ٍؗ‬Йӕ¡́ɗѸȍľĀҡȍľ̲ҡҡȍľ¡ľǣɗ͑͑ɗ͑ǣΎƸҡȍľҡȍɗфĀ ԮΎ́ӕ̲ľ ΎƸ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦٔѸ ËΎ̲Йɗ́ҡɗΎ͑ Kitb Shar ashr al-hudhaliyyn‫ ل‬ҽȍľфľ Փľфľľ́ľԮľ͑ЙΎľ̲Ѹ¡ֆͅӕ́ֆȖٍ̲ΎѸҡΎƸҡȍľ̲́Ύ͑ǣҡľիҡѸ‫ل‬،ġľËĀľѸ́ҡľфٍʊ¡͑ ˇɗ͑͑ɦ ٤Ā‫إؐ ل‬،‫ڈ‬؉؆؆،٧ ËΎ̲ЙΎѸľĀ  ҡфľҡɗѸľ ɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ȍľ ̲Āľ ѸӕЙЙ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡфֆ ͑ΎҡľѸΎ͑ҡȍľËΎ̲̲ľ͑ҡфֆΎƸѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦΎ͑ҡȍľЙΎľҡфֆΎƸҡȍľȸӕĀȍֆ́ҡфɗ¡ľٌ ʊ¡͑ˇɗ͑͑ɦĀľĀɗËҡľĀҡȍľ́ѸҡËȍЙҡľфΎƸȍɗѸ¡ΎΎ˔ҡΎҡȍľЙΎľҡфֆΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ؐل‬ Ԇ͑ƸΎфҡӕ͑ҡľ́ֆٍ ̲ΎĀľф͑ ѸËȍΎ́фѸ Փľфľ ͑Ύҡ ɗ͑ҡľфľѸҡľĀ ɗ͑ ѸҡӕĀֆɗ͑ǣ ľɗҡȍľф ҡȍľ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍֆΎфҡȍľЙΎľҡɗË́ΎӕҡЙӕҡΎƸҡȍɗѸЙΎľҡ‫ل‬ҽȍľфľѸΎ͑ɗѸ͑Ύҡ˔͑ΎՓٍ͑ ¡ӕҡΎ͑ľ̲ֆѸѸӕ̲ľҡȍҡҡȍɗѸՓѸĀӕľҡΎҡȍľĀɗƸƸɗËӕ́ҡԮΎË¡ӕ́фֆ͑ĀԮǣӕľ ɗ̲ǣľѸҡȍҡҡȍľЙΎľҡӕѸľѸ‫ل‬ʊҡ̲ֆ¡ľĀӕľҡΎҡȍľƸËҡҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸ̲́ΎѸҡ ҡΎҡ́́ֆɗǣ͑ΎфľĀ¡ֆË́ѸѸɗË́ѸËȍΎ́фѸ‫ل‬ǽѸѸɗË́ӕҡȍΎфѸĀΎ͑ΎҡΎƸҡľ͑нӕΎҡľȍɗѸ ЙΎľҡфֆٍ͑ΎфĀΎҡȍľֆЙфΎԮɗĀľ͑ֆɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡĀҡ¡ΎӕҡȍɗѸ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍֆٍľիËľЙҡ ҡΎ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ȍɗѸƸӕ̲́́͑ľËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎËľфҡɗ͑ӕҡȍΎфɗҡֆٍ͑ĀҡȍľƸËҡҡȍҡ ȍľ ՓѸ ͑ ʊѸ̲́ɗË ЙΎľҡ ËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ͑Ύҡȍľф Ύ͑ľ‫´ ل‬Ύҡȍ ӕҡȍΎфɗҡɗľѸ Փɗ́́ ¡ľ ĀɗѸËӕѸѸľĀ́ҡľф‫ل‬ ҽȍ͑˔ѸҡΎҡȍľľƸƸΎфҡѸΎƸȸ͑Ѹȸľф̲͑͑´ф'ӕٍҡȍľЙΎľ̲ѸΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖՓľфľ ؉  ґľľʊ¡͑͑‫ͮڎ‬Āɦٍ̲Kitb al-FihristٍľĀ‫ل‬ѠɗĈ&ҽʮĀĀӕĀ٤ҽľȍф͑‫˔ͅو‬ҡ¡ҡ́‫ڎ‬kѸĀɦ ͑Ā ͅ˔ҡ¡ҡ ́‫ܡˇڎ‬Ƹфɦ ҡ‫ڎ‬ҽɗ¡фɦ‫׀‬ɦٍ ؉‫؟إ‬؉٧ٍ ‫´ ٌؗ؟‬фΎË˔ľٍ̲́͑͑ Geschichte der arabischen Literatur٤̞ľɗĀľ͑‫و‬Ƅ‫´لˇل‬фɗٍ́́؉‫ؐؓإ‬٧ٍ؉‫و‬؉؉‫لإ‬ ،  kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦٍ Kitb Shar ashr al-hudhaliyynٍ ľĀ‫ܡ ل‬k¡Ā Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґҡҡ&ф kȖ̲Ā Ǘфф&ʮٌ фľԮɗѸľĀ ¡ֆ ͅȖ̲ӣĀ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ґȍ&˔ɗф ٤æɗфΎ‫˔ͅ و‬ҡ¡ҡ ġ&ф ́‫ܡڎ‬Ԇфӣ¡ٍ ؉‫ؗ؜إ‬٧ٍ ؐ‫ڎإإإو‬؉؆‫لؐ؜‬ ؐ  ʊ¡͑ˇɗ͑͑ɦٍat-Tamm f tafsr ashr hudhayl mimm aghfalah Ab Sad as-Sukkarٍ ľĀѸ‫ل‬kȖ̲Āͮ&ʮɦ́‫ڎ‬тֆѸɦٍ˫ȍĀɦʮ‫ܡ‬k¡Āф‫ڎ‬Ѡ‫&׀׀‬н́‫ڎ‬ɂĀɦҡȍɦٍ͑ĀkȖ̲ĀͅҨ́ӣ¡ ٤´ǣȍĀĀ‫ͅو‬Ҩ¡‫ܡ‬ҡ́‫͑Šܡڎ‬ɦٍ؉‫؜إ‬،٧ٍ،،‫ڎ؟‬،‫لإؗ‬ ،ؐؓ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ҡф͑Ѹ́ҡľĀɗ͑ҡΎǾľф̲͑‫ل‬ȸľ¡ľ́ɗľԮľѸҡȍҡҡȍɗѸЙΎľҡфֆɗѸԮľфֆɗ͑ҡľфľѸҡɗ͑ǣ͑Ā ɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡ͑Āҡȍҡɗҡ ĀľѸľфԮľѸҡΎ¡ľҡф͑Ѹ́ҡľĀ‫ل‬ʊ͑ҡȍľԮľфֆѸȍΎфҡɗ͑ҡфΎĀӕË‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ȍɗѸ ҡՓΎ‫ڎ‬ѸľËҡɗΎ͑ľĀ фҡɗË́ľٍ ՓȍɗËȍ ՓѸЙӕ¡́ɗѸȍľĀ ¡Ύӕҡ ľɗǣȍҡ ĀľËĀľѸ ǣΎٍ ´ф'ӕ ĀɗѸËӕѸѸľѸ  Ëľфҡɗ͑ Ѹҡҡľ̲ľ͑ҡ ¡ֆ ˇ‫ ل‬ՠľ́́ȍӕѸľ͑ ՓȍΎ ҡф͑Ѹ́ҡľĀ  Ëľфҡɗ͑ЙфҡΎƸҡȍľȸӕĀȍ́ɗЙΎľ̲Ѹ¡ľ́ɗľԮɗ͑ǣҡȍҡΎҡȍľфЙфҡѸٍѸӕËȍѸҡȍΎѸľ ΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲Փľфľ͑ΎҡՓΎфҡȍҡф͑Ѹ́ҡɗ͑ǣ‫ل‬ҽȍľфľѸΎ͑ɗѸٍËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ՠľ́́ȍӕѸľٍ͑ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľֆ Փľфľ Ԯľфֆ ľѸֆ ЙΎľ̲Ѹ ͑Ā Ύ͑ľ ËΎӕ́Ā ӕ͑ĀľфѸҡ͑Ā ҡȍľ̲ɗ͑ҡȍľɗфΎфɗǣɗ͑́́͑ǣӕǣľՓɗҡȍΎӕҡҡΎΎ̲ӕËȍľƸƸΎфҡٍ͑ĀҡȍҡҡȍľֆՓľфľ ́ѸΎӕ͑ɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡՓɗҡȍфľǣфĀҡΎҡȍľɗфËΎ͑ҡľ͑ҡѸ‫´ؓل‬ф'ӕ¡ľ́ɗľԮľѸѸʊĀΎٍҡȍҡ ѸӕËȍѸҡҡľ̲ľ͑ҡٍȍΎՓľԮľфЙЙ́ɗË¡́ľҡΎѸΎ̲ľΎƸҡȍľΎҡȍľфȸӕĀȍ́ɗЙΎľ̲Ѹٍ ĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡЙЙ́ֆҡΎҡȍľËѸľΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ل‬ȸɗѸЙΎľ̲ѸфľԮľфֆĀɗƸƸɗËӕ́ҡҡΎӕ͑Āľф‫ڎ‬ Ѹҡ͑Āٍ¡ӕҡҡҡȍľѸ̲ľҡɗ̲ľҡȍľֆ¡ľфɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡ͑Āɗ͑ҡľфľѸҡɗ͑ǣËȍфËҡľфɗѸ‫ڎ‬ ҡɗËѸ¡ΎҡȍΎ͑ҡȍľËΎ͑ҡľ͑ҡ͑Ā́͑ǣӕǣľ́ľԮľ́Ѹ‫ل‬kƸҡľфĀɗѸËӕѸѸɗ͑ǣՠľ́́ȍӕѸľ͑ٔѸ Ѹҡҡľ̲ľ͑ҡٍ ´ф'ӕ фľƸľфѸ Ԯľфֆ ̲фǣɗ͑́́ֆ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍֆ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ͑Ā Ƹɗ‫ڎ‬ ͑́́ֆ ľիЙфľѸѸľѸȍɗѸѸҡΎ͑ɗѸȍ̲ľ͑ҡ¡Ύӕҡ ҡȍľƸËҡҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸ͑Ύҡ ǣɗԮľ͑ ЙЙфΎЙфɗҡľ ľԮ́ӕҡɗΎ͑ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Փфɗҡɗ͑ǣѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ë́ѸѸɗË́ kф¡ ѸËȍΎ́фѸٍ ľѸЙľ‫ڎ‬ Ëɗ́́ֆ¡ֆҡȍľЙȍɗ́Ύ́ΎǣɗѸҡѸ‫ؗل‬ kֆľф́ҡľфٍæ‫´ل‬фΎË˔ľ̲́͑͑Йӕ¡́ɗѸȍľĀѸȍΎфҡфҡɗË́ľɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍȍľ̲Āľ ѸΎ̲ľ ËΎффľËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ͑Ā ͑ΎҡľѸ ËΎ͑Ëľф͑ɗ͑ǣ ´ф'ӕٔѸ ҡф͑Ѹ́ҡɗΎ͑‫´ ل‬фΎË˔ľ̲́͑͑ ɗ͑‫ڎ‬ ҡфΎĀӕËľѸȍɗѸфҡɗË́ľՓɗҡȍѸȍΎфҡЙфǣфЙȍɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍȍľ́́ӕĀľѸҡΎͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ЙΎľҡфֆѸ´ľĀΎӕɗ͑ЙΎľҡфֆҡȍҡȍĀ¡ľľ͑ɗ͑Ƹ́ӕľ͑ËľĀ¡ֆӕф¡͑kф¡ɗË́ΎԮľЙΎ‫ڎ‬ ľҡфֆ‫؜ل‬ ҽȍΎ̲Ѹ ´ӕľфٍ ɗ͑ ȍɗѸ ѸҡӕĀֆ Ύ͑ ҡȍľ Ϙ͑ǣľф‫ڎ‬ľЙɗѸΎĀľٍ ĀɗѸËӕѸѸľѸ  Ëľфҡɗ͑ ѸȍΎфҡЙѸѸǣľËΎ̲ЙΎѸľĀ¡ֆͅӕ́ֆȖɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍҡȍľΎ͑ǣľфɗѸĀľѸËфɗ¡ľĀ‫´ل‬ӕľф ͑ΎҡɗËľѸ ҡȍҡ ҡȍɗѸ ЙѸѸǣľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ̲͑ֆ ӕ͑ɗнӕľ ĀľѸËфɗЙҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ύ͑ǣľф ҡȍҡĀΎ͑ΎҡЙЙľфɗ͑ΎҡȍľфϘ́Ākф¡ɗËЙΎľҡѸ‫ل‬ȸľ́ѸΎËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфѸҡȍľЙѸѸǣľ ɗ͑ нӕľѸҡɗΎ͑  ĀɗѸΎфĀľфľĀ ́ɗҡľффֆ ՓΎф˔ٌ Ύ͑ľ ҡΎ ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡ ĀɗĀ ͑Ύҡ ǣɗԮľ ̲ӕËȍ ҡҡľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ Ύф Й́͑͑ɗ͑ǣ Փȍɗ́ľ ËΎ̲ЙΎѸɗ͑ǣ ɗҡ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ Ύ͑́ֆ ҡȍɗ͑ǣ Ύ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľЙΎľҡËѸҡѸΎ̲ľҡҡľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ՓѸҡȍľ̲ӕѸɗË́ՓΎфĀɗ͑ǣѸΎƸҡȍľЙѸѸǣľ‫؟ل‬ ҽȍľѸΎ́ľфҡɗË́ľٍҡΎ̲ֆ˔͑ΎՓ́ľĀǣľٍĀľĀɗËҡľĀҡΎҡȍľѸҡӕĀֆΎƸЙΎľҡфֆΎƸͅӕ‫ڎ‬ ́ֆȖ¡‫ڎ́ ل‬ɂ˔̲ ɗѸ ҡȍҡ ΎƸ ґ́&̲ ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā ́‫&̞ڎ‬ȍ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍɗѸ фҡɗË́ľٍ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦ ĀɗѸËӕѸѸľѸ ҡȍľ ̲ɗ͑ ҡȍľ̲ľѸ ͑Ā ̲ΎҡɗƸѸ ƸΎӕ͑Ā ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡфֆ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ل‬ҽȍľӕҡȍΎфЙфľƸËľѸȍɗѸфҡɗË́ľՓɗҡȍѸΎ̲ľ͑ΎҡľѸΎ͑ҡȍľ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍֆΎƸ ؓ  ՠľ́́ȍӕѸľٍ͑Abriss der Geschichte Israels und Judas / Lieder der Hudhailiten٤´ľф́ɗ͑‫و‬ ǾľΎфǣ Ѡľɗ̲ľфٍ ؉‫ ٌؓآآ‬ЬȍΎҡΎ̲ľËȍ͑ɗѸËȍľф ͮËȍĀфӕË˔ٍ ´ľф́ɗٍ͑ ͮľՓ ֤Ύф˔‫ و‬ՠ́ҡľф ĀľǾфӕֆҡľфٍ؉‫ؗآإ‬٧ٍ؉‫ڎآ؜‬؉‫لإ؜‬ ‫ؗ‬  ´ф'ӕٍ٘ġɗľǾľĀɗËȍҡľĀľѸȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ͅӕ́ɗȖ¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚZeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete‫ؗ‬٤؉‫إ‬،‫؟‬٧ٍ‫ٌؓإڎإ؜‬،‫؜‬،‫ڎ‬،‫ٌ؟آ‬ËƸ‫؟ڎإ؜ل‬؆‫ل‬ ‫؜‬  ´фΎË˔ľٍ̲́͑͑٘‫ד‬ӕĀľ͑ǾľĀɗËȍҡľ͑ĀľѸȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ͅӕ́ɗȖ¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚZeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete‫؜‬٤؉‫إ‬،‫آ‬٧ٍ‫لإڎؗ‬ ‫؟‬  ´ӕľфٍAltarabische Dichtkunst: eine Untersuchung ihrer Struktur und Entwicklung am Beispiel der Onagerepisode٤ՠɗľѸ¡Āľ͑‫و‬ȸффѸѸΎՓɗҡ‫ٍ׀‬؉‫إإ‬،٧ٍ،‫ؐو‬،؆‫ؐڎ‬،؉‫ل‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،ؐ‫ؗ‬ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡ‫ ل‬kѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ËѸľ ̲Ύ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ¡ΎԮľ‫̲ڎ‬ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ фľѸľфËȍľфѸٍ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ ґӕՓֆĀɦɗѸ́ѸΎѸҡΎ͑ɗѸȍľĀҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸɗǣ͑ΎфľĀ¡ֆϘ́Ākф¡ɗËѸËȍΎ́фѸ‫ل‬ ҽȍľ фľѸΎٍ͑ Ѹ ҡȍľ ӕҡȍΎф ѸӕǣǣľѸҡѸٍ ɗѸ ҡȍҡ ҡ ҡȍľ ¡ľǣɗ͑͑ɗ͑ǣ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ʊѸ̲́ɗË ЙľфɗΎĀ ҡȍľ ȸӕĀȍֆ́ ҡфɗ¡ľ ՓѸ Ύ͑ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ҡфɗ¡ľѸ ҡȍҡ Փľфľ Ԯľфֆ ȍΎѸҡɗ́ľ ҡΎ ЬфΎЙȍľҡ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ͑Ā ҡΎ ҡȍľ ͑ľՓ фľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑‫ ل‬ҽȍɗѸ ЙľфȍЙѸ ՓѸ ҡȍľ фľѸΎ͑ ҡȍҡËӕѸľĀ̲͑ֆË́ѸѸɗË́ӕҡȍΎфɗҡɗľѸҡΎԮΎɗĀĀľ́ɗ͑ǣՓɗҡȍ̲͑ֆȸӕĀȍ́ɗ ЙΎľҡѸ̲Ύ͑ǣҡȍľ̲ͅӕ́ֆȖȍɗ̲Ѹľ́Ƹ‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍҡȍɗѸфľѸΎ͑Ѹľľ̲Ѹӕ͑ËΎ͑Ԯɗ͑Ë‫ڎ‬ ɗ͑ǣѸɗ͑Ëľͅӕ́ֆȖËΎ̲ЙΎѸľĀҡՓΎЙΎľ̲Ѹɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍʊѸ̲́͑ĀҡȍľЬфΎЙȍľҡфľ ЙфɗѸľĀ‫ ل‬ʊƸ ҡȍľ ̲ɗ͑ ̲ΎҡɗԮľ ƸΎф ͅӕѸ́ɗ̲ ѸËȍΎ́фѸ ƸΎф Āľ́ɗ͑ǣ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ ¡ɗΎǣ‫ڎ‬ фЙȍֆ͑ĀҡȍľЙΎľҡфֆΎƸËľфҡɗ͑ЙΎľҡՓѸЙӕфľ́ֆ͑ʊѸ̲́ɗËΎ͑ľٍҡȍľ͑ҡȍľ ҡՓΎЙΎľ̲Ѹ¡ֆͅӕ́ֆȖѸȍΎӕ́ĀȍԮľ¡ľľ͑ѸľфɗΎӕѸфľѸΎ͑ƸΎф͑Ύҡ͑ľǣ́ľËҡɗ͑ǣ ȍɗ̲‫ل‬k͑ΎҡȍľффľѸΎ͑ǣɗԮľ͑¡ֆҡȍľӕҡȍΎфɗѸҡȍҡҡȍľҡфɗ¡ľՓѸѸËҡҡľфľĀƸҡľф ҡȍľĀԮľ͑ҡΎƸʊѸ̲́‫ل‬ʊҡ́ľƸҡɗҡѸΎфɗǣɗ͑́¡ΎĀľѸ͑ĀɗҡѸ̲ľ̲¡ľфѸՓľфľѸľЙфҡ‫ڎ‬ ľĀ ͑Ā ѸËҡҡľфľĀ ̲Ύ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ͅӕѸ́ɗ̲ ËɗҡɗľѸ ΎӕҡѸɗĀľ ҡȍľ Йľ͑ɗ͑Ѹӕ́‫ ل‬ҽȍɗѸ ́ѸΎ ĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡѸľľ̲ҡΎ¡ľËΎ͑Ԯɗ͑Ëɗ͑ǣфľѸΎٍ͑Ѹɗ͑ËľҡȍľфľфľѸΎ̲ľȸӕĀȍ́ɗЙΎ‫ڎ‬ ľҡѸٍѸӕËȍѸk¡ӣġȍӕ‫ܥ‬ֆ¡٤Ā‫ل‬Ë‫ل‬،‫آؓ؜ڈ؟‬٧͑Āk¡ӣҙ˔ȍф́‫ڎ‬ȸӕĀȍ́ɦ٤Ā‫ل‬Ë‫ل‬ ‫آ‬؆‫؟ڈ‬؆؆٧ٍՓȍΎ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑ѸӕËȍËɗҡɗľѸ͑ĀՓȍΎ̲ҡȍľË́ѸѸɗË́ӕҡȍΎфɗҡɗľѸĀɗĀ͑Ύҡ ͑ľǣ́ľËҡ‫آل‬kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦĀɗѸËӕѸѸľѸѸΎ̲ľΎҡȍľф¡ɗΎǣфЙȍɗË́ĀҡҡΎՓȍɗËȍфľƸľф‫ڎ‬ ľ͑ËľՓɗ́́¡ľ̲Āľ¡ľ́ΎՓ‫إل‬ ҽȍɗѸ фҡɗË́ľ ¡ֆ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦɗѸ Ԯľфֆ ɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡٍ ¡ӕҡ ɗҡ ĀΎľѸ ͑Ύҡ Āľ́ Փɗҡȍ ҡՓΎɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡɗѸѸӕľѸ‫ل‬ҽȍľƸɗфѸҡɗѸѸӕľɗѸҡȍҡҡȍľӕҡȍΎф̲˔ľѸԮľфֆ¡фɗľƸфľƸ‫ڎ‬ ľфľ͑ËľѸҡΎҡȍľ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍֆΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖ͑ĀҡȍľфҡɗË́ľ́Ë˔ѸËľфҡɗ͑ɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡ ƸËҡѸ фľǣфĀɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ Й́ËľѸ ɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ͅӕ́ֆȖ́ɗԮľĀ ľիËľЙҡ ƸΎф ͑ ́́ӕѸɗΎ͑ ҡΎ ƄǣֆЙҡѸΎ͑ľΎƸҡȍΎѸľЙ́ËľѸ‫ل‬kѸѸȍΎՓ͑ɗ͑ҡȍľЙфľѸľ͑ҡЙЙľфٍĀľƸɗ͑ɗ͑ǣҡȍľѸľ ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ѸɗѸЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡȍфΎӕǣȍҡȍľЙΎľҡфֆΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ل‬ҽȍľѸľËΎ͑ĀɗѸѸӕľɗѸҡȍҡ ҡȍľ фҡɗË́ľ Āľ́Ѹ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ ̲ΎѸҡ ЙфΎ̲ɗ͑ľ͑ҡ ̲ΎҡɗƸѸ ɗ͑ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ЙΎľҡфֆٍ ¡ӕҡ ĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡĀɗѸËӕѸѸ̲͑ֆΎҡȍľф̲ΎҡɗƸѸ͑Āٍ̲Ύфľɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡ́ֆٍɗҡɗǣ͑ΎфľѸ̲˔‫ڎ‬ ɗ͑ǣ ͑ֆ ҡľիҡӕ́ ͑́ֆѸɗѸ ƸΎф ËΎ̲Й́ľҡľ ЙΎľ̲Ѹ‫ ل‬ґӕËȍ ͑ ͑́ֆѸɗѸ ̲ֆ ѸȍľĀ ̲Ύфľ́ɗǣȍҡΎ͑ҡȍľЙΎľҡɗËѸΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖфҡȍľфҡȍ͑¡ֆĀɗѸËӕѸѸɗ͑ǣҡȍľЙфΎ̲ɗ͑ľ͑ҡ ̲ΎҡɗƸѸѸľЙфҡľ́ֆ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬  kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦٍ٘ͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ل‬ɂ˔̲Ѹȍ&‫ܡ‬ɗф̲ɗ͑ȍӕĀȍֆٍ́ٚMajallat Markiz al-Wathiq wa-d-Dirst al-Insniyya ‫ آ‬٤؉‫؜إإ‬٧ٍ ‫ لؓ؜ڎؐ؜‬k¡Ύӕҡ ҡȍľ Ë́ѸѸɗË́ фľѸΎӕфËľѸ Ύ͑ k¡ӣ ġȍӕ‫ܥ‬ֆ¡͑Āk¡ӣҙ˔ȍфѸľľґľ‫׀‬ǣɗٍ͑Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums٤̞ľɗĀľ͑‫و‬ Ƅ‫´ لˇ ل‬фɗٍ́́ ؉‫ڎ؟؜إ‬،؆؆؆٧ٍ ،‫ و‬،‫ڎؗؗ‬،‫ؓ ٍ؜ؗ‬؆‫ ٌؗ‬ՈΎ͑ Ǿфӕ͑ľ¡ӕٍ̲ ٘k¡ӣ ġȍӕ‫ܥ‬ֆ¡ ́‫ڎ‬ ȸӕĀȍ́ɦٍٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ʊ‫و‬؉؉‫́´ٌؗ‬Ëȍńфľٍ٘k¡ӣҙ˔ȍф ́‫ڎ‬ȸӕĀȍ́ɦٍٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ʊ‫و‬؉ؓ‫لآ‬k¡ΎӕҡҡȍľË́ѸѸɗË́ фľѸΎӕфËľѸΎ͑k¡ӣġȍӕ‫ܥ‬ֆ¡Ѹľľ́ѸΎɂӕѸֆٍ͑ash-Shakl wa-l-mamn f sh-shir alarab l-qadm: dirsat al-man wa-l-mabn f ashr Sida b. Juayya wa-Ab Dhuayb al-Hudhaliyyayn ٤Ьȍ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ġɗѸѸľфҡҡɗΎٍ͑ Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆ ΎƸ ȸɗƸٍ ،؆؆،٧ٍ ؉ٍؓ ƸΎΎҡ͑Ύҡľؐ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬  kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦٍ ٘ͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ‫لؐإڎؐ؜‬ ،ؐ‫؜‬ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ʊ͑ΎфĀľфҡΎѸȍľĀ̲Ύфľ́ɗǣȍҡΎ͑¡Ύҡȍͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍֆ͑Āͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸЙΎľҡ‫ڎ‬ фֆٍ ҡȍľфľ ɗѸ  ǣфľҡ ͑ľľĀ ƸΎф ҡՓΎ Ƹӕфҡȍľф ѸҡӕĀɗľѸ ҡȍҡ ̲ֆ ËΎ̲Й́ľ̲ľ͑ҡ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ ґӕՓֆĀɦٔѸ фҡɗË́ľ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ƸɗфѸҡ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ Āľҡɗ́ľĀ ѸҡӕĀֆ Ύ͑ ҡȍľ ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍֆ ΎƸ ҡȍɗѸЙΎľҡ͑ĀҡȍľѸľËΎ͑ĀѸȍΎӕ́Ā¡ľҡľիҡӕ́͑́ֆѸɗѸΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸЙΎľ̲Ѹ‫ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍľ ЙфľѸľ͑ҡ ЙЙľфٍ ʊ Ѹȍ́́ ҡҡľ̲Йҡ ҡΎ ѸҡӕĀֆ ҡȍľ ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍֆ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖٍ ͑Ā ͑Ύҡȍľф ѸҡӕĀֆ ՓѸ ĀľĀɗËҡľĀ ҡΎ ѸҡӕĀֆɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ľիҡ͑ҡ ЙΎľҡɗË ΎӕҡЙӕҡ ¡ֆ ҡȍɗѸ ЙΎľҡ؉؆‫ل‬  ؉‫ل‬،Biographical Data in Classical Resources and Modern Studies kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦٍнӕΎҡɗ͑ǣk¡ӣ‫ܡ‬k̲фѸȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍֆ¡&͑ɦٍ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍľƸӕ̲́́͑ľΎƸҡȍɗѸ ЙΎľҡ‫ ل‬ȸľ ɗѸ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ¡‫ڎ́ ل‬ɂ˔̲ ¡‫ ل‬ҙ˔ȍф ¡‫ ل‬Ԇнֆҁɗф ¡‫ܡ ل‬Ԇ̲ֆф ¡‫ד ل‬ֆĀ ¡‫ل‬ ʊֆ&Ѹ ¡‫ ل‬ґȍ̲ ΎƸ ҡȍľ тɗфĀ Ëٍ́͑  ¡ф͑Ëȍ ΎƸ ͅӕ‫&ܡ‬Փɗֆ ¡‫ ل‬ҽ̲ɦ̲ ¡‫ ل‬ґ‫ܡ‬Ā ¡‫ل‬ ȸӕĀȍֆ́‫ل‬؉؉ͮΎҡȍɗ͑ǣɗѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ¡ֆľɗҡȍľфѸËȍΎ́ффľǣфĀɗ͑ǣҡȍľ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍֆ ΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ل‬ ʊҡՓѸ́‫ͅڎ‬ф‫׀‬ӕ¡&͑ɦ٤Ā‫ؓإإڈؓآؐل‬٧ՓȍΎĀĀľĀѸΎ̲ľ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍɗË́ĀҡΎ͑ ҡȍɗѸЙΎľҡ‫ل‬ʊ͑ȍɗѸ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍɗË́ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑фֆȍľľ͑ҡľфľĀȍɗѸ̲͑ľѸ́‫ͅڎ‬ӕ́ֆȖٍ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ ĀľƸɗ͑ɗҡľ фҡɗË́ľٌ ȍľ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ՓѸ  ̲ľ̲¡ľф ΎƸ ҡȍľ тɗфĀËٍ́͑͑Ā͑ΎҡľĀҡȍҡȍľՓѸ͑ʊѸ̲́ɗËЙΎľҡ‫´ل‬ӕҡ́‫ͅڎ‬ф‫׀‬ӕ¡&͑ɦĀɗĀ͑Ύҡ нӕΎҡľľԮľ͑Ύ͑ľԮľфѸľΎƸȍɗѸЙΎľҡфֆ‫ل‬؉، ʊ͑ ËΎ͑ҡфѸҡ ҡΎ ́‫ͅڎ‬ф‫׀‬ӕ¡&͑ɦٍ ́‫˔´ڎ‬фɦ ٤Ā‫ڈ؟آؓ ل‬؉؆‫ؓإ‬٧ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡȍľ ̲͑ľ Ѹ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ¡‫ ل‬ɂ˔ɦ̲ ɗ͑ѸҡľĀ ΎƸ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔ٍ̲؉ؐ Փȍɗ́ľ k¡ӣ ‫ܡ‬ḱɦ ́‫ڎ‬ȸʮфɦ ٤Ā‫ ل‬Ë‫ل‬ ؐ؆؆‫إڈ‬؉،‫إڎ‬؉ؐ٧ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡȍľ ̲͑ľ ́‫ͅڎ‬ӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ ل‬ɂ˔ɦ̲ ͑Ā ĀĀѸ ҡȍҡ ȍľ ɗѸ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ ¡ֆ ҡȍľ ͑ɗË˔̲͑ľ k¡ӣ ͑ͅ‫׈‬ӣф‫ ل‬ҽȍɗѸ ӕҡȍΎф ́ѸΎ фľƸľфѸ ȍɗ̲ ҡΎ ҡȍľ Ѹ̲ľ ƸΎфľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ Ë́͑‫ ل‬kËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ȍɗٍ̲ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ՓѸ ͑ ʊѸ̲́ɗË ЙΎľҡ ՓȍΎՓѸ˔͑ΎՓ͑¡ľËӕѸľΎƸȍɗѸ́ΎԮľƸƸɗфՓɗҡȍËľфҡɗ̞͑ֆ́&٤ ib Layl٧‫ل‬ ҽȍľ ӕҡȍΎф нӕΎҡľѸ lmiyyaٍ awl ̲ľҡľфٍ ΎƸ ‫ ؐ؜‬ԮľфѸľѸ؉ؓ ͑Ā ȍľĀĀѸ ҡɗҡѸ ľ͑Ā ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ËΎ̲ЙΎѸľĀ Ύ͑́ֆ ҡՓΎ qa daѸ ɗ͑ ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑ ҡΎ ҡȍɗѸ ЙΎľ̲‫ و‬ҡȍľ ƸɗфѸҡɗѸdliyyaΎƸbas ٍ؉‫ؗ‬Փȍɗ́ľҡȍľѸľËΎ͑ĀɗѸriyyaΎƸ awl‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸ́ҡҡľф ЙΎľٍ̲ ΎƸ ՓȍɗËȍ Ύ͑́ֆ ҡȍľ ƸɗфѸҡ ȍľ̲ɗѸҡɗËȍ ɗѸ нӕΎҡľĀٍ ĀΎľѸ ͑Ύҡ ЙЙľф ɗ͑ ҡȍľ dwnΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ل‬k¡ӣ‫ܡ‬ḱɦ́‫ڎ‬ȸʮфɦ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ͑ΎҡȍľфЙΎľ̲ҡȍҡɗѸѸËфɗ¡ľĀ ҡΎËľфҡɗ͑́‫ͅڎ‬ӕ́ֆȖ¡‫´ل‬ӕфֆĀٍΎƸҡȍľǗȍ̲ҡфɗ¡ľٍ͑Āȍľ͑ΎҡľѸҡȍҡѸΎ̲ľ ӕҡȍΎфɗҡɗľѸ ѸËфɗ¡ľ ɗҡ ҡΎ ́‫ͅڎ‬ӕ́ֆȖ́‫ڎ‬ȸӕĀȍ́ɦ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ЙΎľ̲ ɗѸ  fiyyaٍ bas ٍ ؉؆  ḱɗȸӕѸѸľɗٍ͑٘kԆ͑ɗнӕľЬҡҡľф͑ɗ͑ҡȍľ̞ΎԮľЬΎľҡфֆΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚMiddle Eastern Literatures؉‫ڈؗ‬؉٤،؆؉،٧ٍ،؆‫ؓؗڎ‬ ؉؉  kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦٍKitb Shar ashr al-hudhaliyynٍؐ‫لإإإو‬ ؉،  ḱ‫ͅڎ‬ф‫׀‬ӕ¡&͑ɦٍ Mujam ash-shuarٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬Ǘ‫˫ ل‬фľ͑˔ΎՓ ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫ˇڎ‬ɦٍ́ ؉‫إإ‬؉٧ٍ ؐ‫لآإ‬ ؉ؐ  ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍ Mujam m stujim min asm al-bild wa-l-mawiٍ ľĀ‫ ́&̲ˇ ل‬Ӆ́¡ ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫˫ڎ‬ӕҡӕ¡́‫ܡڎ‬ʊ̲́ɗֆֆٍ؉‫آإإ‬٧ٍ،‫و‬؉؆‫ل؟‬ ؉ؓ  ʊҡ ɗѸ ЙΎľ̲ ͑Ύ‫؜ ٍؓ ل‬؆ ԮľфѸľѸٍ ɗ͑ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦٍ Kitb Shar ashr al-hudhaliyynٍ ؐ‫و‬ ؉؆،؆‫ڎ‬؉؆،‫لإ‬ ؉‫ؗ‬  ʊҡɗѸЙΎľ̲͑Ύ‫إٍؐؐل‬ԮľфѸľѸٍɗ͑Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦٍibid.ٍؐ‫و‬؉؆؉ؐ‫ڎ‬؉؆؉‫لإ‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،ؐ‫؟‬ Փɗҡȍ،‫؜‬ԮľфѸľѸ‫ل‬؉‫؜‬ ͅΎĀľф͑фľѸľфËȍľфѸĀɗĀ͑ΎҡȍԮľ̲ӕËȍҡΎĀľ́Փɗҡȍ¡ľѸɗĀľѸҡȍľË́ѸѸɗË́ ѸËȍΎ́фѸ‫ ل‬ґľ‫׀‬ǣɗ͑ ËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфѸ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ͑ ľф́ֆ ʊѸ̲́ɗË ЙΎľҡ ՓȍΎѸľ ́ɗƸľ ËΎ͑ҡɗ͑‫ڎ‬ ӕľĀ ӕ͑ҡɗ́ ҡȍľ Ԇ̲ֆֆĀ ľф‫ل‬؉‫ ؟‬ȸľ́́ ËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфѸ ȍɗ̲ ҡȍľ ֆΎӕ͑ǣľѸҡ ЙΎľҡ ̲Ύ͑ǣ ́́ҡȍľȸӕĀȍ́ɗЙΎľҡѸٍΎ͑ľՓȍΎ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑ҡȍľ́ҡľԆ̲ֆֆĀľф͑Ā́ѸΎӕ͑Āľф ‫ܡ‬k¡¡&ѸɗĀфӕ́ľ‫ل‬؉‫آ‬ҽȍɗѸѸҡҡľ̲ľ͑ҡѸȍΎӕ́Ā¡ľԮľфֆËфľƸӕ́́ֆľի̲ɗ͑ľĀ‫ل‬ʊ¡ф&ȍɦ̲ ËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфѸ ȍɗ̲ Ѹ ͑ Ԇ̲ֆֆĀ ЙΎľҡٍ؉‫ إ‬Փȍɗ́ľ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦѸӕǣǣľѸҡѸ ҡȍҡ ȍľ ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑ҡȍľҡɗ̲ľΎƸҡȍľЬфΎЙȍľҡ¡ӕҡҡȍҡȍľՓѸԮľфֆֆΎӕ͑ǣɗ͑ҡȍҡЙľфɗΎĀ‫ل‬ ȸɗѸ ѸӕǣǣľѸҡɗΎ͑ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸ ¡Ύф͑ ¡Ύӕҡ ҡȍľ ƸɗфѸҡ ֆľф Ƹҡľф ҡȍľ ȸɗʮф ɗѸ ́ѸΎфľѸΎ͑¡́ľΎ͑ľٍѸՓɗ́́ѸȍΎՓ͑¡ľ́ΎՓ‫ل‬،؆ ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ ´ф'ӕٍ ѠŃǣɗѸ ´́Ëȍńфľٍ ґľ‫׀‬ǣɗ͑ ͑Ā ́ѸΎ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦٍ ËΎ͑Ë́ӕĀľĀٍ ĀľЙľ͑Āɗ͑ǣ Ύ͑  Ëľфҡɗ͑ ЙΎľ̲ ¡ֆ ͅӕ́ֆȖٍ ҡȍҡ ҡȍɗѸ ЙΎľҡ ЙфҡɗËɗЙҡľĀ ɗ͑ ͑ ľф́ֆͅӕѸ́ɗ̲ɗ͑ԮѸɗΎ͑ΎƸƄǣֆЙҡ‫ل‬،؉ҽȍɗѸ̲ɗǣȍҡɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľ͑́́ӕѸɗΎ͑ҡΎҡȍľƸËҡ ҡȍҡȍľՓѸ̲Ύ͑ǣҡȍľЙľΎЙ́ľՓȍΎѸľҡҡ́ľĀɗ͑ƄǣֆЙҡƸҡľфɗҡѸËΎ͑нӕľѸҡ‫ل‬ Ϙҡȍľф ¡ΎΎ˔Ѹٍ ľѸЙľËɗ́́ֆ ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍɗË́ ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑фɗľѸٍ ́ѸΎ ǣɗԮľ ѸȍΎфҡ ¡ɗΎǣ‫ڎ‬ фЙȍɗľѸΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖٍ¡ӕҡӕ͑ƸΎфҡӕ͑ҡľ́ֆ ͑Ύ͑ľΎƸ ҡȍľѸľ фľѸΎӕфËľѸЙфΎԮɗĀľѸ ͑ֆ ͑ľՓĀҡ¡ľֆΎ͑Āҡȍľ¡фľɗ͑ƸΎф̲ҡɗΎ͑ǣɗԮľ͑¡ΎԮľ‫ل‬،،  ٪ʊʊ٫ ҽΎՓфĀѸ´ɗΎǣфЙȍֆΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖҡȍфΎӕǣȍȍɗѸЬΎľҡфֆ ґɗ͑Ëľ ҡȍľ ѸΎӕфËľѸ ҡȍҡ Āľ́ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍֆ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖ фľ Ԯľфֆ ѸËфËľٍ ҡȍľфľɗѸǣфľҡ͑ľľĀҡΎĀľфɗԮľфľ́ľԮ͑ҡĀҡҡȍфΎӕǣȍȍɗѸľիҡ͑ҡЙΎľ̲Ѹ‫ل‬ȸΎՓ‫ڎ‬ ľԮľфٍҡΎΎ¡ҡɗ͑¡ɗΎǣфЙȍɗË́ĀҡҡȍфΎӕǣȍЙΎľҡɗË́ҡľիҡɗѸĀ͑ǣľфΎӕѸ͑ĀҡΎ ѸΎ̲ľĀľǣфľľƸ́́ËɗΎӕѸٍѸɗ͑ËľɗҡՓΎӕ́Ā͑Ύҡ́ՓֆѸ¡ľЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľƸΎфҡȍľ̲ΎĀľф͑ фľѸľфËȍľфҡΎĀľҡľф̲ɗ͑ľՓɗҡȍƸӕ́́Ëľфҡɗ͑ҡֆՓȍľҡȍľфɗ͑ËɗĀľ͑ҡѸľիЙфľѸѸľĀɗ͑ ؉‫؜‬  k¡ӣ‫ܡ‬ḱɦ́‫ڎ‬ȸʮфɦٍat-Talqt wa-n-nawdirٍľĀ‫ل‬ɂ̲Ā́‫&ˇڎ‬Ѹɗф٤ѠɗֆĀ‫و‬ɂ̲Ā́‫ڎ‬ ˇ&Ѹɗфٍ؉‫إإ‬،‫ڎ‬؉‫ؐإإ‬٧ٍ،‫؟آڎآ؜آو‬،‫ل‬ ؉‫؟‬  ґľ‫׀‬ǣɗٍ͑Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttumsٍ،‫و‬،‫لؐ؜‬ ؉‫آ‬  ȸľٍ́́٘ġľфʊѸ̲́ӕ͑ĀĀɗľȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ĀɗËȍҡӕ͑ǣľٍ͑ٚFestschrift Georg Jacob zum siebzigsten Geburtstagٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬ҽȍľΎĀΎф ͅľ͑‫׀‬ľ́ ٤̞ľɗЙ‫׀‬ɗǣ‫ و‬ϘҡҡΎ ȸффѸѸΎՓɗҡ‫ ٍ׀‬؉‫ؐإ‬،٧ٍ ‫ٍآآ‬ ‫إ‬،‫ل‬ ؉‫إ‬  ʊ¡ф&ȍɦٍ̲ al-Bin al-fann f shir al-hudhaliyyn, dirsa talliyya ٤´ǣȍĀĀ‫ و‬ġ&ф Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍӕ‫ܥ‬ӣ͑ҡȍ‫ڎ‬ҽȍн&Ƹɗֆֆ́‫ٍ̲̲Šܡڎ‬،؆؆؆٧ٍ‫لؐؗ‬ ،؆  kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦٍ٘ͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ‫ل؟؜ڎؗ؜‬ ،؉  ´ф'ӕٍ ٘ġɗľ ǾľĀɗËȍҡľ ĀľѸ ȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ ͅӕ́ɗȖ ¡‫ڎ́ ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ ‫؟ڎإ؜‬؆ٌ ´́Ëȍńфľٍ Histoire de la Littérature Arabe ٤ЬфɗѸ‫̞و‬ɗ¡фɗфɗľĀ‫ـ‬k̲Ńфɗнӕľ ľҡ Ā‫ـ‬Ϙфɗľ͑ҡٍ؉‫ؗإ‬،‫ڎ‬؉‫؜؜إ‬٧ٍ ،‫و‬،‫آ‬؆‫ڎ‬،‫آ‬؉‫́´ل‬Ëȍńфľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍҡË́ѸѸɗË́ӕҡȍΎфɗҡɗľѸՓľфľËΎ͑ƸӕѸľĀ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ҡȍľ ЙфľѸľ͑ҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ͑Ā ́‫ͅڎ‬ӕ́ֆȖ ¡‫ ل‬ӅфɦƸ ́‫ڎ‬kѸĀɦ‫ ل‬ґľľ ́ѸΎ ґľ‫׀‬ǣɗٍ͑ Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttumsٍ،‫و‬،‫ٌؐ؜‬Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦٍ٘ͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ‫لآ؜ڎ؜؜‬ ،،  ґľľ ƸΎф ľի̲Й́ľ ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā ф‫ڎ‬ѠȖ̲&ٍ͑ Mujam ash-shuar min al-a r al-jhil att nihyat al-a r l-umaw ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫&͑ͅڎ‬ȍɗٍ́ ؉‫؜إإ‬٧ٍ ،‫؜‬؉ٌ ͑‫ͮڎ‬ҡѸȍٍ Ashr Hudhayl wa-atharuh f mu al-adab al-arab ٤k̲̲͑‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫´ڎ‬Ѹȍɦфٌ ´ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ ͅӕ‫ܥ‬ѸѸѸҡф‫ڎ‬ѠɗѸ&ٍ́،؆؆؉٧ٍ،‫و‬،‫ڎؐ؟‬،‫لؓ؟‬ ،ؐ‫آ‬ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ЙΎľ̲ËΎ̲ЙΎѸľĀ̲Ύфľҡȍ̲͑ɗ́́ľ͑͑ɗӕ̲ǣΎٍѸӕËȍѸҡȍľЙΎľҡфֆΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖٍ ՓľфľȍɗѸҡΎфɗË́́ֆҡфӕľΎфՓȍľҡȍľфҡȍľֆՓľфľΎ͑́ֆՓΎф˔ΎƸҡȍľՓфɗҡľф‫ـ‬Ѹɗ̲‫ڎ‬ ǣɗ͑ҡɗԮľ ̲ɗ͑Ā‫ ل‬ǗΎф ҡȍɗѸ фľѸΎٍ͑ ҡȍľ ƸΎ́́ΎՓɗ͑ǣ ËΎ͑Ë́ӕѸɗΎ͑Ѹ фľǣфĀɗ͑ǣ ͅӕ‫ڎ‬ ́ֆȖٔѸ́ɗƸľѸȍΎӕ́Ā͑Ύҡ¡ľ¡́ɗ͑Ā́ֆĀΎЙҡľĀٍ¡ӕҡѸȍΎӕ́Ā¡ľËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфľĀËфľƸӕ́́ֆ‫ل‬  ،‫ل‬؉When did Mulay Live? ҽȍľфľɗѸ͑ΎĀΎӕ¡ҡҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑ҡȍľʊѸ̲́ɗËľф‫ͮل‬ΎҡΎ͑́ֆĀΎË́ѸѸɗË́ ЙфΎѸľ ѸΎӕфËľѸ ͑Ā ̲ΎĀľф͑ фľѸľфËȍľфѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ ҡȍɗѸٍ ¡ӕҡ ҡՓΎ ΎƸ ȍɗѸ ЙΎľ̲Ѹ ľիЙфľѸѸ ҡȍɗѸ ƸËҡ Ԯľфֆ Ë́ľф́ֆ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ƸɗфѸҡ ɗѸ ȍɗѸ qfiyyaٍ awlٍ ɗ͑Ë́ӕĀɗ͑ǣ ‫؟‬؆ ԮľфѸľѸٍ Փȍɗ́ľ ҡȍľ ѸľËΎ͑Ā ɗѸ ȍɗѸ ΎĀĀ urjzaٍ ́ѸΎ  qfiyyaٍ ΎƸ ‫ ؓإ‬ȍľ̲ɗѸҡɗËȍ‫ڎ‬ ľѸ‫ل‬،ؐʊ͑ҡȍľƸɗфѸҡЙΎľٍ̲ͅӕ́ֆȖľӕ́Ύǣɗ‫׀‬ľѸҡȍľƸËҡҡȍҡȍɗѸҡфɗ¡ľѸӕЙЙΎфҡľĀҡȍľ ЬфΎЙȍľҡ ɗ͑ ȍɗѸ нӕффľ́ ǣɗ͑Ѹҡ ҡȍľ ͑Ύ͑‫ͅڎ‬ӕѸ́ɗ̲Ѹ ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉‫ؐ؜ڎؗؗو‬٫ٌ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ѸľË‫ڎ‬ Ύ͑ĀٍȍľЙфɗѸľѸҡȍľƸËҡҡȍҡǾΎĀËȍΎѸľͅӕȖ̲̲ĀٍՓȍΎ¡ľ́Ύ͑ǣѸҡΎҡȍľٍ̲ ҡΎ¡ľЬфΎЙȍľҡ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫ؓإڎ؟آوإ‬٫‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍɗҡɗѸ͑ΎҡË́ľфՓȍľҡȍľфɗ͑ҡȍɗѸѸľË‫ڎ‬ Ύ͑ĀЙΎľ̲ͅӕ́ֆȖЙфɗѸľѸҡȍľȸӕĀȍֆ́ҡфɗ¡ľՓȍɗËȍɗѸ˔ɗ͑ĀфľĀҡфɗ¡ľҡΎҡȍľ ЬфΎЙȍľҡٔѸ Ëٍ́͑ тӕфֆѸȍٍ،ؓ Ύф Փȍľҡȍľф ȍľ ́́ӕĀľѸ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ͅӕĈф ҡфɗ¡ľٍ ҡȍľ ͑Ύфҡȍkф¡ɗ͑Ύ͑ľҡΎՓȍɗËȍ¡ΎҡȍȸӕĀȍֆ́͑ĀтӕфֆѸȍ¡ľ́Ύ͑ǣ͑ĀՓȍɗËȍɗѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀË́ľф́ֆ ɗ͑ҡȍľ ЙΎľ̲٪ͅ¡ɂ‫؟ؗوإ‬٫‫ ل‬ʊҡѸľľ̲Ѹҡȍҡҡȍľ ѸľËΎ͑ĀЙΎѸѸɗ‫ڎ‬ ¡ɗ́ɗҡֆ ɗѸ ҡȍľ Ύ͑ľ ҡΎ ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡ ́́ӕĀľѸ ɗ͑ ȍɗѸ ЙфɗѸľ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ͑ֆ ËѸľٍ ¡Ύҡȍ ЙΎľ̲Ѹ ѸȍΎՓ Ԯľфֆ Ë́ľф́ֆ ҡȍҡ Փȍҡ Ë́ѸѸɗË́ ӕҡȍΎфɗҡɗľѸ ѸɗĀ ¡Ύӕҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ¡ľɗ͑ǣ͑ʊѸ̲́ɗËЙΎľҡՓѸҡфӕľ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸ͑Ύҡӕ͑́ɗ˔ľ́ֆҡȍҡҡȍľѸľӕҡȍΎфɗҡɗľѸË̲ľ ҡΎѸӕËȍËΎ͑Ë́ӕѸɗΎ͑Ύ͑ҡȍľ¡ѸɗѸΎƸҡȍľѸľҡՓΎЙΎľ̲Ѹ͑Ā͑ΎҡΎ͑ΎҡȍľфЙфΎѸľ ̲ҡľфɗ́ҡȍľֆЙΎѸѸľѸѸľĀΎ͑ҡȍľЙΎľҡ‫ل‬ Ԇ͑ƸΎфҡӕ͑ҡľ́ֆٍ͑Ύ͑ľΎƸҡȍľË́ѸѸɗË́ӕҡȍΎфɗҡɗľѸĀľƸɗ͑ľɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍЙľфɗΎĀΎƸ ҡȍľʊѸ̲́ɗËľфҡȍľЙΎľҡͅӕ́ֆȖ́ɗԮľĀ‫ل‬ʊҡѸľľ̲ѸҡȍҡҡȍɗѸЙľфɗΎĀË͑¡ľѸӕǣ‫ڎ‬ ǣľѸҡľĀҡȍфΎӕǣȍҡȍľľի̲ɗ͑ҡɗΎ͑ΎƸ͑ΎҡȍľфЙΎľ̲ËΎ̲ЙΎѸľĀ¡ֆҡȍľЙΎľҡ‫ل‬ʊ͑ ȍɗѸЙΎľ̲͑Ύ‫ل‬؉؆ٍlmiyyaٍ awl ٤ؓ،ԮľфѸľѸ٧ٍȍľ͑ффҡľѸ¡Ύӕҡ́ΎԮľƸƸɗф ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ȍɗ̲ ͑Ā  Ëľфҡɗ͑ Ԇ̲̲ ‫¡Šܡ‬ɗĀ‫ ل‬ʊҡ Ѹľľ̲Ѹ ҡȍҡ ҡȍɗѸ ՓѸ  ֤ľ̲ľ͑ɗҡľ ՓΎ̲͑٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؆‫و‬؉٫‫ل‬ҽȍľ́ΎԮľффľË́́ѸȍľфЙЙфɗҡɗΎ͑Ύ͑ľ͑ɗǣȍҡ‫ل‬ҽΎ¡ľ̲Ύфľ ËËӕфҡľٍ ȍľ ĀΎľѸ ͑Ύҡ фľË́́ ҡȍľ ЙЙфɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ¡ӕҡ фľË́́Ѹ  Ëľфҡɗ͑ ͑ɗǣȍҡ ɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ȍľ фľË́́ľĀ ҡȍľ ЙЙфɗҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ Ԇ̲̲ ‫¡Šܡ‬ɗĀٍ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ل‬،‫ ؗ‬ȸľ фľË́́Ѹ ،ؐ  ҽȍľѸľ фľ ЙΎľ̲Ѹ ͑ΎѸ‫ ل‬؉ ͑Ā ‫ إ‬ɗ͑ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ dwn ɗ͑ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦٔѸ Kitb Shar ashr al-hudhaliyyn‫ل‬ʊ͑ҡȍľЙфľѸľ͑ҡЙЙľфٍΎ͑́ֆҡȍľ͑ӕ̲¡ľфΎƸҡȍľЙΎľ̲Փɗ́́¡ľ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀٍ ՓɗҡȍΎӕҡ ̲˔ɗ͑ǣ ͑ֆ фľƸľфľ͑Ëľ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ЙǣľѸ ɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľ ЙΎľ̲ Й‫ڎ‬ ЙľфѸ‫ل‬ҽȍľ¡¡фľԮɗҡɗΎ͑ͅ¡ɂՓɗ́́¡ľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ¡ľƸΎфľҡȍľ͑ӕ̲¡ľфΎƸҡȍľЙΎľٍ̲ ՓȍɗËȍ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡľѸ ҡȍľ ƸɗфѸҡ ́ľҡҡľфѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡٔѸ ̲͑ľ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ĀĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ҡȍľ ͑ӕ̲¡ľф ΎƸ ԮľфѸľѸɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľٍ̲ҡΎՓȍɗËȍËľфҡɗ͑͑́ֆѸɗѸфľƸľфѸٍՓΎӕ́ĀѸΎ̲ľҡɗ̲ľѸ¡ľ̲ľ͑‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑ľĀƸҡľфҡȍľ͑ӕ̲¡ľфΎƸҡȍľЙΎľ̲ɗҡѸľ́Ƹ‫ل‬ ،ؓ  Ѡľ͑ҡ‫٘ ٍ׀‬ȸӕĀȍֆٍ́ٚ The Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ʊʊʊ‫ؓؗ و‬؆ٌ ͑‫ͮڎ‬ҡѸȍٍ Ashr Hudhaylٍ؉‫و‬؉‫ٌ؟ؗ‬ʊ¡ф&ȍɦٍ̲al-Bin al-fann f shir al-hudhaliyynٍ‫لآ‬ ،‫ؗ‬  kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦѸѸӕ̲ľѸҡȍҡҡȍɗѸՓΎ̲̲͑ֆ¡ľͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸՓɗƸľٍ͑Āȍľȍɗ͑ҡѸҡҡȍľ ƸËҡҡȍҡ‫¡Šܡ‬ɗĀٍՓȍɗËȍɗѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀɗ͑ԮľфѸľ‫آ‬ɗѸҡȍľɗфѸΎ͑‫ل‬ʊ͑͑ΎҡȍľфЙ́Ëľٍȍľ  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،ؐ‫إ‬ ҡȍҡȍľՓѸɗ͑Ëľфҡɗ͑Й́ËľҡȍҡՓѸԮľфֆĀɗѸҡ͑ҡƸфΎ̲ȍľф¡ΎĀľѸ‫ل‬ʊ͑Ύф‫ڎ‬ ĀľфҡΎĀľѸËфɗ¡ľҡȍľ́Ύ͑ǣĀɗѸҡ͑ËľѸľЙфҡɗ͑ǣ¡Ύҡȍ́ΎԮľфѸٍȍľ́ɗѸҡѸҡȍľЙ́ËľѸ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ҡȍľ̲‫ ل‬ȸľ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ȸֆֆ&̲ ́‫&ܡͅڎ‬ҁɗٍ̲ ́‫̞ڎ‬ɗՓ&ٍ ´&¡ ́‫֤ڎ‬ӣٍ͑ ҡȍľ Ѹľ͑ĀҡȍľËΎѸҡٍҡȍľȍľɗǣȍҡѸΎƸ́‫ͅڎ‬ӕнҨҨ̲̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑͑Ā́ѸΎͅΎӕ͑ҡɗ͑ ‫¡Šܡ‬ɗĀ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؆‫آڎ؜و‬٫‫֤ڎ́¡&´ل‬ӣٍ͑Ύф´¡ֆ́Ύٍ͑ËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎæ‫ل‬ȸ‫´ل‬ľË˔ľфՓѸ Ëɗҡֆ͑ľфǗӕѸҨ&ҨՓȍɗËȍՓѸҡȍľƸɗфѸҡͅӕѸ́ɗ̲Ëɗҡֆ¡ӕɗ́ҡɗ͑ƄǣֆЙҡ‫ل‬ġӕфɗ͑ǣҡȍľ ؉Ѹҡ‫؟ڈ‬ҡȍËľ͑ҡӕфֆĀɗѸҡɗ͑ËҡɗΎ͑¡ľҡՓľľ͑ҡȍľҡՓΎËɗҡɗľѸՓѸѸҡɗ̲́́Āľٍ¡ӕҡƸҡľф ҡȍҡ ѸӕËȍ  ĀɗѸҡɗ͑ËҡɗΎ͑ ĀɗѸЙЙľфľĀ‫ ل‬kҡ  Ëľфҡɗ͑ Ѹҡǣľ ´&¡ ́‫֤ڎ‬ӣ͑ ՓѸ ľի‫ڎ‬ ҡľ͑ĀľĀҡΎɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľ́ѸΎǗӕѸҨ&Ҩ͑ĀæɗфΎ‫ل‬،‫؜‬ḱ‫ͅڎ‬ӕнҨҨ̲ɗѸ́ѸΎԮľфֆƸ̲ΎӕѸ ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ɗ͑ҡȍľѸ̲ľËΎӕ͑ҡфֆٍË́ΎѸľҡΎҡȍľËľ̲ľҡľфֆΎƸǗӕѸҨ&Ҩ‫ل‬،‫¡Šܡ؟‬ɗĀɗѸ ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ ͑ľф ́‫ͅڎ‬ӕнҨҨ̲‫ل‬،‫ͅ آ‬ӕ́ֆȖٍ Փȍľ͑ ҡΎф̲ľ͑ҡľĀ ¡ֆ ҡȍľ ЙЙфɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ɗѸ ЙфľѸľ͑ҡľĀ Āӕфɗ͑ǣ  ͑ɗǣȍҡ‫ـ‬Ѹ фľѸҡ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ĀľѸľфҡ Փȍľфľ ȍľ ͑Ā ȍɗѸ ËΎ̲фĀľѸ ՓľфľҡфԮľ́́ɗ͑ǣ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؆‫ڎإو‬؉‫ٍؗ‬؉‫ڎإ‬،؉٫‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍҡȍľфľɗѸ͑ΎҡľԮľ͑Ύ͑ľ̲ľ͑‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ĀľѸҡɗ͑ҡɗΎ͑ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ǣфΎӕЙ ΎƸ ҡфԮľ́́ľфѸ ҡҡľ̲ЙҡľĀ ҡΎ фľËȍ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍΎӕҡ ҡȍľɗф ʮΎӕф͑ľֆ‫ ل‬kѸ ЙфľԮɗΎӕѸ́ֆ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀٍ ´ф'ӕٍ ´́Ëȍńфľ ͑Ā Ѹ‫ڎ‬ ґӕՓֆĀɦѸѸӕ̲ľĀҡȍҡҡȍɗѸЙΎľ̲ЙЙфľ͑ҡ́ֆĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸҡȍľԮɗѸɗҡΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖҡΎ ƄǣֆЙҡҡΎǣľҡȍľфՓɗҡȍҡȍľͅӕѸ́ɗ̲ф̲ɗľѸĀӕфɗ͑ǣҡȍľËΎ͑нӕľфɗ͑ǣҡҡË˔̲Āľ ǣɗ͑Ѹҡɗҡ‫ل‬،‫إ‬ҽȍɗѸɗ͑ËɗĀľ͑ҡΎËËӕффľĀфΎӕ͑ĀҡȍľֆľфѸ؉‫ڎإ‬،،‫ؓ؜ڈ‬؆‫ؐلؐؓ؜ڎ‬؆ȸΎՓ‫ڎ‬ ľԮľфٍ ҡȍľфľ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ľԮľ͑ Ύ͑ľ Ë́ӕľ ҡȍҡ ҡȍɗѸ ʮΎӕф͑ľֆ ɗ̲Й́ɗľĀ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ͅӕѸ́ɗ̲ ф̲ɗľѸ Փľфľ ЙЙфΎËȍɗ͑ǣ ƄǣֆЙҡ‫ ل‬ʊƸ Փľ ËËľЙҡ ҡȍɗѸ ѸѸӕ̲ЙҡɗΎٍ͑ ҡȍľ͑ Ύ͑ľ ѸȍΎӕ́ĀѸѸӕ̲ľҡȍҡĀӕфɗ͑ǣҡȍҡֆľфٍΎфľԮľ͑Ƹҡľфҡȍľֆľф،؆‫ؓ؜ڈ‬؉ɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍҡҡȍɗѸՓΎ̲̲͑ֆ¡ľҡȍľՓΎ̲͑ՓɗҡȍՓȍΎ̲ͅӕ́ֆȖՓ͑ҡľĀҡΎǣľҡ ̲ффɗľĀ‫ل‬ґľľ٘ͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ‫ ل؟؜ڎ؜؜‬ՠɗҡȍфľǣфĀҡΎԆ̲̲‫¡Šܡ‬ɗĀ¡ľɗ͑ǣͅӕ‫ڎ‬ ́ֆȖٔѸѸЙΎӕѸľΎфҡȍľՓΎ̲͑ՓɗҡȍՓȍΎ̲ȍľĀľѸɗфľĀҡΎǣľҡ̲ффɗľĀٍҡȍľфľɗѸ͑Ύɗ͑‫ڎ‬ ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľ̲ɗҡѸľ́ƸҡȍҡËΎӕ́ĀѸӕЙЙΎфҡѸӕËȍ͑ѸѸӕ̲ЙҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍҡȍľ ѸѸӕ̲ЙҡɗΎ͑ ҡȍҡ ‫¡Šܡ‬ɗĀ ɗ͑ ԮľфѸľ ‫ آ‬ɗѸ ҡȍľ ̲͑ľ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ѸΎ͑ ɗѸ ̲ɗѸҡ˔ľ͑‫ ل‬kѸ ѸȍΎՓ͑ ́ҡľфٍ ‫¡Šܡ‬ɗĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍɗѸ ԮľфѸľ ɗѸ  ̲͑ľ ΎƸ  ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ɗ͑ ƄǣֆЙҡٍ ɗҡɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ҡȍľ Ѹ̲ľ‫¡Šܡ‬ɗĀ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀɗ͑ҡȍľ͑ɗË˔̲͑ľΎƸҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ل‬ ،‫؜‬  ´ľË˔ľфٍ ٘´&¡́ֆӣٍ͑ٚ The Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ʊ‫ لؓؓآ و‬ґľľ ́ѸΎ ´ф'ӕٍ٘ġɗľǾľĀɗËȍҡľĀľѸȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ͅӕ́ɗȖ¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ،‫ٍؐآ‬ƸΎΎҡ͑Ύҡľ؉‫ل‬ ،‫؟‬  ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍ Mujam m stujimٍ ؓ‫ و‬؉؉؆ٌ ֤&нӣҡ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍ Mujam al-Buldnٍ ľĀ‫ل‬ ǗфɦĀ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā́‫ܡڎ‬k‫׀‬ɦ‫ˇڎ́׀‬ӕ͑Āɦ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫˫ڎ‬ӕҡӕ¡́‫ܡڎ‬ʊ̲́ɗֆֆٍ؉‫إإ‬؆٧ٍ‫وؗ‬،؆ؓ‫ڎ‬،؆‫ل؜‬ ،‫آ‬  ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍ Mujam m stujimٍ ؐ‫ و‬؉‫&֤ ٌؓ؟‬нӣҡ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍ Mujam al-Buldnٍؓ‫؟و‬،‫ل‬ ѠľǣфĀɗ͑ǣ́‫̞ڎ‬ɗՓ&ٍɗҡɗѸ͑Ύҡ˔͑ΎՓ͑Փȍľҡȍľфɗҡɗ͑ĀɗËҡľѸËľфҡɗ͑Й́ËľٍЙЙфľ͑ҡ‫ڎ‬ ́ֆɗ͑ƄǣֆЙҡٍΎфՓȍľҡȍľфɗҡɗ͑ĀɗËҡľѸɗҡѸ́ɗҡľф̲́ľ͑ɗ͑ǣՓȍɗËȍɗѸdesert‫&֤ل‬нӣҡ́‫ڎ‬ ɂ̲ՓɦѸҡҡľѸҡȍҡѸɗ͑ËľҡȍɗѸЙ́ËľΎËËӕфѸҡΎΎƸфľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆɗ͑Ë́ѸѸɗË́kф¡ɗËЙΎľҡ‫ڎ‬ фֆٍɗҡɗѸнӕɗҡľĀɗƸƸɗËӕ́ҡҡΎĀľҡľф̲ɗ͑ľՓɗҡȍËľфҡɗ͑ҡֆɗ͑Ëľфҡɗ͑ԮľфѸľՓȍľҡȍľф́‫ڎ‬ ̞ɗՓ& ɗѸ  ̲͑ľ ΎƸ  Й́Ëľ Ύф Փȍľҡȍľф ɗҡ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡľѸ  ĀľѸľфҡٌ Ѹľľ ibid.ٍ ‫ وؗ‬،‫ ل؟‬Ѡľ‫ڎ‬ ǣфĀɗ͑ǣȸֆֆ&̲́‫&ܡͅڎ‬ҁɗٍ̲ʊƸɗ́ľĀҡΎĀľҡľф̲ɗ͑ľɗҡѸ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ ،‫إ‬  ґľľҡȍľфľƸľфľ͑ËľѸɗ͑ƸΎΎҡ͑Ύҡľ،؆‫ل‬ ؐ؆  ɂɗҡҡɦٍˇӕфʮɦٍ͑Āˇ¡¡ӣфٍTrkh al-arab٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&фʊȖֆ&‫ܡڎ́ܥ‬Ԇ́ӣٍ̲͑ΎĀҡľ٧ٍ،؉‫ڎآ‬ ،،ٌؓˇΎ̲ɗľфٍ٘́‫ڎ‬ǗӕѸҨ&ҨٍٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ʊʊ‫لآؗإو‬ ،ؓ؆ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ´&¡́‫֤ڎ‬ӣ͑ՓѸËΎ͑нӕľфľĀؐ؉٤ҡȍľЙΎľ̲ǣɗԮľѸҡȍľɗ̲ЙфľѸѸɗΎ͑ҡȍҡ´&¡́‫֤ڎ‬ӣ͑ ȍĀ ́фľĀֆ ¡ľľ͑ ËΎ͑нӕľфľĀ٧ٍ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ՓѸ ́́ΎՓľĀ ҡΎ ЙфҡɗËɗЙҡľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ՓфѸ‫ل‬ʊƸՓľѸѸӕ̲ľҡȍҡҡȍľǣľΎƸՓффɗΎфѸȍΎӕ́Ā¡ľфΎӕ͑Ā،؆ֆľфѸΎ́Āٍ ͑ĀҡȍɗѸɗѸҡȍľѸ̲ľǣľѸӕǣǣľѸҡľĀ¡ֆѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦٍҡȍľ͑ҡȍɗѸ̲ֆѸȍΎՓҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸ¡Ύф͑¡ľƸΎфľҡȍľֆľф؉‫؜ڈ‬،،‫ؐل‬،ʊҡѸľľ̲ѸҡȍҡѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦ¡ľ́ɗľԮľĀ ͅӕ́ֆȖËΎ̲ЙΎѸľĀ ȍɗѸ ЙΎľ̲ Փȍɗ́ľ ȍľ ՓѸ ɗ͑ ƄǣֆЙҡٍ ͑Ā ËΎ͑Ѹľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆ ËΎ͑‫ڎ‬ Ë́ӕĀľѸȍľȍĀ́фľĀֆ¡ľËΎ̲ľЙΎľҡ¡ֆҡȍҡҡɗ̲ľ‫´ؐؐل‬ӕҡҡȍɗѸѸѸӕ̲ЙҡɗΎ͑ɗѸ Ƹ́́ËɗΎӕѸٍѸɗ͑ËľѸѸȍΎՓ͑¡ΎԮľٍՓȍľ͑ͅӕ́ֆȖËΎ̲ЙΎѸľĀҡȍľЙΎľ̲ȍľՓѸ ͑Ύҡɗ͑ҡȍΎѸľƄǣֆЙҡɗ͑Й́ËľѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľ̲‫ل‬ȸľՓѸΎ͑́ֆфľË́́ɗ͑ǣ ͑ɗ͑ËɗĀľ͑ҡҡȍҡΎËËӕффľĀҡȍľфľٍ¡ľɗ͑ǣՓфľΎƸȍɗѸЙфľѸľ͑ҡ̲ɗѸľф¡́ľËΎ͑Āɗ‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑ Փȍɗ́ľ ȍľ фľ̲ľ̲¡ľфľĀ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ͑Ā ɗ̲ǣɗ͑ľĀ ȍľф ЙЙфɗҡɗΎ͑‫ ل‬ҽȍɗѸ ЙľфȍЙѸ ѸȍΎՓѸ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖËΎ̲ЙΎѸľĀ ȍɗѸЙΎľ̲ ѸΎ̲ľ ҡɗ̲ľ Ƹҡľф ȍɗѸ фľҡӕф͑ ΎƸƄǣֆЙҡ‫ل‬ ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ ɗҡ Փɗ́́ ¡ľ ѸȍΎՓ͑ ¡ľ́ΎՓ ٤ЙЙ‫ؐ ل‬؉‫ؐڎؗ‬؉‫؜‬٧ ҡȍҡ ɗҡ ɗѸ ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ́ѸΎ ҡΎΎ˔ Йфҡ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ҡҡË˔Ѹ ΎƸ ʊѸ̲́ɗË ҡфΎΎЙѸ Ύ͑ Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍ&̲ ҡȍҡ Փľфľ̲ĀľֆľфѸ¡ľƸΎфľҡȍľ ËΎ͑нӕľѸҡΎƸƄǣֆЙҡ‫ل‬kѸӕǣǣľѸҡɗΎ͑Փɗ́́ ҡȍľфľƸΎфľ ¡ľ̲ĀľƸΎфҡՓΎΎҡȍľфĀҡľѸΎƸ¡ɗфҡȍƸΎфͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ل‬ ʊ͑͑ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑́ЙΎľٍ̲ҡȍľƸΎфľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀЙΎľ̲͑Ύ‫ل‬؉ٍͅӕ́ֆȖЙфɗѸľѸȍɗѸ ǣф͑ĀƸҡȍľф ҙ˔ȍф ɗ͑  Ëľфҡɗ͑ ӕ̲͑͑ľĀ Փф ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ҡȍľ ҡՓΎ ҡфɗ¡ľѸ ȸՓ&‫׀‬ɗ͑ ͑Ā ҽ̲ɦ̲ ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉‫ؐو‬،‫آؐڎ‬٫‫ ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ ɗҡ Ѹľľ̲Ѹ ȍľфľ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ҽ̲ɦ̲ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ҡȍľ Ƹ̲ΎӕѸ ҽ̲ɦ̲ ¡‫ͅ ل‬ӕфф ҡфɗ¡ľ‫ ل‬ḱҡȍΎӕǣȍ ѸľԮľф́ ՓфѸ ĀɗĀ ΎËËӕф ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ҡȍľѸľ ҡՓΎ ҡфɗ¡ľѸٍ ͑Ύ͑ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ̲ ɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľĀ ҡȍľ Ѹȍфľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ȸӕĀȍֆ́ ҡфɗ¡ľٍ Ύф ҡ ́ľѸҡ ҡȍľ ȸӕĀȍ́ɗ ËȍɗľƸѸٍ Ѹ ͅӕ́ֆȖ Ë́ɗ̲Ѹ‫ ؓؐل‬ʊҡ Ѹľľ̲Ѹ ҡȍҡ ҽ̲ɦ̲ ȍľфľ ɗѸ ҽ̲ɦ̲ ¡‫ ل‬ґ‫ܡ‬Ā ¡‫ ل‬ȸӕĀȍֆٍ́ ҡȍľ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ ¡ф͑Ëȍ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ȸӕĀȍֆ́ ҡфɗ¡ľٍ ҡΎ ՓȍɗËȍ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ͑Ā ȍɗѸ ǣф͑ĀƸҡȍľф ҙ˔ȍф ¡ľ́Ύ͑ǣ‫ ؗؐل‬ҽȍľ ̲͑ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Փф ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ɗ͑ҡȍľ ЙΎľ̲ ͑Ā ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ¡ΎΎ˔Ѹ ҡȍҡ Āľ́ ՓɗҡȍҡȍľȸӕĀȍֆ́ҡфɗ¡ľٍ͑ĀʊƸɗ́ľĀҡΎƸɗ͑ĀɗҡѸ̲͑ľΎфҡȍľֆľфΎƸɗҡѸΎËËӕф‫ڎ‬ ؐ؉  ´ľË˔ľфٍ٘´&¡́ֆӣٍ͑ٚʊ‫لؓؓآو‬  kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦٍ٘ͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ‫ل؟؜‬ ؐؐ  Ibid.ٍ‫ل؟؜‬ ؐؓ  ґľľƸΎфľի̲Й́ľѸҡȍľՓфѸΎƸѠȖфȖ&ٍ͑ґȍɗ‫ٍ́¡ˇ¡ܡ‬ġȍӣͮʮ¡ٍ͑‫ͮڎ‬ɗѸ&фٍˇɗƸ&фٍ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕ́́&͑‫ ل‬ḱ́ ΎËËӕффľĀ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ҡȍľ ҡՓΎ ѸɗĀľѸ‫ ل‬k¡Ύӕҡ ҡȍľѸľ ՓфѸ Ѹľľ ˇ&Ā ́‫ڎ‬ ͅՓ́&ٍ́‫´ڎ‬ɗʮ&Փɦٍ͑Āʊ¡ф&ȍɦٍ̲Ayym al-arab f l-jhiliyya٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&фʊȖֆ&‫ܥ‬ҡ‫ڎ‬ ҽӕф&ҡȍ́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɦٍ؉‫؜إ‬؉٧ٍ؉؆‫ڎ؟‬؉؆‫آؐڎآ؟ٍؐ؟؜ؐڎٍؓؓؐآ‬؉ٌɂӕѸֆٍ͑Qablat Tamm abr al-u r: an-nasab, al-maw in, al-alm ٤ġ̲ѸËӕѸ‫ و‬ġ&ф ͑‫ͮڎ‬ӕ̲ֆфٍ ،؆؆؆٧ٍ ؉‫ؗ‬؉‫ڎ‬ ؉‫ؗ‬،ٍ ؉‫ڎ؟ؗ‬؉‫؜‬؆ٍ ؉‫ڎؓ؜‬؉‫ ٍؗ؜‬؉‫ڎ؟؜‬؉‫؟‬،ٌ Āȍ‫ڎ‬ġȍȍ¡ɦٍ Mawsat qablat ban Tamm: trkhuh, ansbuh, almuh ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬Ā‫ڎ‬ġ&ф ́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɗֆֆ ́ɗ‫ͅڎ́ڎ‬ՓѸӣ‫&ܡ‬ҡٍ ،؆؆ؓ٧ٍ ؉‫ؓؐ و‬؉‫ؓؐڎ‬،ٍ ؐ‫؜ؐڎؓؗ‬،ٌ Ҩ‫ڎ‬Ӆֆֆɗ¡ٍ Mawsat al-qabil al-arabiyya, buth maydniyya wa-trkhiyya ٤æɗфΎ‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫ڎ‬Ǘɗ˔ф ́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɦٍ ،؆؆،‫ڎ‬،؆؆‫ؗ‬٧ٍ ‫ٌآؗ وآ‬ ґȍȍɦĀٍ٘ґȍɗ‫¡ܡ‬ġʮ¡ٍ́ٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ʊռ‫ؓو‬،ؓ‫ل‬ ؐ‫ؗ‬  ґľľҡȍľǣľ͑ľ́ΎǣɗË́́ɗ͑ľΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖɗ͑Й‫ل‬،‫ل؜إ‬ʊ͑ĀĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑¡Ύӕҡҡȍľǣľ͑ľ́Ύǣֆ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ȸӕĀȍ́ɗ ҽ̲ɦ̲ Ѹľľ ʊ¡͑ ɂ‫ڎ́ ̲׀‬k͑Ā́ӕѸɦٍ Jamharat ansb al-arabٍ ľĀ‫ل‬ ‫ܡ‬k¡ĀѸ‫ڎ‬ґ́&̲ͅӕȖ̲̲Āȸ&фӣ͑٤æɗфΎ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫&ܡͅڎ‬фɗƸٍ؉‫؟إ‬؉٧ٍ؉‫ل؟إ‬ ؐ،  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،ؓ؉ фľ͑Ëľ‫ل‬ʊƸՓľ˔͑ľՓҡȍľֆľфٍɗҡՓΎӕ́Ā¡ľЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡΎ˔͑ΎՓՓȍľ͑ҙ˔ȍф́ɗԮľĀ ͑ĀҡΎË́Ëӕ́ҡľҡȍľֆľфɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸ¡Ύф͑‫ل‬ ҽȍɗѸ ɗ͑ĀӕËľѸ ӕѸ ͑Ύҡ ҡΎ ËËľЙҡ ȸľ́́ٔѸ ѸѸӕ̲ЙҡɗΎ͑ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸ ҡȍľ ֆΎӕ͑ǣľѸҡЙΎľҡ̲Ύ͑ǣҡȍľȸӕĀȍ́ɗѸٍЙΎľҡՓȍΎ́ɗԮľĀĀӕфɗ͑ǣҡȍľ́ҡľфֆľфѸ ΎƸҡȍľԆ̲ֆֆĀľф͑ĀՓȍΎЙľфȍЙѸ́ɗԮľĀ́ѸΎɗ͑ҡȍľ‫ܡ‬k¡¡&ѸɗĀľф‫؜ؐل‬ ʊҡ ɗѸ ՓΎфҡȍ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖٍ ɗ͑ Ύ͑ľ ΎƸ ȍɗѸ ЙΎľ̲Ѹٍ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ Ë́ľф́ֆ ҡȍҡȍľȍѸǣфֆȍɗф٪ͅ¡ɂؐ‫و‬،‫إ‬٫‫ل‬kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦѸҡҡľѸٍҡȍľĀľѸËфɗЙҡɗΎ͑ΎƸǣфֆ ȍɗф ĀΎľѸ ͑Ύҡ ͑ľËľѸѸфɗ́ֆ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡľ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ɗѸ Ύ́Ā‫ ل‬kѸ ȍľ ѸֆѸٍ ֆΎӕҡȍѸ ̲ֆ ́ѸΎ ¡ľËΎ̲ľ ǣфֆ‫ڎ‬ȍɗфľĀ‫ ؟ؐل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ ɗҡ Ѹľľ̲Ѹ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸ фľ́́ֆ Ύ́ĀǣľĀٍ¡ľËӕѸľɗ͑͑ΎҡȍľфЙΎľ̲ȍľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸËľфҡɗ͑́ΎԮľƸƸɗфՓȍɗËȍ ΎËËӕффľĀĀӕфɗ͑ǣȍɗѸֆΎӕҡȍٍՓȍɗËȍɗ̲Й́ɗľѸҡȍҡȍľɗѸ͑ΎՓ͑Ύ́Ύ͑ǣľфֆΎӕҡȍ ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫وإ‬؉‫آ‬٫‫ل‬ҽȍľҡՓΎЙΎľ̲ѸٍËΎ͑Ѹľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆٍѸȍΎՓҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸΎ́ĀǣľĀ‫ل‬ ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ ͑ ľѸҡɗ̲ҡľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ͑ӕ̲¡ľф ΎƸ ֆľфѸ ȍľ ́ɗԮľĀ ɗѸ ɗ̲ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍΎӕҡȍɗѸЙΎľҡɗËΎӕҡЙӕҡ‫ل‬  ،‫ل‬،Where did He Live? ،‫ل‬،‫ل‬؉Analysis for the Places Mentioned in his Poetry ˇΎѸľЙȍȸľ́́ѸѸӕ̲ľѸҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸҡΎՓ͑ĀՓľ́́ľф‫´ل‬ӕҡȍľĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡЙфΎ‫ڎ‬ ԮɗĀľ͑ֆË́ľфЙфΎΎƸҡΎѸӕЙЙΎфҡȍɗѸѸѸӕ̲ЙҡɗΎ͑‫آؐل‬ʊҡѸľľ̲Ѹҡȍҡҡȍľ¡ľѸҡՓֆ ҡΎѸӕф̲ɗѸľɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍфľǣɗΎ͑Ѹͅӕ́ֆȖЙфΎ¡¡́ֆ́ɗԮľĀٍ͑ĀËΎ͑Ѹľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆҡΎĀľ‫ڎ‬ ҡľф̲ɗ͑ľ Փȍľҡȍľф ȍľ ՓѸ  ĀľѸľфҡ ´ľĀΎӕɗ͑ Ύф  ҡΎՓ͑ Ëɗҡɗ‫׀‬ľٍ͑ ɗѸ ҡΎ ľի̲ɗ͑ľ ҡȍľЙ́ËľѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀɗ͑ȍɗѸЙΎľҡфֆٍľѸЙľËɗ́́ֆҡȍΎѸľՓȍɗËȍфľѸɗĀҡΎ¡ľҡȍľ ĀՓľ́́ɗ͑ǣѸ ΎƸ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ Ύ͑ľѸ‫ ل‬ʊҡ ՓΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ фľѸΎ͑¡́ľ ҡΎ ѸѸӕ̲ľ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ‫ڎ‬ ́ֆȖ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑ҡȍľѸ̲ľЙ́ËľѸٍΎфҡ́ľѸҡ͑ΎҡҡΎΎƸфΎƸƸƸфΎ̲ՓȍľфľȍɗѸ¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ́ΎԮľĀѸȍĀΎ͑ËľĀՓľ́ҡ‫ل‬ʊ͑ҡȍľƸΎ́́ΎՓɗ͑ǣЙǣľѸٍ͑ҡҡľ̲ЙҡՓɗ́́¡ľ̲ĀľҡΎ ĀľƸɗ͑ľҡȍľǣľΎǣфЙȍɗË́́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ѸΎƸҡȍľЙ́ËľѸՓȍľфľҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ́ɗԮľĀٍË‫ڎ‬ ËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸЙΎľ̲ѸٍΎфҡȍфΎӕǣȍՓȍɗËȍҡȍľֆ̲фËȍľĀ͑ĀʮΎӕф͑ľֆľĀٍ ͑Ā́ѸΎҡȍľЙ́ËľѸՓȍľфľͅӕ́ֆȖ̲фËȍľĀΎфՓȍɗËȍȍľԮɗѸɗҡľĀ‫ل‬æΎ͑Ë́ӕѸɗΎ͑Ѹ Ë͑ ҡȍľ͑ ¡ľ ̲Āľ фľǣфĀɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľѸľ Й́ËľѸ Ύф фľǣɗΎ͑Ѹ ¡ѸľĀ Ύ͑ ѸӕËȍ ĀľƸɗ͑ɗ‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ‫ل‬ k̲Ύ͑ǣҡȍľЙ́ËľѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀɗ͑ҡȍɗѸфľǣфĀɗѸ‫ܡ‬k̲нٍՓȍľфľͮ&‫ܥ‬ɗٍ́ȍɗѸ¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ́ΎԮľĀٍѸЙľ͑ҡҡȍľѸЙфɗ͑ǣЙľфɗΎĀ٪ͅ¡ɂ،‫ؐو‬٫‫ܡل‬k̲нɗѸ̲͑ľΎƸΎ͑ľΎƸҡȍľwdѸ ΎƸҨ‫ڎ‬Ӆ&‫ܥ‬ɗƸ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸ́ѸΎҡȍľ̲͑ľΎƸЙ́ËľٍЙЙфľ͑ҡ́ֆѸΎӕфËľΎƸՓҡľфٍ͑ľф ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑ ¡ľ́Ύ͑ǣɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ͅӕ‫׀‬ֆ͑ ҡфɗ¡ľ‫ إؐل‬ǗфΎ̲ ‫ܡ‬k̲нٍ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ͑Ā ؐ‫؜‬  ȸľٍ́́٘ġľфʊѸ̲́ӕ͑ĀĀɗľȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ĀɗËȍҡӕ͑ǣľٍ͑ٚ‫إٍآآ‬،‫ل‬  kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦٍ٘ͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ‫ل؟؜‬ ؐ‫آ‬  ȸľٍ́́٘ġľфʊѸ̲́ӕ͑ĀĀɗľȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ĀɗËȍҡӕ͑ǣľٍ͑ٚ‫لؐإ‬ ؐ‫إ‬  ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍMujam m stujimٍؐ‫و‬،،‫ڎؗ‬،،‫ڎٌ́؜‬ɂ&‫׀‬ɗ̲ɦٍM ttafaqa laf uh wa-ftaraqa musammh f l-amkin wa-l-buldn al-mushtabiha f l-kha ٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬Ǘӕҡ ґľ‫׀‬ǣɗ͑ ٤ǗË‫ڎ‬ Ѹɗ̲ɗ́ľ ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ՈΎ́ӕ̲ľ ؐ‫ ٌؗ‬Ǘф͑˔Ƹӕфҡ‫ و‬ʊ͑Ѹҡɗҡӕҡľ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ȸɗѸҡΎфֆ ΎƸ kф¡ɗË‫ڎ‬ʊѸ̲́ɗË ґËɗľ͑ËľҡҡȍľˇΎȍ͑͑ՠΎ́Ƹǣ͑ǣǾΎľҡȍľԆ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆ٧ٍ،‫آ‬،‫ڎ‬،‫&ٌ֤ؐآ‬нӣҡ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍ Mujam al-Buldnٍؓ‫و‬؉‫ل؜؟‬ ؐ‫؟‬ ،ؓ، k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ȍľфҡфɗ¡ľĀľЙфҡľĀҡΎ͑Ύҡȍľфӕ̲͑͑ľĀЙ́Ëľ͑ľфҡȍľѸľËΎѸҡٍЙЙфľ͑ҡ́ֆ ҡȍľ ËΎѸҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ѠľĀ ґľ ٪ͅ¡ɂ،‫ؓو‬٫‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ͑Ύҡȍľф ЙΎľٍ̲ ґӕ‫ܡ‬Ā&ٍ ͑Ύҡȍľф ¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ́ΎԮľĀٍ ĀľЙфҡѸ ҡΎǣľҡȍľф Փɗҡȍ ȍľф ҡфɗ¡ľ ҡΎ  Ëľфҡɗ͑ Й́Ëľ ̲фËȍɗ͑ǣ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍ ́‫ڎ‬т&‫͑&ܡ‬٪ͅ¡ɂ‫وؗ‬،ؐ٫‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍʊƸɗ́ľĀҡΎƸɗ͑Āɗ͑ҡȍľǣľΎǣфЙȍɗË́¡ΎΎ˔Ѹɗ͑ ȍ͑ĀՓȍɗËȍЙ́ËľȍѸҡȍľѸ̲ľ̲͑ľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ¡ֆͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ل‬kѸɗ̲ɗ́ф̲͑ľ ՓȍɗËȍ¡ľфѸҡȍľѸɗ͑ǣӕ́фƸΎф̲́‫ڎ‬т&‫ܡ‬ɗ͑ĀɗËҡľѸЙ́Ëľɗ͑́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦٍ͑͑Ā͑‫ڎ‬ ΎҡȍľфΎ͑ľɗ͑́‫ؓل̲&̲֤ڎ‬؆ʊҡɗѸ͑Ύҡ˔͑ΎՓ͑ՓȍľҡȍľфҡȍɗѸЙ́ËľɗѸҡȍľѸ̲ľ́‫ڎ‬ т&‫̲ ͑&ܡ‬ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ¡ֆ ͅӕ́ֆȖٍ ¡ӕҡ Ύ͑ľ ՓΎӕ́Ā ҡľ͑Ā ҡΎ ¡ľ́ɗľԮľ ѸΎٍ ͑Ā Ύ͑ľ ̲ֆ ҡľ͑Ā ľԮľ͑ ҡΎ ¡ľ́ɗľԮľ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ѸľËΎ͑Ā ́‫ڎ‬т&‫ ٍܡ‬ҡȍҡ ɗ͑ ́‫ ̲&̲֤ڎ‬ɗѸ ҡȍľ Ύ͑ľɗ͑ҡľ͑ĀľĀɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľ̲‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸɗѸ¡ľËӕѸľͅӕ́ֆȖ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹҡȍҡȍľ͑ĀȍɗѸ ËΎ̲фĀľѸфΎĀľҡȍľɗфË̲ľ́Ѹɗ͑ЙӕфѸӕɗҡΎƸҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٔѸË̲ľ́ҡфɗ͑‫ل‬ȸľËΎ̲‫ڎ‬ ЙфľѸȍɗѸË̲ľ́͑ĀҡȍΎѸľΎƸȍɗѸËΎ̲фĀľѸҡΎΎ͑ǣľфѸՓȍɗËȍфľфӕ͑͑ɗ͑ǣҡΎ‫ڎ‬ ՓфĀѸǗ́ʮ͑ĀҽՓՓʮɗ͑ΎфĀľфҡΎфľËȍҡȍľՓҡľф٪ͅ¡ɂ‫وؗ‬،‫؟‬٫‫ؓل‬؉ҽȍľѸľфľ ҡՓΎ Й́ËľѸ Ë́ΎѸľ ҡΎ ́‫ ل̲&̲֤ڎ‬ҽՓՓʮ ɗѸ  ̲͑ľ ΎƸ Й́Ëľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ĀľѸľфҡ ՓȍľфľƸ́ËΎ͑Ѹ́ɗԮľĀٍ͑ĀɗҡɗѸ́ѸΎËɗҡֆɗ͑ЬľфѸɗٍ¡ӕҡҡȍɗѸѸľËΎ͑Ā́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ ĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡƸɗҡҡȍľËѸľɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľ̲‫ؓل‬،ḱҡȍΎӕǣȍɗҡɗѸ͑Ύҡ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍΎƸ ҡȍľĀľѸľфҡѸΎƸkф¡ɗҡȍɗѸҽՓՓʮË͑¡ľƸΎӕ͑Āٍɗҡ̲ֆ¡ľɗ͑ҡȍľĀľѸľфҡΎƸ Ā‫ڎ‬ġȍ͑&‫ ܥ‬ɗ͑ ѸΎӕҡȍľѸҡ kф¡ɗٍ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ́‫ܡڎ‬kфӣĈ ٤ɗ‫ل‬ľ‫͑ ̲&̲֤ڎ́ ل‬Ā ́‫ڎ‬ ´Ȗфֆ͑٧ٍ‫ܡ‬Ԇ̲&͑͑Ā́‫¡ٍ̲֤͑ڎ‬ľËӕѸľҡȍɗѸЙ́ËľٍËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎҡȍľЙΎľٍ̲ Ѹľľ̲ѸҡΎ¡ľË́ΎѸľҡΎǗ́ʮՓȍɗËȍɗѸ̲͑ľΎƸ́Ύ͑ǣwad¡ľǣɗ͑Ѹɗ͑ҡȍľՓľѸҡ‫ڎ‬ ľф͑ Йфҡ ΎƸ Ā‫ڎ‬ġȍ͑&‫͑ ܥ‬Ā ËΎ͑ҡɗ͑ӕľѸ ҡΎՓфĀѸ ҡȍľ ͑ΎфҡȍľѸҡ ӕ͑ҡɗ́ ɗҡ фľËȍľѸ Ë́ΎѸľҡΎҡȍľǾӕ́Ƹ‫ؐؓل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣѸЙľËɗƸɗË́́ֆҡȍľѸľҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸɗ͑Ύф‫ڎ‬ Āľф ҡΎ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ľ ҡȍľ Ύ͑ǣľфѸ ̲ֆ ȍԮľ ¡ľľ͑ ĀΎ͑ľ ф¡ɗҡффɗ́ֆ Ύф ɗҡ ̲ֆ ¡ľ ӕѸľĀ Ѹ  Ë́ɗËȍŃ‫ ل‬ʊҡ Ѹľľ̲Ѹ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ѸľËΎ͑Ā ЙΎѸѸɗ¡ɗ́ɗҡֆ ɗѸ ́ľѸѸ ËËľЙҡ¡́ľ‫ ل‬ʊƸ ҡȍľѸľҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸфľËΎ͑ËľɗԮľĀѸË́ɗËȍŃѸٍҡȍľ͑Ύ͑ľѸȍΎӕ́ĀѸѸӕ̲ľҡȍҡҡȍľֆ ̲ӕѸҡ Ƹфľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆ ΎËËӕф ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Ϙ́Ā kф¡ɗË Ύ͑ǣľф ľЙɗѸΎĀľѸ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍľ ËΎфЙӕѸ ǣҡȍľфľĀ ¡ֆ ҽȍΎ̲Ѹ ´ӕľф ҡȍľ Й́Ëľ ҽՓՓʮ ĀΎľѸ ͑Ύҡ ΎËËӕф‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ѸľËΎ͑Ā Й́ËľٍǗ́ʮٍɗѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀΎ͑́ֆΎ͑Ëľɗ͑ayniyyaΎƸwfir ¡ֆҡȍľmukharam ؓ؆  ֤&нӣҡ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍibid.ٍؓ‫لآؐؐو‬  ´ф'ӕ ¡ľ́ɗľԮľѸ ҡȍҡ ľԮľ͑ ɗ͑ ԮľфѸľѸ ،‫ڎآ‬،‫ͅ ٍإ‬ӕ́ֆȖËΎ͑ҡɗ͑ӕľѸ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ Ύ͑‫ڎ‬ ǣľфѸٍѸľľ´ф'ӕٍ٘ġɗľǾľĀɗËȍҡľĀľѸȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ͅӕ́ɗȖ¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ،‫´لؓ؜‬фΎË˔ľ́‫ڎ‬ ̲͑͑ɗ͑ȍɗѸфҡɗË́ľ٘‫ד‬ӕĀľ͑ǾľĀɗËȍҡľ͑ĀľѸȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ͅӕ́ɗȖ¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂ˔̲ٚĀΎľѸ ͑Ύҡ̲˔ľ͑ֆËΎффľËҡɗΎ͑ѸҡΎ´ф'ӕٔѸҡф͑Ѹ́ҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľҡՓΎԮľфѸľѸ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸՓΎфҡȍ̲ľ͑‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣ ҡȍҡ ɗ͑ҡȍľҡՓΎԮľфѸľѸ ͅӕ́ֆȖĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡ ̲˔ľ ͑ֆфľƸľфľ͑ËľҡΎҡȍľΎ͑‫ڎ‬ ǣľфѸٍ¡ӕҡ̲ľфľ́ֆĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸҡȍľՓΎ̲ľ͑ՓɗҡȍՓȍΎ̲ͅӕ́ֆȖ͑ĀȍɗѸËΎ̲фĀľѸ̲ľҡ‫ل‬ ҽȍľՓΎ̲ľ͑фľȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ͑ĀΎҡȍľфՓΎ̲ľ͑ΎƸȍľфҡфɗ¡ľ‫ل‬ ؓ،  ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍ Mujam m stujimٍ ؉‫ و‬،‫إ‬،ٌ֤&нӣҡ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍ Mujam al-Buldnٍ ،‫ڎؗ؜ و‬ ‫ل؜؜‬ ؓؐ  ḱ‫&ˇڎ‬Ѹɗфٍal-Mujam al-jughrf li-l-bild al-arabiyya s-sudiyya, al-min aqa sh-sharqiyya (al-Barayn qadman)٤ѠɗֆĀ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫̲́&̲֤ڎ‬ɗ‫´ڎ́ڎ‬ȖҡȍՓ‫ڎ‬ҡ‫ڎ‬ҽфʮ̲Փ‫ڎ͑ڎ‬ ͮѸȍфٍ؉‫آإ‬؉٧ٍ ؐ‫و‬؉ؐ؉‫ڎؗ‬؉ؐؐ؆ٍËƸ‫ل‬؉ؐ،‫لآ‬ҽȍľӕҡȍΎфĀɗѸËӕѸѸľѸ̲͑ֆĀľƸɗ͑ɗҡɗΎ͑ѸΎƸ ҡȍľ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍɗѸЙ́ËľѸҡȍľֆЙЙľфɗ͑Ë́ѸѸɗË́kф¡ɗË¡ΎΎ˔Ѹ͑ĀǣľΎǣфЙȍ‫ڎ‬ ɗË́́ľիɗËΎ͑Ѹٍ͑ĀËΎ̲ľѸҡΎҡȍľ¡ΎԮľ‫̲ڎ‬ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀËΎ͑Ë́ӕѸɗΎ͑‫ل‬ ؓ؉  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،ؓؐ ЙΎľҡҽ̲ɦ̲¡‫ل‬Ԇ¡ֆֆ¡‫ͅل‬ӕн¡ɗ́٤Ā‫ل‬Ƹҡľфؐ‫؜ؗ؜ڈؗ‬ΎфѸȍΎфҡ́ֆƸҡľф‫؟‬؆‫إ؜ڈ‬؆٧‫ؓؓل‬ ȸΎՓľԮľфٍɗҡՓΎӕ́ĀѸҡɗ́́¡ľĀɗƸƸɗËӕ́ҡ ҡΎ ˔͑ΎՓՓȍֆͅӕ́ֆȖѸЙľËɗƸɗË́́ֆËȍΎѸľ ҡȍľѸľҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸҡΎĀľѸËфɗ¡ľҡȍľҡфɗЙΎƸҡȍľΎ͑ǣľфѸ‫ل‬Ϙ́Ākф¡ɗËЙΎľҡфֆ̲ľ͑‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑ѸΎҡȍľфЙ́ËľѸɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍΎ͑ǣľфѸՓľфľƸΎӕ͑Ā‫ل‬ҽȍľфľѸΎ͑ƸΎф̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸ̲ֆ¡ľҡȍҡҡȍľֆфľË́ΎѸľҡΎՓȍľфľҡȍľ́ΎԮľф͑ĀȍɗѸËΎ̲‫ڎ‬ фĀľѸՓľфľҡфԮľ́́ɗ͑ǣҡҡȍҡ̲Ύ̲ľ͑ҡ‫ل‬ʊҡ̲ֆ¡ľ́ѸΎҡȍľĀľѸҡɗ͑ҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٔѸҡфɗ¡ľ‫ل‬ʊƸѸΎٍҡȍɗѸ̲ֆɗ͑ĀɗËҡľҡȍҡ́‫ڎ‬т&‫͑&ܡ‬ՓľфľѸΎ̲ľՓȍľфľ͑ľф Ǘ́ʮ ͑Ā ҽՓՓʮ‫ ل‬ҽȍɗѸ ̲ֆ ́ѸΎ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡľ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ȍĀ ĀՓľ́ҡ ɗ͑ Ύф ͑ľф٤ՓľѸҡΎф͑ΎфҡȍՓľѸҡΎƸ٧́‫ٍ̲͑&̲֤ڎ‬Āҡȍľ͑ĀľЙфҡľĀľѸҡՓфĀѸΎфҡΎ ҡȍľ͑ΎфҡȍľѸҡΎƸҡȍľѸľҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸ‫ل‬ ȸΎՓľԮľфٍľԮľ͑ɗƸ́‫ڎ‬т&‫ܡ‬ɗѸҡȍľЙ́Ëľɗ͑́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑͑Ā͑ΎҡҡȍľΎ͑ľɗ͑́‫ڎ‬ ֤̲&ٍ̲ҡȍɗѸՓΎӕ́Ā͑Ύҡ¡ľӕ͑ËËľЙҡ¡́ľ‫ل‬ʊ͑ҡȍɗѸËѸľٍɗҡՓΎӕ́Ā¡ľѸѸӕ̲ľĀ ҡȍҡҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٔѸҡфɗ¡ľ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑Ύф͑ľф́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦٍ͑ҡȍľ͑ĀľЙфҡľĀľѸҡՓфĀѸٍ ɗƸ Ǘ́ʮ ͑Ā ҽՓՓʮ Փľфľ ͑Ύҡ ËȍΎѸľ͑ ф¡ɗҡффɗ́ֆٍ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ĀɗфľËҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ́‫ڎ‬ ֤̲&ٍ̲ ҡΎՓфĀѸ ҡȍľ ľѸҡ Ύф ͑Ύфҡȍ ľѸҡ ΎƸ ɗҡ‫ ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ ËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ҡȍɗѸ ѸľËΎ͑ĀËѸľٍΎ͑ľѸȍΎӕ́ĀѸѸӕ̲ľҡȍҡҡȍľԮΎֆǣľΎƸҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٔѸҡфɗ¡ľՓѸ Ԯľфֆ́Ύ͑ǣٍѸɗ͑ËľҡȍľĀɗѸҡ͑ËľѸľЙфҡɗ͑ǣ¡ľҡՓľľ͑́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑͑Ā́‫̲&̲֤ڎ‬ ɗѸ¡Ύӕҡ؉،؆؆˔̲‫ؗؓل‬ ʊ͑͑ΎҡȍľфЙΎľٍ̲ҡȍľ́ΎԮľфЙфľѸľ͑ҡѸȍɗ̲Ѹľ́Ƹɗ͑‫ד‬ɦ‫ܥ&׀‬Ύф‫ד‬ֆ‫ܥ&׀‬٪ͅ¡ɂ‫و؟‬؉٫ ՓȍɗËȍɗѸ¡ɗǣԮɗ́́ǣľɗ͑ҡȍľ́‫́´ڎ‬н&‫ܥ‬фľǣɗΎ͑ɗ͑ˇΎфĀٌ͑ҡȍľЙɗ́ǣфɗ̲ǣľфΎӕҡľ ӕѸľĀҡΎЙѸѸҡȍфΎӕǣȍɗҡ‫ͅ؜ؓل‬ӕ́ֆȖ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍҡȍľՓѸɗ͑ҡȍҡЙ́Ëľɗ͑ȍɗѸ фľҡӕф͑ʮΎӕф͑ľֆȍΎ̲ľ٤qfiĺɗҡľф́́ֆ̲ľ͑ѸËΎ̲ɗ͑ǣ¡Ë˔ƸфΎ̲ҡфԮľ́٧‫ل‬ҽȍľфľ ȍľфľË́́ľĀ̞ֆ́&ٍȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ل‬ȸľҡȍľ̲͑ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡȍҡȍľ̲фËȍľĀҡȍфΎӕǣȍ ґȍфнɦ ‫ܡ‬k̲̲&͑ ٤ľѸҡľф͑ ΎƸ k̲̲͑٧ٍ ՓȍɗËȍ ɗѸ ́ѸΎ  Йфҡ ΎƸ ́‫́´ڎ‬н&‫ ܥ‬фľ‫ڎ‬ ǣɗΎ͑‫؟ؓل‬ҽȍľфľȍľфľË́́ľĀҡȍľѸ̲ľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫ؐو؟‬٫‫´ل‬ľҡՓľľ͑¡Ύҡȍ́ΎԮľфѸ ҡȍľфľՓľфľҡՓΎѸľЙфҡɗ͑ǣЙ́ËľѸٍҡȍľƸɗфѸҡՓѸѸȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍф&ՓȍɗËȍɗ͑ҡȍɗѸЙΎ‫ڎ‬ ľٍ̲ËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎѸľԮľф́Ë́ѸѸɗË́ӕҡȍΎфɗҡɗľѸٍɗѸЙ́Ëľ͑ľфͅ˔˔ٍؓ‫آ‬Փȍɗ́ľ ؓؓ  ´ӕľфٍAltarabische Dichtkunstٍ،‫و‬،؉،ٍԮ‫ل‬؉؆‫ل‬  ҽȍľĀɗѸҡ͑Ëľ¡ľҡՓľľ͑¡ΎҡȍՓѸË́Ëӕ́ҡľĀĀľЙľ͑Āɗ͑ǣΎ͑ҡȍľ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ѸΎƸҡȍľҡՓΎ Й́ËľѸËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎҡȍľ̲Й¡ֆѠľ¡ѸҡΎË˔ٍ٘ġѸɗѸ̲́ɗѸËȍľkф¡ɗľ͑¡ɗѸ‫׀‬ӕ̲ҽΎĀľ ĀľѸ ЬфΎЙȍľҡľ͑ ٤‫ؐ؜‬،‫ڈ‬؉؉ȍ٧ٍٚ Tbinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (TAVO) ٤ՠɗľѸ¡‫ڎ‬ Āľ͑‫̞و‬ӕĀՓɗǣѠľɗËȍľфҡՈľф́ǣٍ؉‫؟آإ‬٧ٍٚЙΎɗ͑ҡѸ،‫ؓڈؗ‬؆͑Ā،‫لآؓڈؗ‬ ؓ‫؜‬  ֤&нӣҡ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍ Mujam al-Buldnٍ ؐ‫ و‬؉‫´ڎ́ ٌؓآ‬ǣȍĀ&Āɦٍ Khiznat al-adab walubb lubb lisn al-arabٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬ʊ̲ɦ́ ´Āɦ‫ܡ֤ ܡ‬нӣ¡ ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫˫ڎ‬ӕҡӕ¡ ́‫ܡڎ‬ʊ̲́ɗֆֆٍ ؉‫آإإ‬٧ٍ؉؆‫و‬؉‫؟‬؉‫ل‬ ؓ‫؟‬  ֤&нӣҡ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍ Mujam al-Buldnٍ ؓ‫ و‬؉‫؟‬؆ٌ ґΎӕфĀľ́‫ڎ‬ҽȍΎ̲ɗ͑ľٍ ٘́‫ܥ&˙́´ڎ‬ٍٚ The Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ʊ‫ل؟إإو‬ ؓ‫آ‬  ḱ‫ڎ‬ɂ&‫׀‬ɗ̲ɦٍM ttafaqa laf uh wa-ftaraqa musammhٍ،ؓ؉‫ڎ‬،ؓ،ٌ֤&нӣҡ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍ Mujam al-Buldnٍ ؐ‫´ لؓ؟ؐ و‬Ύҡȍ ѸËȍΎ́фѸ нӕΎҡľ ҡȍľ ԮľфѸľ ¡ֆ ͅӕ́ֆȖٍ ¡ӕҡ ҡȍľֆ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ͮ‫͑&̲ܡ‬ɗ͑ѸҡľĀΎƸ‫ܡ‬k̲̲&ٍ͑ՓȍɗËȍ ɗѸ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ɗ͑ ͮʮĀ ¡ľ́Ύ͑ǣɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ҡȍľӅֆֆɗ‫ܥ‬ҡфɗ¡ľ‫ل‬ʊҡѸľľ̲ѸҡȍҡҡȍľԮľфѸɗΎ͑ҡȍľֆ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗѸ́ľѸѸËΎффľËҡٍѸɗ͑ËľɗҡɗѸ ѸȍΎՓ͑ɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľ̲ҡȍҡҡȍľ́ΎԮľфՓѸٍՓȍɗ́ľфľË́́ɗ͑ǣȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٍɗ͑ҡȍľ´́н&‫ܥ‬ фľǣɗΎ͑ՓȍɗËȍɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľѸ¡Ύҡȍ‫ד‬ɦ‫דڈܥ&׀‬ֆ‫͑ܥ&׀‬Ā‫ܡ‬k̲̲&͑‫ل‬ ؓ‫ؗ‬ ،ؓؓ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ҡȍľѸľËΎ͑ĀՓѸ́‫ͅڎ‬ӕ‫ܡ‬ффƸՓȍɗËȍɗѸЙ́ËľՓȍľфľҡȍľЙɗ́ǣфɗ̲ѸѸҡ͑Āɗ͑ҡȍľ Ƹ̲ΎӕѸ‫ܡ‬kфƸ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑͑ľфͅ˔˔‫إؓل‬ҽȍɗѸѸȍΎՓѸҡȍҡҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ́ɗԮľĀҡΎ ҡȍľѸΎӕҡȍΎƸҡȍľѸľҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸٌɗҡɗѸ͑Ύҡ́ɗ˔ľ́ֆҡȍľфľƸΎфľҡȍҡѸȍľ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑́‫ڎ‬ ٍ֤̲͑ΎфľԮľ͑¡ľҡՓľľ͑ɗҡ͑Āͅ˔˔‫ل‬ ҽȍľ́ΎԮľфɗ͑ҡȍľѸ̲ľЙΎľ̲̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍҡȍľҡфԮľ́́ľĀԮľфֆȍѸҡɗ́ֆٍǣΎ‫ڎ‬ ɗ͑ǣҡȍфΎӕǣȍҡȍľkǣȍ́¡̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍɗѸɗ͑ҡȍľфľǣɗΎ͑ΎƸҽֆ̲&‫ܥ‬ɗ͑͑Ύфҡȍ‫ڎ‬ ՓľѸҡľф͑kф¡ɗ͑Ā́ѸΎҡȍфΎӕǣȍ́‫ڎ‬ɂɗʮ&‫͑׀‬Ā́‫ڎ‬ǾȍՓф٤ҽɗȍ&̲٧٪ͅ¡ɂ‫ڎؓو؟‬ ‫ؗ‬٫‫ؗل‬؆ kЙЙфľ͑ҡ́ֆٍ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍ ҡȍɗѸ ԮΎֆǣľٍ ȍľ ́́ӕĀľѸ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ƸËҡ ҡȍҡ ȍľ ̲Āľ ȍɗѸՓֆҡȍфΎӕǣȍҡȍľѸľЙ́ËľѸҡΎфľËȍȍɗѸҡфɗ¡ľٔѸ¡ΎĀľѸٍՓȍɗËȍѸľľ̲ҡΎ¡ľ ͑ľфҡȍľƸΎфľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀѸȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍф&͑Ā́‫ͅڎ‬ӕ‫ܡ‬ффƸٌɗ‫ل‬ľ‫͑ل‬ľфͅ˔˔‫ل‬ ҽȍľ ́ΎԮľф ́ѸΎ ́́ӕĀľѸ ҡΎ Ëľфҡɗ͑ Й́ËľѸ ɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ̞ֆ́& ĀՓľ́ҡ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍľ ѸЙфɗ͑ǣ ѸľѸΎٍ͑ Ѹȍľ ĀՓľ́ҡ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ k‫ܡ‬ֆ&ф ͑Ā ́‫´ڎ‬ɗф˔ٍ Փȍɗ́ľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Ѹӕ̲̲ľф Ѹȍľ ĀՓľ́ҡ ɗ͑ ́‫ڎ‬тƸ& ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫و؟‬؉؆٫‫ ل‬k͑ ľիËҡ Āľҡľф̲ɗ͑ҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľѸľ ҡȍфľľ Й́ËľѸɗѸ¡ɗҡĀɗƸƸɗËӕ́ҡ‫ل‬ḱ‫´ڎ‬ɗф˔ɗѸľɗҡȍľфЙ́ËľΎфwdɗ͑́‫ٍ̲&̲֤ڎ‬Ύф Й́Ëľɗ͑́‫̲֤͑ڎ‬ΎфЙ́Ëľɗ͑ͮʮĀΎфЙ́Ëľ͑ľф́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦٍ͑ΎфЙѸѸǣľ Փֆ٤naqb٧¡ľҡՓľľ͑ɗҡ͑Ā֤͑¡ӕ‫ܡ‬ՓȍɗËȍɗѸЙΎфҡΎ͑ҡȍľѠľĀґľËΎѸҡΎƸ ́‫ڎ‬ɂɗʮ&‫ ׀‬٤֤͑¡ӕ‫ ܡ‬ɗѸ ¡Ύӕҡ ؓ‫آ‬؆ ˔̲ ͑ΎфҡȍՓľѸҡ ΎƸ ͅ˔˔ ͑Ā ¡Ύӕҡ ،ؓ؆ ˔̲ ѸΎӕҡȍՓľѸҡΎƸ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑٧‫ؗل‬؉ʊҡѸľľ̲Ѹҡȍҡ́‫´ڎ‬ɗф˔ɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľ̲ΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖɗѸľɗ‫ڎ‬ ҡȍľфҡȍľЙ́Ëľ͑ľф́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑ΎфҡȍľΎ͑ľɗ͑́‫ل̲&̲֤ڎ‬ʊҡ̲ֆ¡ľѸѸӕ̲ľĀ ҡȍҡɗҡɗѸɗ͑ҡȍľѸ̲ľĀɗфľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸk‫ܡ‬ֆ&фՓȍɗËȍɗѸ́ѸΎҡȍľ̲͑ľΎƸҡՓΎЙ́Ë‫ڎ‬ ľѸ‫و‬Ύ͑ľɗ͑ҡȍľĀɗфľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑Փȍɗ́ľҡȍľΎҡȍľфɗѸ͑ľф́‫ل̲&̲֤ڎ‬ʊҡɗѸ ՓΎфҡȍ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣҡȍҡ֤&нӣҡ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦ٤Ā‫؜ل‬،‫ڈ؜‬؉،،‫إ‬٧ѸҡҡľѸҡȍҡk‫ܡ‬ֆ&фɗѸ ҡȍľ̲͑ľΎƸѸľԮľф̲́Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑Ѹ́́ΎƸҡȍľ̲фľ͑ľф́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦٌ͑¡ӕҡȍľҡȍľ͑ ́́ӕĀľѸ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ƸËҡ ҡȍҡٍ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЙΎľ̲ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖٍ k‫ܡ‬ֆ&ф ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ͑ֆ ΎƸ ҡȍľѸľ ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑Ѹ‫ل‬Ԇ͑ƸΎфҡӕ͑ҡľ́ֆٍҡȍľӕҡȍΎфĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡĀľƸɗ͑ľҡȍľ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸѸӕËȍ Й́Ëľɗ͑ҡľ͑ĀľĀ¡ֆͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ؗل‬،ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍɗѸЙ́Ëľ͑ĀѸҡҡľѸҡȍҡɗҡɗѸ ̲͑ľƸΎф̲Ύфľҡȍ͑Ύ͑ľ́ΎËҡɗΎٍ͑Ύ͑ľΎƸҡȍľ̲ɗѸɗ͑ɂффҡ̞ֆ́&ՓȍɗËȍɗѸ ¡Ύӕҡ،‫آ‬؆˔̲ѸΎӕҡȍľѸҡΎƸ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑‫ل‬ʊ͑ĀĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑́‫˔´ڎ‬фɦнӕΎҡľѸԮľфѸľɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ k‫ܡ‬ֆ&ф ɗѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ Ѹ ͑Ύҡȍľф Й́Ëľ ͑ľф ͑‫ͮڎ‬нɦ‫ ٍܡ‬ѸΎ̲ľՓȍľфľ ɗ͑ ؓ‫إ‬  ֤&нӣҡ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍibid.ٍ‫وؗ‬؉‫آ‬؉‫ل‬  ´ӕȍ́͑Ā´ΎѸՓΎфҡȍٍ٘ҽֆ̲&‫ܥ‬ٍٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ռ‫ؓو‬؆؉‫ل‬ ‫ؗ‬؉  ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍMujam m stujimٍ؉‫و‬،،ؓ‫ڎ‬،،‫&ٌ֤؜‬нӣҡ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲ՓɦٍMujam al-buldnٍ؉‫و‬ ؓ؉‫ؓڎؗ‬؉‫&ˇڎٌ́؜؟ٍؓ؜‬ѸɗфٍF shaml gharb al-jazra: nu  , mushhadt, in ibt٤Ѡɗ‫ڎ‬ ֆĀ‫͑ͅو‬Ѹȍӣф&ҡġ&ф́‫̲́&̲֤ڎ‬ɗ‫´ڎ́ڎ‬ȖҡȍՓ‫ڎ‬ҡ‫ڎ‬ҽфʮ̲Փ‫ͮڎ͑ڎ‬Ѹȍфٍ؉‫؟إ‬؆٧ٍ‫ؗ‬،،ٌ ɗĀľ̲‫ ٍل‬al-Mujam al-jughrf li-l-bild al-arabiyya s-sudiyya, al-min aqa shsharqiyya (al-Barayn qadman)ٍ ؉‫ و‬،،‫ ٌ؜‬Āȍ‫ڎ‬ġȍȍ¡ɦٍ Mawsat qablat ban Tammٍ؉‫ و‬،ؓ‫ٌؗ‬Ո͑ġΎ͑‫׀‬ľٍ֤́٘͑¡ӕ‫ܡ‬ٍٚ The Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ռʊ‫و‬،‫آ‬؉‫ل‬ґľľҡȍľ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸ֤͑¡ӕ‫ܡ‬ɗ͑Ѡľ¡ѸҡΎË˔ٍ٘ġѸɗѸ̲́ɗѸËȍľkф¡ɗľٍ͑ٚЙΎɗ͑ҡѸ ،ؓ‫لإؐڈ‬ ‫ؗ‬،  ֤&нӣҡ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲ՓɦٍMujam al-Buldnٍ؉‫و‬،‫ڎؓ؜‬،‫لؗ؜‬ ‫ؗ‬؆  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،ؓ‫ؗ‬ ҡȍľ ƸΎфľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ Ā‫ڎ‬ġȍ͑&‫ ؐؗلܥ‬ҽȍɗѸ ̲ľ͑Ѹ ҡȍҡ k‫ܡ‬ֆ&ф ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ ľɗҡȍľф ѸΎӕҡȍľѸҡΎƸ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑ΎфľѸҡΎƸ́‫ل̲&̲֤ڎ‬ҽȍӕѸٍѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ¡ΎԮľٍ́‫ڎ‬ ´ɗф˔ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЙΎľ̲ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ ľɗҡȍľф ͑ľф ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑ Ύф ɗ͑ ́‫ڎ‬ ֤̲&̲‫ل‬ kѸ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ҡȍɗфĀ Й́Ëľ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЙΎľٍ̲ ́‫ڎ‬тƸ&ٍ ́‫˔´ڎ‬фɦѸҡҡľѸ ҡȍҡɗҡɗѸ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑¡ľ́Ύ͑ǣɗ͑ǣҡΎҡȍľȸɗ́&́ҡфɗ¡ľٍ¡ӕҡȍľĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ ɗҡѸľիËҡ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑‫ؓؗل‬ʊ͑͑ΎҡȍľфЙ́ËľΎƸȍɗѸ¡ΎΎ˔ٍҡȍľѸ̲ľӕҡȍΎф́́ӕĀľѸҡΎ ҡȍľ ƸËҡ ҡȍҡ ́‫ڎ‬тƸ& ɗѸ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґɗҡ&ф ͑Ā ‫ܡ‬Ԇ˔&‫ ل׈‬kѸ‫ڎ‬ґɗҡ&ф ɗѸ  ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ Ԯľфֆ Ë́ΎѸľ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ՓľѸҡľф͑ ¡ΎфĀľф ΎƸ ҡȍľ ̲ɗĀĀ́ľ Йфҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ƸΎфľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ɂффҡ̞ֆ́&ٌɗҡɗѸ¡Ύӕҡؐ،؆˔̲ѸΎӕҡȍľѸҡΎƸ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑‫ܡل‬Ԇ˔&‫׈‬ɗѸ͑ľфͅ˔‫ڎ‬ ˔͑ĀɗҡɗѸ́ΎËҡľĀ¡Ύӕҡ،ؓ؆˔̲ѸΎӕҡȍՓľѸҡΎƸѸ‫ڎ‬ґɗҡ&ф‫ؗؗل‬ ǗфΎ̲ҡȍɗѸɗҡЙЙľфѸҡȍҡɗ͑ҡȍľѸӕ̲̲ľфٍҡȍľ¡ΎĀľѸΎƸҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀՓľфľ ͑ľф ɂффҡ ̞ֆ́&ٍ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ɗҡѸ ̲ɗĀĀ́ľ ՓľѸҡľф͑ ¡ΎфĀľф ͑Ā ‫ܡ‬Ԇ˔&‫ ׈‬ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ѸΎӕҡȍٌ Փȍɗ́ľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ѸЙфɗ͑ǣ ЙľфɗΎĀٍ ҡȍľфľ фľ ҡՓΎ ЙΎѸѸɗ¡ɗ́ɗҡɗľѸ ƸΎф ҡȍľ фΎӕҡľ ҡ˔ľ͑¡ֆҡȍľҡфɗ¡ľٍľɗҡȍľфɗ͑ҡȍľĀɗфľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸËľфҡɗ͑́ΎËҡɗΎ͑¡ľҡՓľľ͑ҡȍľ Ѹ̲ľ ɂффҡ ̞ֆ́& ͑Ā ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦٍ͑ Ύф ЙľфȍЙѸ ҡΎՓфĀѸ ľѸҡľф͑ kф¡ɗ ¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ҡՓľľ͑ҡȍľľѸҡľф͑¡ΎфĀľфѸΎƸ́‫̲͑&̲֤ڎ‬ĀĀ‫ڎ‬ġȍ͑&‫لܥ‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍҡȍľ́ΎԮľф ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ̲ΎԮľ Փֆ ҡΎ ́ɗԮľ ɗ͑ Ԯľфֆ ĀɗѸҡ͑ҡ Й́ËľѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ӕҡӕ̲͑٪ͅ¡ɂ‫إو؟‬٫‫ل‬ kԮľфֆЙфΎ¡́ľ̲ҡɗË́ЙΎɗ͑ҡɗѸҡȍҡՓȍľ͑ȍľՓѸɗ͑ˇΎфĀٍ͑ҡȍľ́ΎԮľф́‫ڎ‬ ́ӕĀľĀҡΎҡȍľƸËҡҡȍҡҡȍľфľѸѸӕффΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ǣͅ˔˔ѸľЙфҡľѸȍɗ̲ƸфΎ̲ҡȍľ ЙфľѸľ͑ҡ ¡ΎĀľѸ ΎƸ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ ل‬ґӕËȍ ͑ ѸѸľфҡɗΎ͑ ̲ľ͑ҡ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٔѸ ¡ΎĀľѸՓľфľЙΎѸɗҡɗΎ͑ľĀѸΎӕҡȍΎƸͅ˔˔͑ĀԮľфֆƸфƸфΎ̲ɗҡٍЙľфȍЙѸɗ͑́‫ڎ‬ ֤̲͑ Ύф ҡΎ ҡȍľ ͑Ύфҡȍ ΎƸ ɗҡ‫ ل‬ʊҡ ɗѸ ɗ͑ҡľфľѸҡɗ͑ǣ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ́ΎԮľфٍ Փȍľ͑ ҡ́˔ɗ͑ǣ ¡ΎӕҡҡȍľľիËҡЙ́ËľѸՓȍľфľȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ́ɗԮľĀٍ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸЙ́ËľѸҡȍҡфľ͑Ύҡ ѸΎӕҡȍ ΎƸ ͅ˔˔‫ ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ ɗҡ Ѹľľ̲Ѹ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľѸľ Й́ËľѸ ՓȍɗËȍ Փľфľ ĀľƸɗ͑ľĀ ¡ΎԮľٍ́‫ڎ‬тƸ&͑ĀҡȍľЙ́Ëľ¡ľҡՓľľ͑k‫ܡ‬ֆ&ф͑Ā́‫´ڎ‬ɗф˔ٍфľ͑ΎҡҡȍľЙфľѸľ͑ҡ ¡ΎĀľѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ ل‬ҽȍľֆ Ѹľľ̲ ҡΎ ¡ľ ȍľф Ύ́Ā ¡ΎĀľѸٍ Փȍľфľ Ѹȍľ Ύ͑Ëľ ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑ҡȍľЙѸҡ͑ĀՓȍľфľҡȍľ́ΎԮľфƸľ́́ɗ͑́ΎԮľՓɗҡȍȍľф‫ͅل‬ӕ́ֆȖȍɗ̲Ѹľ́Ƹٍ Ƹҡľф ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľѸľ Й́ËľѸٍ ́́ӕĀľѸ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ƸËҡ ҡȍҡ ȍľ Ƹľ́́ ɗ͑ ́ΎԮľ Փɗҡȍ ̞ֆ́& Āӕфɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ĀɗѸҡ͑ҡ ЙѸҡ ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫و؟‬؉؉٫‫ ل‬ҽȍɗѸ ̲ֆ ѸӕЙЙΎфҡ Փȍҡ ՓѸ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ Ѹӕ̲ľĀ ȍľфľٍ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ҡȍфľľ Й́ËľѸ фľ ҡȍΎѸľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЙѸҡ ¡ӕҡ ͑Ύҡ ȍľф ЙфľѸľ͑ҡ ¡ΎĀľѸ‫ ل‬kЙЙфľ͑ҡ́ֆٍ ȍľф Ëӕффľ͑ҡ ¡ΎĀľѸ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ ́ΎËҡľĀ ѸΎӕҡȍΎƸͅ˔˔‫ل‬ ʊ͑Ύ͑ľΎƸȍɗѸԮľфѸľѸٍҡȍľ́ΎԮľф̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍҡȍľɗѸӕ͑¡́ľҡҡȍľЙфľѸľ͑ҡ ‫ؐؗ‬  ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍMujam m stujimٍ؉‫و‬،‫ل؟‬ґľľɂффҡ̞ֆ́&͑ĀҡȍľĀɗѸҡ͑Ëľ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ɗҡ ͑Ā ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ̲Й ¡ֆ Ѡľ¡ѸҡΎË˔ٍ ٘ġѸ ɗѸ̲́ɗѸËȍľ kф¡ɗľٍ͑ٚ ЙΎɗ͑ҡѸ ،ٍؐ ،ؓ‫ؓڈ‬،‫ل‬ ‫ؓؗ‬  ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍMujam m stujimٍؐ‫ؐو‬،،‫ل‬ ‫ؗؗ‬  ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍ ibid.ٍ ؐ‫ و‬؉،‫ڎ‬؉ٌؐ ґȍȍɦĀٍ ٘‫ܡ‬Ԇ˔&‫׈‬ٍٚ The Encyclopaedia of Islam،ٍ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ľĀɗ‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎٍ͑ռ‫لإآ؟و‬ґľľҡȍľ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ͑ĀĀɗѸҡ͑ËľѸΎƸѸ‫ڎ‬ґɗҡ&ф͑Ā‫ܡ‬Ԇ˔&‫׈‬ɗ͑ҡȍľ̲Й¡ֆ Ѡľ¡ѸҡΎË˔ٍ٘ġѸɗѸ̲́ɗѸËȍľkф¡ɗľٍ͑ٚЙΎɗ͑ҡѸ،ؐ‫ؓڈ‬؉ٍ،،‫ؓڈ‬؉‫ل‬ ،ؓ‫؜‬ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ҡɗ̲ľҡΎ˔͑ΎՓɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍЙ́ËľѸȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀɗѸ͑ΎՓ́ɗԮɗ͑ǣ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫آو؟‬٫‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸ̲ֆ ѸȍΎՓ ҡȍҡ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ̲ľ͑ ҡɗ̲ľ ȍľ Ë͑ ĀľƸɗ͑ľ ҡȍľ ǣľ͑ľф́ фľǣɗΎ͑ Փȍľфľ ̞ֆ́& ́ɗԮľѸٌɗ‫ل‬ľ‫ل‬ѸΎӕҡȍΎƸͅ˔˔ٍ¡ӕҡȍľĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡ˔͑ΎՓľիËҡ́ֆɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍЙ́ËľѸȍľ ́ɗԮľѸ‫ ل‬ҽΎĀֆ ȍľ Ë͑͑Ύҡ ĀľƸɗ͑ľٍ Ѹ ȍľ ȍĀ ĀΎ͑ľ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ Й́ËľѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ЙѸҡٍ ҡȍľ̲͑ľѸΎƸҡȍľ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ѸՓȍľфľ̞ֆ́&ɗѸ͑ΎՓҡΎ¡ľƸΎӕ͑Ā‫ل‬ ʊ͑ҡȍľѸ̲ľЙΎľٍ̲ҡȍľ́ΎԮľф̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡՓΎΎҡȍľфЙ́ËľѸɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍȍľ̲ľҡ ȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫و‬kф&˔͑Āтф͑‫؜ؗل‬ҽȍľƸɗфѸҡɗѸɗ͑́‫؟ٍ̲ؗ&̲֤ڎ‬Փȍɗ́ľҡȍľΎҡȍľф ɗѸ̲͑ľΎƸ̲Ύфľҡȍ͑Ύ͑ľЙ́ËľٌΎ͑ľΎƸҡȍľ̲ɗѸɗ͑Ύф͑ľфͅ˔˔ٍ͑Ύҡȍľф ɗѸɗ͑́‫ٍ̲&̲֤ڎ‬ҡȍɗфĀɗѸѸΎӕҡȍΎƸͅ˔˔ٍ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ɗҡ͑Ā́‫ͅآؗل̲֤͑ڎ‬ӕ‫ڎ‬ ́ֆȖ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹҡȍҡȍľ̲́ΎѸҡĀɗľĀɗ͑ҡȍľѸľҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸ¡ľËӕѸľΎƸȍɗѸǣфľҡ ́ΎԮľ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ¡Ύҡȍ Й́ËľѸ ȍľ ՓҡËȍľĀ ҡȍľ Ë̲ľ́ ҡфɗ͑ ΎƸ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫و؟‬؉ؓ‫ڎ‬ ؉‫ؗ‬٫‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸ͑Ύҡ˔͑ΎՓ͑Փȍľҡȍľфͅӕ́ֆȖ́́ӕĀľѸȍľфľҡΎΎ͑ľΎфҡΎҡՓΎĀɗƸƸľфľ͑ҡ ҡɗ̲ľѸ ΎƸ ĀľЙфҡӕфľ ¡ֆ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍľ ƸɗфѸҡ ËѸľٍ ¡Ύҡȍ kф&˔ ͑Ā тф͑ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ ͑ľф¡ֆ Й́ËľѸٍ ɗ‫ل‬ľ‫ ل‬ɗ͑ ́‫ ل̲&̲֤ڎ‬ʊ͑ ҡȍľ ѸľËΎ͑Ā ËѸľٍkф&˔ ͑Ā тф͑ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ͑Ύҡ ͑ľËľѸѸфɗ́ֆ ¡ľ ͑ľф¡ֆ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ȍľфľٍ Փȍɗ́ľ ¡ľɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ kф&˔ٍѸȍΎӕ́ĀȍԮľ¡ľľ͑Ύ͑ȍľфՓֆҡΎՓфĀѸ́‫ٌ̲&̲֤ڎ‬ɗ͑ȍľфѸľËΎ͑ĀĀľ‫ڎ‬ ЙфҡӕфľٍȍľфĀľѸҡɗ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗѸ͑ΎҡË́ľф‫و‬ɗҡËΎӕ́Ā¡ľҡΎՓфĀѸ́‫¡ٍ̲&̲֤ڎ‬ӕҡɗҡ ËΎӕ́Ā¡ľ́ѸΎҡΎՓфĀѸͅ˔˔Ύф́‫ل̲֤͑ڎ‬ʊƸҡȍɗѸҡȍɗфĀЙΎѸѸɗ¡ɗ́ɗҡֆٍҡȍľԮΎֆ‫ڎ‬ ǣľ ҡΎՓфĀѸ ́‫ ٍ̲֤͑ڎ‬ɗѸ ҡȍľ Ύ͑ľ ɗ͑ҡľ͑ĀľĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЙфľѸľ͑ҡ ЙΎľٍ̲ ҡȍľ͑ ҡȍɗѸ ̲ֆѸӕЙЙΎфҡՓȍҡՓѸËΎ͑Ë́ӕĀľĀ¡ΎԮľٍҡȍҡҡȍľЙфľѸľ͑ҡ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸ̞ֆ́& ɗѸ ѸΎ̲ľՓȍľфľ ɗ͑ Ύф ͑Ύфҡȍ ΎƸ ́‫ ل̲֤͑ڎ‬ҽȍɗѸٍ ɗ͑ ҡӕфٍ͑ ̲ֆ ѸȍΎՓ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ‫ڎ‬ ́ֆȖЙľфȍЙѸ ́́ӕĀľѸ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ́Ѹҡ ҡɗ̲ľ ȍľ ѸՓ ̞ֆ́&ٌ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ́Ѹҡ ԮΎֆǣľ ΎƸ ̞ֆ́&Փɗҡȍȍľфҡфɗ¡ľҡΎҡȍľѸΎӕҡȍľф͑Й́Ëľ¡ΎӕҡՓȍɗËȍͅӕ́ֆȖ˔͑ΎՓѸ͑Ύҡȍ‫ڎ‬ ɗ͑ǣ‫ ل‬kƸҡľф ѸӕËȍ  ԮΎֆǣľٍ ҡȍΎӕǣȍ ɗҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ ȍΎՓ ̲ӕËȍ ҡɗ̲ľ ЙѸѸľĀ Ѹɗ͑Ëľ ҡȍľٍ͑ ͅӕ́ֆȖ́ľƸҡ ҡȍľ kф¡ɗ͑ Ьľ͑ɗ͑Ѹӕ́ ҡΎ ԮɗѸɗҡ  Ëľфҡɗ͑ Й́Ëľ ɗ͑ Ύф ľԮľ͑¡ľֆΎ͑ĀˇΎфĀ͑‫ل‬ ҽȍľ Ƹɗ͑́ Й́Ëľ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Ѹ̲ľ ЙΎľ̲ ɗѸ ́‫ˇڎ‬ӕ͑ֆ͑ ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫ؐؓو؟‬٫‫ل‬ ͅӕ́ֆȖĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸ ȍɗ̲Ѹľ́Ƹ ҡ ͑ɗǣȍҡ Փȍɗ́ľ ҡфԮľ́ɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ËΎ̲Й͑ֆ ΎƸ ȍɗѸ ËΎ̲фĀľѸ‫ ل‬ҽȍľֆ фľ Ѹ́ľľЙ ¡ӕҡ ȍľ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ‫ ل‬ȸľ ՓΎ͑ĀľфѸ Փȍľҡȍľф ȍľ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā Փ˔ľҡȍľ̲ɗ͑ΎфĀľфҡΎËΎ͑ҡɗ͑ӕľҡȍľɗфʮΎӕф͑ľֆ͑ĀҡфֆѸнӕɗË˔́ֆѸЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ ҡΎ фľËȍ ́‫ˇڎ‬ӕ͑ֆ͑ Փȍľфľ ҡȍľֆ Ë͑ Ƹɗ͑Ā Փҡľф‫ ل‬ʊҡ ЙЙľфѸ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ɗѸ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ɗ͑ǣ ȍɗ̲Ѹľ́Ƹ ͑Ā ȍɗѸ ËΎ̲фĀľѸ Ƹҡľф ȍľ ȍĀ ̲ľҡ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ Āӕфɗ͑ǣ ȍľфʮΎӕф͑ľֆҡΎՓфĀѸтф͑Ύфkф&˔‫ل‬ȸľѸľЙфҡľĀƸфΎ̲ȍľф٪ͅ¡ɂ‫ؐؐو؟‬٫ٍ́ľҡ‫ڎ‬ ‫؜ؗ‬  ґ́&̲Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦ¡ľ́ɗľԮľѸҡȍҡɗ͑ҡȍľѸľҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸٍͅӕ́ֆȖ́́ӕĀľѸҡΎҡՓΎĀɗƸ‫ڎ‬ Ƹľфľ͑ҡՓфѸɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍȍľՓѸ̲́ΎѸҡ˔ɗ́́ľĀՓȍɗ́ľѸľľ˔ɗ͑ǣȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸɗ͑ҡľф‫ڎ‬ ЙфľҡҡɗΎ͑Ѹľľ̲ѸҡΎ¡ľ̲ɗѸҡ˔ľٍ͑Ѹɗ͑ËľɗҡɗѸË́ľфҡȍфΎӕǣȍҡȍľЙΎľ̲ҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖɗѸ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ɗ͑ǣȍɗѸЙӕфѸӕɗҡΎƸҡȍľĀľЙфҡľĀҡфɗ¡ľٍ¡ӕҡȍľĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡĀľѸËфɗ¡ľ͑ֆՓфɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍȍľҡΎΎ˔Йфҡ‫ل‬ґľľȍɗѸфҡɗË́ľ٘ͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ‫لإ؜‬ ‫؟ؗ‬  ֤&нӣҡ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲ՓɦٍMujam al-Buldnٍ؉‫و‬؉‫لؓ؜‬ ‫آؗ‬  ֤&нӣҡ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍ ibid.ٍ ؓ‫ڎ́ ٌآ؟ؐڎ؟؟ؐ و‬ɂф¡ɦٍ al-Mujam al-jughrf li-l-bild alarabiyya s-sudiyya, min aqat asr al-idriyya ٤k¡ȍ&‫ͮ و‬Ύ Йӕ¡́ɗѸȍľфٍ ؉‫؟إإ‬٧ٍ ؐ‫و‬ ؉ؐ،‫ڎ؟‬؉ؐؐ‫ ل؜‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،ؓ‫؟‬ ҡɗ͑ǣ ȍľф ËΎ͑ҡɗ͑ӕľ Ύ͑ ȍľф ʮΎӕф͑ľֆٍ Փȍɗ́ľ ȍľ ĀľËɗĀľĀ ҡΎ ԮɗѸɗҡ ͑Ύҡȍľф ӕ͑‫ڎ‬ ̲͑ľĀ ĀľѸҡɗ͑ҡɗΎٍ͑ фɗĀɗ͑ǣ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍ ́‫ˇڎ‬ӕ͑ֆٍ͑ ҡȍľ Й́Ëľ ƸфΎ̲ ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľֆ ͑ľľĀľĀҡΎ ǣľҡՓҡľф‫ل‬ʊƸ ҡȍɗѸѸѸӕ̲ЙҡɗΎ͑ɗѸËΎффľËҡٍ ҡȍľ͑Ύ͑ľ ѸȍΎӕ́ĀѸѸӕ̲ľ ҡȍҡ́‫ˇڎ‬ӕ͑ֆ͑ѸȍΎӕ́Ā¡ľľɗҡȍľф͑ľф́‫̲֤͑ڎ‬Ύф͑ľф́‫̲&̲֤ڎ‬Ύф͑ľф ͅ˔˔ٍѸɗ͑ËľɗҡՓѸѸȍΎՓ͑ҡȍҡтф͑͑Ākф&˔фľɗ͑ҡȍľѸľҡȍфľľфľǣɗΎ͑Ѹ‫ل‬ ֤&нӣҡ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ́‫ˇڎ‬ӕ͑ֆٍ͑ ͑Ā ȍľ ѸҡҡľѸ ҡȍҡ ɗҡ ɗѸ  ̲͑ľ ƸΎф ĀɗƸƸľфľ͑ҡЙ́ËľѸٍΎ͑ľΎƸҡȍľ̲ɗѸĀľѸľфҡɗ͑́‫ٌ̲͑&̲֤ڎ‬ΎҡȍľфɗѸɗ͑ͮʮĀٌ ҡȍɗфĀɗѸ͑ľфՓ&Āɦ́‫ڎ‬тӕф&ՓȍɗËȍɗѸ¡ΎӕҡƸΎӕфΎфƸɗԮľĀֆѸʮΎӕф͑ľֆƸфΎ̲́‫ڎ‬ ͅĀɦ͑‫ͮ إؗل‬Ύ͑ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ƸΎф ҡȍɗѸ Й́Ëľ ՓѸ ɗ͑ Ύф ͑ľф ͅ˔˔ Ύф ́‫ ل̲֤͑ڎ‬ҽȍɗѸ ̲ֆ ѸȍΎՓ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ƸΎфľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ тф͑ ɗ͑ ҡȍɗѸ ЙΎľ̲ЙľфȍЙѸѸȍΎӕ́Ā͑ΎҡٍѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ¡ΎԮľٍ¡ľЙ́Ëľɗ͑Ύф͑ľфͅ˔˔ Ύф ͑ľф ́‫ ل̲֤͑ڎ‬ḱ‫ˇڎ‬ӕ͑ֆ͑ ɗѸ ̲ΎѸҡ ЙфΎ¡¡́ֆ ɗ͑ ́‫͑ ̲&̲֤ڎ‬Āٍ ËΎ͑Ѹľ‫ڎ‬ нӕľ͑ҡ́ֆٍΎ͑ľѸȍΎӕ́ĀËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфтф͑Ѹ́ѸΎ¡ľɗ͑ǣɗ͑́‫֤ل̲&̲֤ڎ‬ľҡɗҡɗѸ͑Ύҡ ӕ͑́ɗ˔ľ́ֆҡȍҡ́‫ˇڎ‬ӕ͑ֆ͑ɗѸҡȍľЙ́Ëľɗ͑ͮʮĀΎфҡȍľΎ͑ľ͑ľфՓ&Āɦ́‫ڎ‬тӕф&‫ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍɗѸ ËѸľ ɗҡ ՓΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ ѸѸӕ̲ľĀ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ʮΎӕф͑ľֆ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ҡΎՓфĀѸ ́‫ڎ‬ ˇӕ͑ֆ͑ ĀɗĀ ͑Ύҡ ΎËËӕф ɗ̲̲ľĀɗҡľ́ֆ Ƹҡľф ȍľ ́ľƸҡ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ɗ͑ тфٍ͑ ¡ӕҡ ѸΎ̲ľҡɗ̲ľ́ҡľф‫ل‬ʊҡ̲ֆ¡ľҡȍҡƸҡľф́ľԮɗ͑ǣȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٍȍľ¡ľǣ͑ҡ˔ɗ͑ǣ ́Ύ͑ǣʮΎӕф͑ľֆ‫ل‬kƸҡľфËľфҡɗ͑ҡɗ̲ľٍЙľфȍЙѸĀֆѸΎфľԮľ͑Փľľ˔ѸٍȍľфľËȍľĀ ҡȍľЙ́ËľƸфΎ̲ՓȍɗËȍȍľՓ͑ҡľĀҡΎЙЙфΎËȍ́‫ˇڎ‬ӕ͑ֆ͑‫ل‬ ͅΎԮɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ͑Ύҡȍľф фľǣɗΎٍ͑ ͅӕ́ֆȖ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ɗ͑  Ëľфҡɗ͑ ЙΎľ̲ ҡȍľ ҡՓΎ Й́ËľѸ͑‫ͮڎ‬ɦф͑Āĩфɗֆֆ٤ҡȍľҡՓΎѸɗĀľѸΎƸɗҡ‫و‬janbayy ariyya٧٪ͅ¡ɂ‫وآ‬،٫‫ل‬ ͅӕ́ֆȖٍ Ѹ  Ѹ́ľľЙ́ľѸѸ ́ΎԮľфٍ ѸЙľ͑ĀѸ ́́ ͑ɗǣȍҡ ՓҡËȍɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ́ɗǣȍҡ͑ɗ͑ǣ ҡȍҡ ՓѸ ǣ́ľ̲ɗ͑ǣ ¡ľȍɗ͑Ā ҡȍľѸľ ҡՓΎ Й́ËľѸ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ͑ ɗҡ ̲ΎԮľĀٍ ҡΎǣľҡȍľф Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ Ë́ΎӕĀѸٍ ҡΎ ҡȍľ фɗǣȍҡ ѸɗĀľ ٤taymana٧ ҡΎՓфĀѸ ɂӕффֆ&ҡ ͑Ā kǣȍфӕ¡ ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫؜وآ‬٫‫ل‬ĩфɗֆֆɗѸԮɗ́́ǣľ͑ĀՓҡľфɗ͑ǣЙ́Ëľɗ͑ͮʮĀ‫ل‬ʊ͑ҡȍɗѸЙΎľٍ̲ɗҡ Ѹľľ̲Ѹҡȍҡҡȍľ́ΎԮľф́́ӕĀľѸҡΎɂɗ̲&ĩфɗֆֆՓȍɗËȍՓѸՓɗĀľĀɗѸҡфɗËҡɗ͑‫ڎ‬ Ë́ӕĀɗ͑ǣҡȍɗѸԮɗ́́ǣľ‫ل‬k͑‫ͮڎ‬ɦфٍѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ¡ֆЬȍľ¡ľͅффٍՓѸҡȍľ̲͑ľΎƸ ҡȍľ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ѸΎ͑ҡȍľËΎ͑Ƹɗ͑ľѸΎƸҡȍɗѸɂɗ̲&ĩфɗֆֆ‫´ل‬ΎҡȍЙ́ËľѸфľ¡Ύӕҡ ‫ؗ‬،؆ ˔̲ ľѸҡ ΎƸ ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑ ٤ɂɗ̲& ĩфɗֆֆ ɗҡѸľ́Ƹٍ ËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ́‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍ ľի‫ڎ‬ ҡľ͑ĀѸ ƸфΎ̲ ĩфɗֆֆ ҡΎ ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑٧‫؜ل‬؆ ѠľǣфĀɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ Ύҡȍľф ҡՓΎ Й́ËľѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ĀɗфľËҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ɂӕффֆ&ҡ ͑Ā kǣȍфӕ¡ٍ ҡȍľфľ ɗѸ ̲́ΎѸҡ ͑Ύ Āľҡɗ́ľĀ ɗ͑ƸΎф̲ҡɗΎ͑ ¡Ύӕҡ ҡȍľ̲ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ǣľΎǣфЙȍɗË́ ¡ΎΎ˔Ѹ‫ ل‬ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡȍҡ ɂӕффֆ&ҡ ɗѸ ͑ľф́‫˫ڎ‬Փфٍ͑ĀȍľĀľƸɗ͑ľѸҡȍľ́ҡҡľфѸЙ́Ëľɗ͑ҡȍľĀɗфľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸͮʮф&͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ɗѸ  Ëɗҡֆ ɗ͑ ͑Ύфҡȍľф͑ ́‫ ل̲֤͑ڎ‬ʊҡ ɗѸ ¡Ύӕҡ ؉،؆؆ ˔̲ ѸΎӕҡȍľѸҡ ΎƸ ‫إؗ‬  ֤&нӣҡ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍ Mujam al-Buldnٍ ،‫ و‬،؆،‫ ل‬k¡Ύӕҡ Փ&Āɦ ́‫ڎ‬тӕф& Ѹľľ ̞ľË˔ľфٍ ٘ՠ&Āɦَ́‫˱ڎ‬ӕф&ٍٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ռʊ‫و‬؉‫لآ‬ ‫؜‬؆  ͅффٍ ٘ĩфɗֆֆٍٚ The Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ʊʊ‫ و‬؉‫´ لإؗ‬Ύҡȍ Й́ËľѸ ЙЙľф ɗ͑ ЙΎɗ͑ҡѸ ،‫ ؓؓڈؗ‬ɗ͑ Ѡľ¡ѸҡΎË˔ٍ ٘ġѸ ɗѸ̲́ɗѸËȍľ kф¡ɗľ͑ٚ‫ ل‬k¡Ύӕҡ ĩфɗֆֆ ͑Ā ͑‫ͮڎ‬ɦф Ѹľľ ́ѸΎ ́‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍ Mujam m stujimٍ ؐ‫ و‬ËƸ‫ ل‬؉ٌؐؓ ֤&нӣҡ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍ Mujam al-Buldnٍؐ‫ؗو‬؉‫ؗڎإ‬،؉ٌ‫آؐوؗ‬؉‫ل‬ ،ؓ‫آ‬ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ĩфɗֆֆ‫؜ل‬؉ ѠľǣфĀɗ͑ǣ kǣȍфӕ¡ٍ ͑Ύ Āҡ ՓѸ ƸΎӕ͑Ā ľիËľЙҡ ƸΎф ҡȍҡ Ѹҡҡľ̲ľ͑ҡ ¡ֆ́‫ڎ‬Ǘֆфӣ‫&¡&׀‬Āɦ٤Ā‫آل‬؉‫ڈ؟‬؉ؓ؉‫ؗ‬٧ҡȍҡɗҡՓѸËľфҡɗ̲͑Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ ɗ͑ġ̲Ѹ‫ڎ‬ ËӕѸٍΎфɗ͑́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦٍ͑Ύфɗ͑͑Ύҡȍľфӕ̲͑͑ľĀЙ́Ëľ‫؜ل‬،ȸΎՓľԮľфٍɗƸɂӕффֆ&ҡɗѸ фľ́́ֆɗ͑ҡȍľĀɗфľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸͮʮф&ٍ͑ҡȍľ͑ɗҡѸľľ̲Ѹҡȍҡkǣȍфӕ¡ѸȍΎӕ́Ā́ѸΎ¡ľɗ͑ ҡȍľѸ̲ľĀɗфľËҡɗΎ͑‫ͮل‬ľɗҡȍľф́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑͑Ύфġ̲ѸËӕѸфľƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ҡȍҡĀɗфľË‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑‫ ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ Ѹɗ͑Ëľ ͅӕ́ֆȖ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ Ë́ΎӕĀѸ ͑Ā ҡȍľ ́ɗǣȍҡ͑ɗ͑ǣ ̲ΎԮľĀƸфΎ̲¡ľȍɗ͑Ā͑‫ͮڎ‬ɦф͑ĀĩфɗֆֆҡΎՓфĀѸҡȍľфɗǣȍҡɗ͑ҡȍľĀɗфľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸ ɂӕффֆ&ҡ͑Āҡȍľ͑kǣȍфӕ¡ٍ̲ΎѸҡ́ɗ˔ľ́ֆҡȍľ́ΎԮľфՓѸЙΎѸɗҡɗΎ͑ľĀѸΎ̲ľՓȍľфľ ՓľѸҡΎƸҡȍľфľǣɗΎ͑¡ľҡՓľľ͑ҡȍľƸɗфѸҡҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸɗ͑ҡȍľ͑Ύфҡȍ͑ĀҡȍľѸľËΎ͑Ā ҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸɗ͑ҡȍľѸΎӕҡȍ‫ل‬ʊ͑ΎҡȍľфՓΎфĀѸٍͅӕ́ֆȖѸȍΎӕ́Ā¡ľɗ͑ѸΎ̲ľфľǣɗΎ͑ɗ͑ ҡȍľѸΎӕҡȍՓľѸҡľф͑ЙфҡΎƸҡȍľЙľ͑ɗ͑Ѹӕ́‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍҡҡȍľľ͑ĀΎƸҡȍľЙΎľٍ̲ȍľ ĀľËɗĀľѸҡΎ́ľԮľȍɗѸЙ́Ëľ͑ĀҡΎԮɗѸɗҡȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀɗ͑ȍľф¡ΎĀľѸ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫وآ‬؉‫ڎؗ‬ ؉‫؟‬٫‫ل‬ ʊ͑ȍɗѸurjza٤qfiyya٧͑Ύ‫ٍ̞إل‬ֆ́&ٔѸa llфľЙΎѸɗҡɗΎ͑ľĀ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ґȍɗ¡&˔ ́‫˫ڎ‬ȍ&͑ɗн ٤ҡȍľ Փľ́́Ѹ ΎƸ ́‫˫ڎ‬ȍ&͑ɗн٧‫͑ ؐ؜‬Ā ́‫´ڎ‬ӕȖֆф ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫وإ‬؉‫ڎ‬،٫‫ ل‬ȸľфľٍ ҡȍľ ƸɗфѸҡٍ́‫˫ڎ‬ȍ&͑ɗнٍɗѸ̲͑ľƸΎф̲͑ֆЙ́ËľѸٍ‫ؓ؜‬Ύ͑ľΎƸҡȍľ̲ɗѸԮɗ́́ǣľɗ͑ҡȍľ ҽɗȍ&̲ҡ ‫ܡ‬kѸɦф ՓȍɗËȍ ɗѸ ҡȍľ ́ΎՓ́͑ĀѸ ΎƸ ‫ܡ‬kѸɦфٍ  фľǣɗΎ͑ ¡ΎфĀľфɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ѠľĀ ґľٍ¡ľҡՓľľ͑́‫ڎ‬ɂɗʮ&‫͑׀‬Ā́‫ٍ̲֤͑ڎ‬ɗ͑ҡȍľѸΎӕҡȍՓľѸҡľф͑ЙфҡΎƸkф¡ɗ‫ؗ؜ل‬ʊҡ ɗѸ ́ѸΎ  ̲͑ľ ΎƸ  ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ ͑Ā  wd ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ľѸҡľф͑ Йфҡ ΎƸ ҽҡȍ́ɦҡȍ ՓȍɗËȍɗѸɗ͑́‫ڎ‬ɂɗʮ&‫͑׀‬ľфҡȍľѸΎӕҡȍľф͑ЙфҡΎƸҡȍľЙľ͑ɗ͑Ѹӕٍ́¡Ύӕҡؐ،؆˔̲ ͑Ύфҡȍľф͑ΎƸͮʮф&ٍ͑͑Ā¡Ύӕҡ‫؟‬؆؆˔̲ѸΎӕҡȍľѸҡΎƸͅ˔˔‫؜؜ل‬kѸƸΎфҡȍľѸľË‫ڎ‬ Ύ͑Ā Й́Ëľٍ ́‫´ڎ‬ӕȖֆфٍ ֤&нӣҡ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦ ѸҡҡľѸ ҡȍҡ ɗҡ ɗѸ  Փҡľф ѸΎӕфËľ ɗ͑ ‫؜‬؉  ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍMujam m stujimٍ،‫وٌؓ؟؟و‬،‫ڎآ‬،‫لإ‬k¡Ύӕҡͮʮф&͑ѸľľґȍȍɦĀٍ٘ͮĀʮф&ٍ͑ٚ The Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ Ոʊʊ‫؟آ و‬؉ٌ Ѡľ¡ѸҡΎË˔ٍ ٘ġѸ ɗѸ̲́ɗѸËȍľ kф¡ɗľٍ͑ٚЙΎɗ͑ҡѸ؉‫لؗؓڈ؟‬ ‫؜‬،  ḱ‫ڎ‬Ǘֆфӣ‫&¡&׀‬Āɦٍ al-Qms al-mu  ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫˫ڎ‬ӕҡӕ¡ ́‫ܡڎ‬ʊ̲́ɗֆֆٍ ؉‫ؗإإ‬٧ٍ ؉‫و‬ ؉ؓ‫ل؜‬ ‫ؐ؜‬  ҽȍľՓΎфĀshibkٍЙ́‫ل‬ΎƸshabakaٍȍѸ̲͑ֆɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ‫ل‬k̲Ύ͑ǣҡȍľѸľɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ɗѸ‫و‬Փľ́́ѸË́ΎѸľҡΎǣľҡȍľфٍΎфՓľ́́Ѹҡȍҡфľ͑ӕ̲ľфΎӕѸ͑ĀË́ΎѸľҡΎǣľҡȍľфɗ͑ҡфËҡ ΎƸ ́͑Āٍ Ύф  ҡфËҡ ΎƸ ́͑Ā ɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľфľ фľ ̲͑ֆ Փľ́́Ѹٍ Ѹľľ ̞͑ľٍ An ArabicEnglish Lexicon٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫̞و‬ɗ¡фɗфɗľĀӕ̞ɗ¡ٍ͑؉‫؟إإ‬٧ٍؓ‫و‬؉ؓ‫لآإ‬ґȍɗ¡&˔ɗѸ́ѸΎЙ́Ëľ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑́‫´ڎ‬ҁф͑Ā́‫´ڎ‬Ȗфֆ͑ɗ͑ҡȍľľѸҡľф͑ЙфҡΎƸҡȍľЙľ͑ɗ͑Ѹӕٍ́¡ӕҡҡȍɗѸɗѸ ҡΎΎ Ƹф ƸфΎ̲́‫˫ڎ‬ȍ&͑ɗн͑ĀҡȍľфľƸΎфľ ɗѸ͑Ύҡ Ԯɗ́¡́ľ ƸΎф ҡȍľЙΎľٍ̲Ѹľľ ́‫&ˇڎ‬Ѹɗфٍ al-Mujam al-jughrf li-l-bild al-arabiyya s-sudiyya, al-min aqa sh-sharqiyya (alBarayn qadman)ٍ،‫إو‬؆‫إڎ؟‬؆‫لآ‬ ‫ؓ؜‬  ґľľ́ɗѸҡΎƸҡȍľѸľЙ́ËľѸɗ͑́‫ڎ‬ɂф¡ɦٍal-Mujam al-jughrf li-l-bild al-arabiyya ssudiyyaٍ،‫إؗڎإآؗو‬؉‫ل‬ ‫ؗ؜‬  ḱ‫ڎ‬ɂф¡ɦٍibid.ٍ،‫إؗو‬؆‫ل‬k¡Ύӕҡ‫ܡ‬kѸɦф͑Āҽɗȍ&̲ҡ‫ܡ‬kѸɦфѸľľȸľĀ́ľֆٍͅӕ́́ɗǣ͑͑Ā Ѡľ͑ҡ‫ܡٍ٘׀‬kѸɦфٍٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ʊ‫؟و‬؆‫&֤ل؟‬нӣҡ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍҡɗҡɗѸЙ́Ëľɗ͑ҽɗȍ&ٍ̲Ѹľľ֤&нӣҡ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲ՓɦٍMujam al-Buldnٍ،‫و‬ ؐ‫لإآ‬ ‫؜؜‬  ḱ‫ڎ‬ɂф¡ɦٍal-Mujam al-jughrf li-l-bild al-arabiyya s-sudiyyaٍ،‫إؗو‬؆‫ل‬k¡Ύӕҡҡȍľ ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҽҡȍ́ɦҡȍѸľľѠľ¡ѸҡΎË˔ٍ٘ġѸɗѸ̲́ɗѸËȍľkф¡ɗľٍ͑ٚЙΎɗ͑ҡѸ؉‫لؓؓڈإ‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،ؓ‫إ‬ ֤́ֆٍ́ ՓȍɗËȍ ɗѸ  wd ɗ͑ ֤͑¡ӕ‫ لܡ‬ʊҡ ɗѸ ȍɗѸҡΎфɗË́́ֆ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ ҡȍҡ ֤͑¡ӕ‫ܡ‬ɗѸ ËΎ͑͑ľËҡľĀ ҡΎ ȸӕĀȍֆ́‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍľ фľǣɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ֤͑¡ӕ‫ ٍܡ‬ɗ͑  Й́Ëľ Ë́́ľĀ Ѡӕȍ&Ҩٍ ՓȍɗËȍ ɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľѸ  wd ƸфΎ̲ ҡȍľ ѠľĀ ґľ ҡΎ ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦٍ͑ ҡȍľ ɗĀΎ́ ґӕՓ&‫ ܡ‬ҡȍҡ ՓѸՓΎфѸȍɗЙЙľĀ¡ֆҡȍľȸӕĀȍֆ́ҡфɗ¡ľՓѸЙΎѸɗҡɗΎ͑ľĀ‫؟؜ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍɗҡфľ̲ɗ͑ĀѸ ӕѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Й́Ëľ ƸфΎ̲ ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ĀľЙфҡľĀ ɗ͑ ЙΎľ̲ ͑Ύ‫ ل‬، ٤Й‫ؐ ل‬؆؉‫ڎ‬ ؐ؆،٧ٍ ѸӕЙЙΎѸľĀ́ֆ ҡȍľ ËΎѸҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ѠľĀ ґľ‫ ل‬ҽȍɗѸ ̲ֆ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡľ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ́ΎԮľĀĀľЙфҡľĀƸфΎ̲‫ܡ‬k̲нҡΎËľфҡɗ͑Й́Ëľ͑ľф֤͑¡ӕ‫´لܡ‬ӕҡҡȍľĀɗѸҡ͑Ëľ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑́‫˫ڎ‬ȍ&͑ɗн͑Ā́‫´ڎ‬ӕȖֆфѸľľ̲ѸҡΎ¡ľľ͑Ύф̲ΎӕѸ‫ل‬ʊҡҡȍľфľƸΎфľѸľľ̲Ѹ ҡȍҡɗ͑ҡȍɗѸЙΎľٍ̲ҡȍľ́ΎԮľфĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ҡȍľľիËҡ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑Փȍľфľҡȍľ a llΎƸȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀՓľфľƸΎӕ͑Ā‫ل‬ȸľΎ͑́ֆ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍľфľǣɗΎ͑ɗҡѸľ́ƸٍՓȍɗËȍɗѸ ҡȍľ ՓľѸҡľф͑ Йфҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Йľ͑ɗ͑Ѹӕٍ́ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑  Й́Ëľ ͑Ύфҡȍ ΎƸ ́‫͑ ̲֤͑ڎ‬Ā ֤͑¡ӕ‫ܡ‬ՓȍɗËȍɗѸ̲́ΎѸҡɗ͑ҡȍľ̲ɗĀĀ́ľΎƸՠľѸҡľф͑kф¡ɗ‫ل‬ ȸΎՓľԮľфٍɗҡɗѸ Ԯľфֆ ɗ͑ҡľфľѸҡɗ͑ǣՓȍֆͅӕ́ֆȖĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ҡȍľËËӕ‫ڎ‬ фҡľ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑Փȍľфľҡȍľa llՓľфľƸΎӕ͑ĀٍĀľѸЙɗҡľҡȍľƸËҡҡȍҡȍľ˔͑ΎՓѸɗҡ‫ل‬ ґɗ͑ËľȍľĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸҡȍľa llٍҡȍɗѸѸȍΎՓѸҡȍҡȍľȍѸԮɗѸɗҡľĀҡȍľ̲‫ل‬ҽȍľԮľфѸľѸ ΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖҡȍҡɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľѸľҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸфľĀ‫و‬   y dra Layl min shibki l-khniqi il l-buayri n-nimi l-adiqi Ϙٍҡȍľ¡ΎĀľΎƸ̞ֆ́&ƸфΎ̲ҡȍľՓľ́́ѸΎƸ́‫˫ڎ‬ȍ&͑ɗн   ҡΎ́‫´ڎ‬ӕȖֆфٍՓȍɗËȍȍѸǣфľľ͑ǣфĀľ͑Ѹ‫̲ڈ‬ľĀΎՓѸ‫آ؜‬ k ËΎ͑ҡľ̲Й́ҡɗΎ͑ ɗ͑ ҡȍľѸľ ҡՓΎ rajaz‫ڎ‬ԮľфѸľѸ ̲ֆ ѸȍΎՓ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ӕѸľĀ ҡȍľľիЙфľѸѸɗΎ͑min - il٤ɗ‫ل‬ľ‫ٍل‬from‫ڎ‬to٧ɗ͑ΎфĀľфҡΎĀľƸɗ͑ľҡȍľ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľ ¡ΎĀľ ΎƸ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ ل‬ʊҡ ɗѸ ɗ͑ҡľфľѸҡɗ͑ǣ ҡȍҡ ȍľ ӕѸľѸ ҡȍľ Ѹɗ͑ǣӕ́ф ƸΎф̲ drٍ ՓȍɗËȍ ̲ľ͑Ѹ͑ ¡ΎĀľ‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍɗҡɗѸ͑Ύҡ˔͑ΎՓ͑Փȍľҡȍľфȍľ ́́ӕĀľѸȍľфľ ҡΎΎ͑ľ¡ΎĀľΎ͑́ֆΎфՓȍľҡȍľфٍĀľѸЙɗҡľӕѸɗ͑ǣҡȍľѸɗ͑ǣӕ́фٍȍľ́́ӕĀľѸҡΎ̲Ύфľ ҡȍ͑Ύ͑ľ¡ΎĀľΎƸҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍҡȍľľիЙфľѸѸɗΎ͑min - il̲ֆȍԮľ Ύ͑ľΎƸҡȍфľľɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑Ѹٍ͑ĀËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎҡȍľѸľɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑ѸΎ͑ľË͑ĀľƸɗ͑ľ ՓȍľҡȍľфҡȍľՓΎфĀdr ɗ͑ĀɗËҡľѸΎ͑ľ¡ΎĀľΎфѸľԮľф́¡ΎĀľѸ‫و‬ ؉‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ƸɗфѸҡ ɗѸ ҡΎ ӕ͑ĀľфѸҡ͑Ā ҡȍľ ľիЙфľѸѸɗΎ͑ Ѹ  Ѹӕ¡ѸҡɗҡӕҡɗΎ͑ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ՓΎфĀ bayna٤ɗ‫ل‬ľ‫¡ٍل‬ľҡՓľľ͑٧‫ل‬ȸľфľٍ̞ֆ́&ȍѸΎ͑ľ¡ΎĀľΎ͑́ֆ‫ل‬ʊ͑ΎҡȍľфՓΎфĀѸٍɗҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ӕ͑́ɗ˔ľ́ֆ ҡȍҡ ̞ֆ́& ĀՓľ́ҡ ѸΎ̲ľՓȍľфľ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ́‫˫ڎ‬ȍ&͑ɗн ͑Ā ́‫ڎ‬ ´ӕȖֆф‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑Ѹľľ̲ѸҡΎ¡ľ́ľѸѸ́ɗ˔ľ́ֆٍѸɗ͑ËľѸՓѸѸȍΎՓ͑ҡȍҡ ҡȍľфľ ՓѸ ͑ ľ͑Ύф̲ΎӕѸ ĀɗѸҡ͑Ëľ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ҡȍľ̲‫ͅ ل‬ӕ́ֆȖ ɗѸ ѸӕЙЙΎѸľĀ ҡΎ ̲˔ľ  ̲Ύфľ ЙфľËɗѸľ ĀľƸɗ͑ɗҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ a llٍ фҡȍľф ҡȍ͑ ҡȍҡ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľ̲ɗҡѸľ́Ƹ‫ل‬ ‫؟؜‬  ՠľ́́ȍӕѸľٍ͑ Reste arabischen Heidentums ٤،͑Ā ľĀ‫´ ٌل‬ľф́ɗ͑ ͑Ā ̞ľɗЙ‫׀‬ɗǣ‫ و‬ՠ́ҡľф Āľ Ǿфӕֆҡľф‫ٶ‬æϘ‫ٍل‬؉‫إ‬،‫؟‬٧ٍ؉‫ڎآ‬؉‫ٌإ‬Ո͑ġΎ͑‫׀‬ľٍ֤́٘͑¡ӕ‫ܡ‬ٍٚռʊ‫و‬،‫آ‬؉ٌǗȍĀٍ٘ґӕՓ&‫ܡ‬ٍٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ʊռ‫إو‬؆‫لآ‬ ‫آ؜‬  ҽȍľՓΎфĀadqaɗ͑ĀɗËҡľѸՓ́́ľĀǣфĀľٍ͑ΎффΎӕ͑ĀЙɗľËľΎƸ́͑ĀѸӕффΎӕ͑ĀľĀ ¡ֆƸľ͑ËľΎф¡ֆľ́ľԮҡľĀ́͑ĀٍΎф̲ľĀΎՓΎфǣфĀľ͑ȍԮɗ͑ǣҡфľľѸٍΎфǣф‫ڎ‬ Āľ͑ ȍԮɗ͑ǣ Й̲́‫ڎ‬ҡфľľѸٍ Ύф ǣфЙľ‫ڎ‬Ԯɗ͑ľѸٍ Ύф ͑ֆ Ύҡȍľф ҡфľľѸٍ Ѹľľ ̞͑ľٍ An ArabicEnglish Lexiconٍ،‫ؐؗو‬،‫ل‬ ،‫ؗ‬؆ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ،‫ل‬ҽȍľѸľËΎ͑ĀɗѸҡΎËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфҡȍľľիЙфľѸѸɗΎ͑Ѹɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗ͑ǣҡȍҡҡȍľ¡ΎĀľѸΎƸ ҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀѸфľѸЙфľĀΎӕҡ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ҡȍľѸľҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ɗ͑ǣ Ύ͑ľ ¡ΎĀľ Ύ͑́ֆ ¡ӕҡ ́́ӕĀľѸ ҡΎ ĀɗƸƸľфľ͑ҡ Й́ËľѸ ́ΎËҡľĀ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ́‫˫ڎ‬ȍ&͑ɗн ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ѸΎӕҡȍ ͑Ā́‫´ڎ‬ӕȖֆф ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ͑Ύфҡȍ‫ ل‬ȸɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ̲ΎԮľĀ ̲Ύ͑ǣ ҡȍľѸľ Й́ËľѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЙѸҡٍ ¡ӕҡ ҡΎĀֆ Ѹȍľ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑͑ֆΎƸҡȍľ̲‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸ̲ֆѸȍΎՓҡȍҡҡȍľ́ΎԮľфɗѸѸΎĀľЙфľѸѸľĀѸɗ͑Ëľ ȍľ фľ́ɗ‫׀‬ľѸ ҡȍҡ Ƹҡľф ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ȍĀ ¡ľľ͑ ́ɗԮɗ͑ǣ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍΎӕҡ ҡȍɗѸ ՓɗĀľ фľǣɗΎٍ͑ѸȍľȍѸ͑ΎՓǣΎ͑ľՓֆҡΎĀՓľ́́ɗ͑ԮľфֆĀɗѸҡ͑ҡфľǣɗΎ͑͑Āҡȍҡ ȍľȍѸ́ΎѸҡȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀƸΎфľԮľф‫ل‬ ؐ‫ل‬ҽȍľҡȍɗфĀɗѸҡȍҡ̞ֆ́&ȍѸҡՓΎ¡ΎĀľѸ͑ĀՓȍľ͑ӕѸɗ͑ǣҡȍľЙȍфѸľmin ilҡȍҡ̲ľ͑ѸҡȍҡѸȍľ́ľƸҡҡȍľƸɗфѸҡЙ́Ëľ͑ĀՓľ͑ҡҡΎ́ɗԮľɗ͑ҡȍľѸľËΎ͑Ā‫ل‬ ȸľфľٍҡՓΎѸѸӕ̲ЙҡɗΎ͑Ѹ̲ֆ¡ľ̲Āľ‫ل‬ҽȍľƸɗфѸҡɗѸҡȍҡ¡ΎҡȍЙ́ËľѸɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľ ҡȍľ a ll ΎƸ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ Ύҡȍľф ՓΎфĀѸٍ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ȍѸ Ύ͑Ëľ ĀՓľ́ҡ ɗ͑ ľËȍΎƸҡȍľҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸ‫و‬ҡȍľƸɗфѸҡՓѸɗ͑́‫˫ڎ‬ȍ&͑ɗн͑Āҡȍľ͑Ѹȍľ̲ΎԮľĀҡΎ ́‫´ڎ‬ӕȖֆф ͑Āٍ ËΎ͑Ѹľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆٍ Ѹȍľ ́ľƸҡ ҡȍľ ѸľËΎ͑Ā Й́Ëľ Ѹ Փľ́́ ͑Ā ̲ΎԮľĀ ҡΎ ͑Ύҡȍľф ӕ̲͑͑ľĀ ͑ľՓĀľѸҡɗ͑ҡɗΎ͑‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ́ΎԮľф ҡȍӕѸ ȍѸ ԮɗѸɗҡľĀ ҡȍľ̲¡Ύҡȍ‫ل‬ҽȍľѸľËΎ͑ĀɗѸҡȍҡҡȍľҡՓΎЙ́ËľѸĀΎ͑Ύҡɗ͑ĀɗËҡľҡȍľa llΎ͑‫ڎ‬ ́ֆ¡ӕҡ́ѸΎҡȍľ͑ľՓ¡ΎĀľѸΎƸҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫´ل‬ֆӕѸɗ͑ǣҡȍľƸΎф̲ӕ́from - toٍ ɗҡɗѸЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡȍҡҡȍľ́ΎԮľфɗ̲Й́ɗľѸҡȍҡҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀȍĀΎ͑ËľĀՓľ́ҡɗ͑́‫ڎ‬ ˫ȍ&͑ɗн¡ӕҡȍѸ̲ΎԮľĀɗ͑ҡȍľЙфľѸľ͑ҡҡɗ̲ľҡΎ́ɗԮľɗ͑ԮľфֆĀɗѸҡ͑ҡЙ́Ëľٍ ́‫´ڎ‬ӕȖֆфٍՓȍɗËȍ̲ֆ¡ľҡȍľ͑ľՓ¡ΎĀľΎƸҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ل‬ґɗ͑ËľҡȍɗѸ¡ΎĀľ ɗѸĀľѸËфɗ¡ľĀɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľ̲ѸЙ́ËľҡȍҡȍѸǣфľľ͑ǣфĀľ͑Ѹٍҡȍľ͑ɗҡɗѸЙΎѸ‫ڎ‬ Ѹɗ¡́ľ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ́ΎԮľф ̲ľ͑Ѹ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ Й́Ëľ ɗѸ ЙфΎѸЙľфΎӕѸ ͑Āٍ ҡȍľфľƸΎфľٍ ҡȍɗѸ ̲ֆ ѸӕǣǣľѸҡ ҡȍҡ ɗҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ͑ֆ a llٍ ¡ӕҡ ҡȍҡ ɗҡ ɗѸ ҡȍľ ͑ľՓ Й́Ëľ ҡΎ ՓȍɗËȍ̞ֆ́&ȍĀǣΎ͑ľҡΎǣľҡȍľфՓɗҡȍȍľфҡфɗ¡ľ‫ل‬ ʊ͑ЙΎľ̲͑Ύ‫ل‬؉؆٤lmiyyaٍ awlٍؓ،ԮľфѸľѸ٧ٍՓȍɗËȍՓѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀЙфľԮɗ‫ڎ‬ ΎӕѸ́ֆ ٤ЙЙ‫ ل‬،‫ڎآإ‬،‫إإ‬٧ٍ ͅӕ́ֆȖѸҡҡľѸ Ë́ľф́ֆ ҡȍҡ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ɗѸ  ֤ľ̲ľ͑ɗҡľ ՓΎ̲͑ ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؆‫و‬؉٫‫ ل‬ʊҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ Ëľфҡɗ͑ Փȍľҡȍľф Ѹȍľ фľ́́ֆ ՓѸ  ֤ľ̲ľ͑ɗҡľ ՓΎ̲͑ ՓȍΎ ́ɗԮľĀ ɗ͑ ́‫ ̲֤͑ڎ‬ɗҡѸľ́Ƹٍ Ύф ɗƸ Ѹȍľ ՓѸ  ֤ľ̲ľ͑ɗҡľ ȸӕĀȍ́ɗ ՓΎ̲͑‫ ل‬ʊҡ ɗѸ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ ҡȍҡ ѸΎ̲ľ Йфҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ȸӕĀȍֆ́ ҡфɗ¡ľ ĀՓľ́ҡ ɗ͑ ‫ܡ‬kѸɦф ͑Ύфҡȍľф͑ ΎƸ ́‫͑ ٍ̲֤͑ڎ‬Ā ҡȍľֆ Փľфľ Ë́́ľĀ ȸӕĀȍֆ́ ́‫ ̲֤͑ڎ‬٤ҡȍľ ȸӕĀȍֆ́ΎƸ́‫̲֤͑ڎ‬٧ٍҡΎĀɗѸҡɗ͑ǣӕɗѸȍ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ҡȍľ̲͑ĀҡȍľΎҡȍľфȸӕĀȍ́ɗѸ ՓȍΎ Փľфľ Ë́́ľĀ ȸӕĀȍֆ́ Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍ̲&́ɗֆֆӣ͑ Ύф ҡȍľ ͑Ύфҡȍľф͑ ȸӕĀȍ́ɗѸ‫ إ؜ل‬kѸ ՓѸѸȍΎՓٍ͑ɗ͑ҡȍɗѸЙΎľ̲ͅӕ́ֆȖ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍҡȍľՓѸΎ͑Ëľɗ͑ƄǣֆЙҡ‫ل‬ȸΎՓ‫ڎ‬ ľԮľфٍ ҡȍľфľ ɗѸ  Ԯľфֆ ЙфΎ¡́ľ̲ҡɗË ͑Ā ̲¡ɗǣӕΎӕѸ ̲ΎҡɗƸ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ̲ľ͑‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑Ѹɗ͑ËΎ͑͑ľËҡɗΎ͑ՓɗҡȍȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀՓȍľ͑ȍľфЙЙфɗҡɗΎ͑ԮɗѸɗҡľĀȍɗ̲Փȍɗ́ľ ȍľՓѸɗ͑ƄǣֆЙҡ‫ل‬ȸľѸֆѸҡȍҡՓȍľ͑ҡȍɗѸΎËËӕффľĀٍȍľËΎӕ́ĀѸ̲ľ́́ҡȍľѸՓľľҡ ΎĀΎӕф ΎƸ ҡȍľ khuzm Й́͑ҡѸ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ЙЙфɗҡɗΎ͑ ËффɗľĀ Փɗҡȍ ɗҡ ƸфΎ̲ Ǘ́ʮ ՓȍɗËȍɗѸٍѸѸȍΎՓ͑ɗ͑Й‫ؐل‬؆،ٍwdҡΎҡȍľľѸҡ͑Ā͑ΎфҡȍľѸҡΎƸ́‫̲&̲֤ڎ‬ ‫إ؜‬  Ѡľ͑ҡ‫٘ ٍ׀‬ȸӕĀȍֆٍ́ٚ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ʊʊʊ‫ؓؗ و‬؆ٌ ‫˔ד‬ɦٍ Shir al-hudhaliyyn f l-a rayn aljhil wa-l-islm ٤æɗфΎ‫و‬ġ&ф ́‫&˫ڎ‬ҡɗ¡́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɦ́ɗ‫ڎ‬Ҩ‫ڎ‬Ӆɗ¡&‫ܡ‬Փ‫ͮڎ͑ڎ‬Ѹȍфٍ ؉‫إ؜إ‬٧ٍ ؉ؓ‫ڎ‬ ،؆ٌ͑‫ͮڎ‬ҡѸȍٍAshr Hudhaylٍ؉‫و‬؉ؐ‫ڎؗ‬؉ؐ‫لآ‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،‫ؗ‬؉ ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؆‫و‬؉‫؜‬٫‫ ل‬ҽȍľ фľѸΎ͑ Փȍֆ ҡȍľ ́ΎԮľф ËȍΎѸľ ҡȍľ khuzm ΎƸ Ǘ́ʮ ͑Ā ͑Ύҡ ҡȍҡ ΎƸ ͑ֆ Ύҡȍľф Й́Ëľ ɗ͑ kф¡ɗ Ύф ΎӕҡѸɗĀľ ɗҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ˔͑ΎՓ͑‫ ل‬ʊҡ ɗѸ ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ ҡȍҡǗ́ʮՓѸΎ͑ľΎƸҡȍľ̲ΎѸҡƸ̲ΎӕѸЙ́ËľѸ¡ľËӕѸľΎƸɗҡѸkhuzmaƸ́ΎՓľфѸ‫ل‬ ḱҡȍΎӕǣȍ ҡȍɗѸ ɗѸ нӕɗҡľ ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľٍ ɗҡ ĀΎľѸ ͑Ύҡ Ѹľľ̲ ҡΎ ¡ľ ҡȍľ ËѸľ Ѹɗ͑Ëľ ҡȍľ khuzmΎƸǗ́ʮՓΎӕ́ĀȍԮľ¡ľľ̲͑ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀƸфľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆ¡ֆΎҡȍľфϘ́Ākф¡ɗË ЙΎľҡѸ‫ل‬k̲Ύ͑ǣҡȍľ،؆ЙΎľҡѸٍƸфΎ̲ҡȍľЙфľ‫ڎ‬ʊѸ̲́ɗËľфӕ͑ҡɗ́ҡȍľԆ̲ֆֆĀΎ͑ľٍ ɗ͑ՓȍΎѸľЙΎľҡфֆҡȍľՓΎфĀkhuzm ՓѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀٍ͑Ύ͑ľΎƸҡȍľ̲̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ҡȍľkhuzm ΎƸǗ́ʮľիËľЙҡͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂ˔̲‫؟ل‬؆ ‫؟‬؆  ґľľԮ‫ؐل‬؆ٍЙΎľ̲ؓ‫إ‬؆¡ֆk¡ӣ‫ܡ‬kĀɦ‫̲Šܡ‬ɗф¡‫ل‬ґ‫ܡ‬Ā͑‫̲ͮڎ‬фɦ́‫ڎ‬k‫׀‬Āɦ٤͑ΎĀҡľΎƸĀľҡȍ ɗѸǣɗԮľ͑٧ٍqfiyyaٍ awlٍɗ͑ʊ¡͑ͅֆ̲ӣٍ͑Muntah - alab min ashr al-arabٍľĀ‫ل‬ ͅӕȖ̲̲Āͮ¡ɦ́ӅфɦƸɦ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&фҙ&Āɗфٍ؉‫إإإ‬٧ٍ‫إڎ؟آوإ‬؉‫ل‬ґľľ́ѸΎԮľфѸľ¡ֆ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ&фɗҡȍ¡‫ͅل‬фֆ̲́‫ڎ‬ՠ&Āɗ‫ܡ‬ɦ٤͑ΎĀҡľΎƸĀľҡȍɗѸǣɗԮľ͑٧ٍфȍֆ̲ľ́ľҡҡľфbٍ awlٍ ɗ͑ ́‫˫ڎ‬ȍ&́ɗĀɗֆֆ&ٍ͑ Kitb al-Ashbh wa-n-na ir min ashr al-mutaqaddimn wa-ljhiliyya wa-l-mukharamnٍ ľĀ‫ͅ ل‬ӕȖ̲̲Ā ֤ӣѸӕƸ ٤æɗфΎ‫ͅ و‬Ҩ¡‫ܡ‬ҡ ̞ʮ͑ҡ ҡ‫ڎ‬ ҽ‫́ܥ‬ɦƸՓ‫ڎ‬ҡ‫ڎ‬ҽфʮ̲Փ‫ͮڎ͑ڎ‬Ѹȍфٍ؉‫آؗإ‬٧ٍ ؉‫لإ؟و‬kԮľфѸľ ¡ֆʊ̲фӕ‫ڎ́ܥ‬тֆѸ¡‫ܡل‬k̲ф Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґ˔ӣ͑ɦٍЙфľ‫ڎ‬ʊѸ̲́ɗËЙΎľҡ٤͑ΎĀҡľΎƸĀľҡȍɗѸǣɗԮľ͑٧ٍ Ԯ‫إل‬ɗ͑ЙΎľ̲͑Ύ‫ٍ؜؜ؓل‬ biyyaٍ awlٍ ɗٍ͑ ʊ¡͑ ͅֆ̲ӣٍ͑ Muntah - alabٍ ‫ لؐ؟ؐڎآ؜ؐ وآ‬Ո‫ ل‬؉‫ ٍ؟‬ЙΎľ̲ իԮٍ lmiyyaٍ awlٍ¡ֆ‫ܡ‬k¡ɦĀ¡‫ڎ́ل‬k¡фҁ٤Ā‫ل‬Ë‫؜ل‬؆؆k‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬٧ɗ͑‫ܡ‬k¡ɦĀ¡‫ڎ́ل‬k¡фҁٍDwn Abd b. al-Abra ٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬æȍф́ľѸ ̞ֆٍ́́ ɗ͑ҡфΎĀӕËľĀ ¡ֆ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ‫ܡ‬kՓ͑ɦ ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā ф‫ڎ‬ Ѡ‫ܥ‬ӣƸ ٤æɗфΎ‫ͅ و‬Ҩ¡‫ܡ‬ҡ ġ&ф ́‫˫ڎ‬ӕҡӕ¡ Փ‫ڎ́ڎ‬ՠҡȍ&‫ܥ‬ɗн ́‫ڎ‬тՓ̲ɗֆֆٍ ،؆؆ؐ٧ٍ ؓ‫لإؓڎ؟‬ Ո‫؟ل‬ɗ͑lmiyyaΎƸ awl¡ֆk¡ӣҨ‫ڎ‬Ӆ̲Ȗ&͑́‫ڎ‬тֆ͑ɦ٤Ā‫ل‬Ë‫ل‬؉؉‫ؐ؜ڈ‬،Ύфؐ؆‫ؗ؜ڈ‬؆‫ڎ‬ ؉٧ ɗ͑ ͅӕ́ӣȖɦٍ Ashr al-lu  wa-akhbruhum ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫ڎ‬ɂĈ&ф ́‫ˇڎ‬ĀɦĀٍ ؉‫ؐإإ‬٧ٍ؉‫آو‬؉‫ٌ؜آڎ‬Ո‫ٍإل‬ЙΎľ̲ؓ،‫¡ؗ‬ֆ́‫˫ڎ‬ӕ̲ֆҡ́‫ڎ‬kՓѸҨ٤Ā‫ل‬Ë‫؜ل‬؆‫آ؜ڈ‬؆٧ٍayniyyaٍ awlٍɗ͑ʊ¡͑ͅֆ̲ӣٍ͑Muntah - alabٍ‫وآ‬؉،‫ڎ؟‬؉ؐ،‫ل‬Ո‫ل‬،،ٍЙΎľ̲؉،ٍ͑ĀԮ‫ٍؗؓل‬ ЙΎľ̲؉ٍؐ¡ΎҡȍiyyaѸΎƸ awlٍ¡ֆф‫ڎ‬Ѡ&‫ܡ‬ɦ͑‫ͮڎ‬ӕ̲ֆфɦ٤Ā‫إل‬؆‫؟ڈ‬؆‫إ‬٧ٍɗ͑ф‫ڎ‬Ѡ&‫ܡ‬ɦ͑‫ڎ‬ ͮӕ̲ֆфɦٍ Dwn ar-R n-Numayrٍ ǣҡȍľфľĀ ͑Ā ľĀ‫¡ ل‬ֆ Ѡľɗ͑ȍфĀ ՠľɗЙľфҡ ٤´ľɗ‫ڎ‬ фӕҡ‫ܡͅڎ́ و‬ȍĀ ́‫ڎ‬ḱ̲&͑ɦ ́ɗ‫ڎ́ڎ‬k¡Ȗ&ҡȍ Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍфнɗֆֆ Ǘɦ ´ֆфӣҡٌ ՠɗľѸ¡Āľ͑‫ و‬Ǘф͑‫׀‬ ґҡľɗ͑ľф Ոľф́ǣٍ ؉‫آإ‬؆٧ٍ ؐؓ‫ؗڎ‬؉‫ ل‬Ո‫  ٍآ ل‬ЙΎľ̲ ¡ֆ ́‫ڎ‬k˔ȍҨ́ ٤Ā‫¡ ل‬ľƸΎфľ ‫إ‬،‫؟ڈ‬؉؆٧ٍ lmiyya,bas ٍɗ͑́‫ڎ‬k˔ȍҨٍ́Shar Dwn al-Akh al at-TaghlibٍľĀ‫ل‬ʊ́ɗֆֆ&ґ́ɦ̲́‫ڎ‬ ɂ&Փɦ ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&фҡȍ‫ڎ‬ҽȍн&Ƹٍ ؉‫آ؜إ‬٧ٍ ؐؓ؉‫ؗؐڎ‬؉‫ ل‬Ո‫ ؗل‬ɗ͑ЙΎľ̲¡ֆˇфɦф٤Ā‫ ل‬Ë‫ل‬ ؉؉؆‫؟ڈ‬،‫؟ڎآ‬،‫إ‬٧ٍmmiyyaٍbas ٍɗ͑ˇфɦфٍDwn JarrٍľĀ‫֤ل‬ӣѸӕƸ‫ܡ‬ʙĀ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫ڎ‬ ˇɦٍ́؉‫إإ‬،٧ٍ‫ؓ؜ڎآؐ؜‬؆‫ل‬Ո‫ٍؐل‬ɗ͑ЙΎľ̲¡ֆ́‫ڎ‬Ǘф‫׀‬Āн٤Ā‫ل‬Ë‫ل‬؉؉؆‫؟ڈ‬،‫؟ڎآ‬،‫إ‬٧ٍriyyaٍ awlٍ ͑Ā Ԯ‫ ل‬، ɗ͑  ЙΎľ̲ ¡ֆ ȍɗٍ̲ lmiyyaٍ awlٍ ɗ͑ ́‫ڎ‬Ǘф‫׀‬Āнٍ Dwn alFarazdaq٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&фҙ&Āɗф͑Āġ&ф´ֆфӣҡٍ؉‫؜إ‬؆٧ٍ؉‫ؐو‬،؆‫ؐڎ‬،،ٌ،‫آو‬؆‫آڎ‬،‫ل‬Ո‫ل‬،ٍؓ ЙΎľ̲،ٍؓmmiyyaٍ awlٌԮ‫ل‬،‫ٍآ‬ЙΎľ̲ؐ‫ٍ؟‬riyyaٍbas ٌԮ‫ٍؐؐل‬ЙΎľ̲‫ٍآ؜‬kfiyyaٍ awlٌ͑ĀԮ‫ل‬؉‫ٍإ‬ЙΎľ̲ؓ،ٍayniyyaٍ awlٍ¡ֆġȍӣф‫ڎ‬Ѡӕ̲̲٤Ā‫ل‬؉؉‫ؗؐ؟ڈ؟‬٧ٍɗ͑ġȍӣ ф‫ڎ‬Ѡӕٍ̲̲Dwn Dh r-Rumma Ghayln b. Uqba al-Adaw l-mutawaff sanat 117 h. shar al-imm Ab Na r Amad b. tim al-Bhil ib al-A ma, riwyat alimm Ab l-Abbs ThalabٍľĀ‫ܡ ل‬k¡Ā́‫ڎ‬тӕĀĀӣѸk¡ӣҙ&́ɗȖ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫ͅو‬ӕ‫ܥ‬ѸѸѸҡф‫ڎ‬ ѠɗѸ&ٍ́؉‫ؐإإ‬٧ٍ،‫ٍ؜؟؟ڎؗؓ؟و‬؉؉ؓؓ‫ڎ‬؉؉‫ٍ؜؜‬؉،‫ڎؐ؟‬؉،‫وٌؐإإ‬؉‫؟‬؉؆‫ڎ‬؉‫لؐؓ؟‬Ո‫ل‬؉‫ٍإ‬ɗ͑ЙΎľ̲ ؉‫ٍؗ‬ayniyyaٍ awlٍ¡ֆ́‫ܡڎ‬kфʮɦ٤Ā‫ل‬Ë‫ل‬؉،؆‫آؐ؟ڈ‬٧ٍɗ͑́‫ܡڎ‬kфʮɦٍDwn al-Arj riwyat Ab l-Fat ash-Shaykh Uthmn b. Jinn al-mutawaff sanat 392 h.ٍ ľĀ‫ل‬k˔ȍĈфҨ‫ڎ‬ Ӆ&‫ܥ‬ɦ ͑Ā ѠѸȍɦĀ ́‫ܡڎ‬Ԇ¡ֆĀɦ ٤´ǣȍĀĀ‫ و‬Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍфɗ˔ ́‫ڎ‬ʊѸ́&̲ɗֆֆ ́ɗ‫ڎ‬Ҩ‫ڎ‬Ӆɗ¡&‫ ܡ‬Փ‫ڎ͑ڎ‬ ͮѸȍф ́‫ͅڎ‬ȖĀӣĀٍ ؉‫؜ؗإ‬٧ٍؓ‫ؗڎ؟‬؆‫ ل‬Ո‫ ل‬؉‫ ٍ؟‬ЙΎľ̲ ؉‫ ٍآ‬lmiyyaٍ bas ¡ֆ͑‫¡&ͮڎ‬ɗǣȍ ،‫ؗ‬، k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ҽȍľ khuzm Й́͑ҡ ɗѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ́ѸΎ ¡ֆ ҡՓΎ Ύҡȍľф ȸӕĀȍ́ɗ ЙΎľҡѸ ՓȍΎ ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑ҡȍľԆ̲ֆֆĀľфٍ¡ӕҡҡȍľֆĀΎ͑ΎҡѸËфɗ¡ľɗҡҡΎǗ́ʮ‫؟ل‬؉ ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣҡȍľkhuzma ΎƸǗ́ʮ̲ֆ́ѸΎ¡ľËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфľĀ͑ɗ͑‫ڎ‬ ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑ҡȍҡǗ́ʮɗѸҡȍľЙ́ËľՓȍľфľҡȍľ́ΎԮľфӕѸľĀҡΎԮɗѸɗҡΎфľԮľ͑Փȍľфľȍľ ӕѸľĀҡΎ́ɗԮľ‫´ل‬ֆфľË́́ɗ͑ǣҡȍľѸՓľľҡΎĀΎӕфΎƸҡȍľЙ́͑ҡѸΎƸҡȍɗѸЙ́Ëľٍҡȍľ́ΎԮ‫ڎ‬ ľфĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡľիЙфľѸѸȍɗѸֆľф͑ɗ͑ǣƸΎфȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀΎ͑́ֆٍ¡ӕҡ́ѸΎƸΎфҡȍľЙ́Ëľ ՓȍľфľȍľӕѸľĀҡΎ́ɗԮľ¡ľƸΎфľȍľ̲ΎԮľĀҡΎƄǣֆЙҡ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸË́ľфٍȍΎՓľԮľфٍҡȍҡȍľ ̲ӕѸҡȍԮľ́ɗԮľĀΎф¡ľľ͑ЙфľѸľ͑ҡҡȍľфľՓɗҡȍȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٍΎҡȍľфՓɗѸľȍľфЙЙ‫ڎ‬ фɗҡɗΎ͑ՓΎӕ́Ā͑ΎҡȍԮľ¡ľľ͑¡́ľҡΎËффֆҡȍľѸՓľľҡΎĀΎӕфΎƸҡȍľkhuzmaΎƸ Ǘ́ʮ‫ل‬ʊҡѸľľ̲Ѹҡȍҡ¡Ύҡȍͅӕ́ֆȖ͑ĀȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀȍĀΎ͑Ëľ́ɗԮľĀΎф¡ľľ͑ҡΎ‫ڎ‬ ǣľҡȍľф͑ľфǗ́ʮ‫ل‬ґɗ͑Ëľҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀɗѸѸɗĀҡΎ¡ľ֤ľ̲ľ͑ɗҡľٍɗҡɗѸ͑Ύҡӕ͑́ɗ˔ľ‫ڎ‬ ́ֆҡȍҡѸȍľȍĀ̲ΎԮľĀҡΎЙ́Ëľ͑ľфǗ́ʮ‫ل‬ ʊ͑ ҡȍľ ́Ѹҡ ЙΎľٍ̲ ЙΎľ̲ ͑Ύ‫ ل‬؉؉ ٤jmiyyaٍ bas ٍ ؉ؓ ԮľфѸľѸ٧ٍ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ̲ľ͑‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑ѸËľфҡɗ͑ԮΎֆǣľɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍȍľҡΎΎ˔Йфҡ‫ل‬ȸľ́́ӕĀľѸҡΎË̲ľ́ҡфɗ͑ΎƸ ՓΎ̲ľ͑‫ل‬ʊҡѸľľ̲Ѹҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸ͑Ύҡ́Ύ͑ľɗ͑ȍɗѸԮΎֆǣľٍѸɗ͑ËľȍľӕѸľѸҡȍľ Й́ӕф́ ƸɗфѸҡ ЙľфѸΎ͑ ЙфΎ͑Ύӕ͑ ͑Ā ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ̲Ύфľ ҡȍ͑ Ύ͑ľ Ë̲ľ́ Ύ͑ ѸӕËȍ  ԮΎֆǣľ ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؉‫إ ٍ؟و‬٫‫ ل‬ҽȍľֆ Փľфľ ɗ͑ ͅɗ͑& ͑ľф ͅ˔˔ Փȍľ͑ ҡȍľ ՓΎ̲ľ͑ ѸҡфҡľĀ ́ΎΎ˔ɗ͑ǣ ҡ ҡȍľ̲ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍ ҡȍľ Ԯľɗ́Ѹ ΎƸ ҡȍľɗф ȍΎՓĀȍѸ ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؉‫؟و‬٫‫ل‬ ґɗ͑Ëľҡȍľ́ΎԮľфĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸҡȍľa llΎƸȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀҡҡȍľ¡ľǣɗ͑͑ɗ͑ǣΎƸȍɗѸЙΎ‫ڎ‬ ľ̲٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؉‫و‬؉‫؜ڎ‬٫ٍ͑Āҡȍľ͑ĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸҡȍľѸľҡфԮľ́ɗ͑ǣՓΎ̲ľٍ͑ҡȍɗѸ̲ֆɗ͑Āɗ‫ڎ‬ ËҡľҡȍҡҡȍľҡфԮľ́ľфѸՓľфľҡȍľҡфɗ¡ľΎƸȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٍ͑ĀҡȍľՓΎ̲ľ͑ɗ͑Ë́ӕĀ‫ڎ‬ ľĀ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ȍľфѸľ́Ƹ ͑Ā Ύҡȍľф ̲ɗĀľ͑Ѹ ΎƸ ȍľф ҡфɗ¡ľ‫ ل‬ʊҡ Ѹľľ̲Ѹ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľֆ ՓľфľĀľЙфҡɗ͑ǣƸфΎ̲ҡȍľɗфĀľѸΎ́ҡľ¡ΎĀľѸٍ ՓȍɗËȍՓľфľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ́ҡľфѸ ҡȍľ a llٍ ͑Ā Փľфľ ЙЙфΎËȍɗ͑ǣ ͑ľՓ Ύ͑ľѸ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ̲ľľҡɗ͑ǣ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ҡȍľ ́ΎԮľф ͑Ā ȍɗѸ ËΎ̲фĀľѸ Ύ͑ ҡȍľ Ύ͑ľ ȍ͑Ā ͑Ā ҡȍľ ̲ɗĀľ͑Ѹ Ύ͑ ҡȍľ Ύҡȍľф ՓѸ ɗ͑ ͅɗ͑&‫ͅ ل‬ɗ͑&ٍ ҡȍľфľƸΎфľٍ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ  Й́Ëľ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍ ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľ ҡфɗ¡́ Ë̲ľ́ ҡфɗ͑ ՓѸ ЙѸѸɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ фľËȍ ҡȍľɗф ͑ľՓ ¡ΎĀľѸ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ Ύ́Ā ¡ΎĀľѸ ΎƸ ҡȍɗѸ ҡфɗ¡ľٍ ҡȍľфľƸΎфľٍ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ ɗ͑ ѸΎ̲ľ Й́Ëľ Ë́ΎѸľ ¡ֆٍ Ύф ͑Ύҡ ҡΎΎ Ƹфٍ ƸфΎ̲ ͅɗ͑&‫ ل‬ʊҡ Ѹľľ̲Ѹҡȍҡҡȍľ́ΎԮľф͑ĀȍɗѸËΎ̲фĀľѸĀľËɗĀľĀҡΎƸΎ́́ΎՓҡȍľҡфԮľ́ɗ͑ǣՓΎ̲‫ڎ‬ Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍֆ¡&͑ɦ ٤Ā‫ ل‬؉،‫ؐؓ؟ڈؗ‬٧ٍ ɗ͑ ͑‫¡&ͮڎ‬ɗǣȍ Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍֆ¡&͑ɦٍ Dwn an-Nbigha shShaybnٍ ľĀ‫ܡ ل‬Ԇ̲ф Ǘ&фӣн Ҩ‫ڎ‬Ӆ¡¡&‫ ܡ‬٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫ڎ‬kфнٍ̲ ؉‫؜إإ‬٧ٍ ؉،‫ڎ؟‬؉ؐ‫ ل؜‬Ո‫ل‬ ‫ؐؗ‬ɗ͑ЙΎľ̲‫ٍآ‬dliyyaٍkmilٍ¡ֆҨ‫ڎ‬Ӆɗфɗ̲̲&Ȗ٤Ā‫ل‬Ë‫ل‬؉،‫ؐؓ؟ڈؗ‬٧ٍɗ͑Ҩ‫ڎ‬Ӆɗфɗ̲̲&Ȗ¡‫ل‬ ɂ˔ɦٍ̲Dwn a - irimmٍľĀ‫ܡل‬ʊ‫׀׀‬ҡɂѸ͑٤،͑ĀľĀ‫´ٌل‬ľɗфӕҡ͑ĀḱľЙЙΎ‫و‬ġ&фѸȍ‫ڎ‬ ґȍфн́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɦٍ؉‫ؓإإ‬٧ٍ؉؆‫ڎآ‬؉،؆‫ل‬Ո‫ل‬؉ٍؐЙΎľ̲،‫ٍؗ‬lmiyyaٍkmilٍ͑ĀԮ‫ل‬؉‫ٍ؜‬ЙΎľ̲ ‫ٍ؟ؗ‬fiyyaٍ awlٍ¡ֆʊ¡͑Ā‫ڎ‬ġӕ̲ֆ͑٤Ā‫ل‬؉ؐ؆‫؟ؓ؟ڈ‬٧ɗ͑ʊ¡͑Ā‫ڎ‬ġӕ̲ֆٍ͑Dwn Ibn ad-Dumayna anat Ab l-Abbs Thalab wa-Muammad b. abbٍľĀ‫ل‬kȖ̲ĀѠ&ҡɗ¡ ͑‫ͮڎ‬ƸƸ&˔ȍ٤æɗфΎ‫˔ͅو‬ҡ¡ҡġ&ф́‫ܡڎ‬Ԇфӣ¡ٍ؉‫إؗإ‬٧ٍؓ‫ٍ؟ؓڎؗ‬؉ؐؓ‫ڎ‬؉ؓ؆‫ل‬Ո‫ل‬؉ٍؓЙΎľ̲ ٍؐ biyyaٍ awlٍ ¡ֆ ‫ܡ‬ԆфՓ ¡‫ ل‬ԆĀȍֆ͑ ٤Ā‫ ل‬Ë‫ ل‬؉ؐ؆‫؟ؓ؟ڈ‬٧ٍ ɗ͑ ‫ܡ‬ԆфՓ ¡‫ ل‬ԆĀȍֆٍ͑ Dwn Urwa b. Udhayna٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&фҙ&Āɗфٍ؉‫؜إإ‬٧ٍ؉؉‫ڎ‬؉‫إ‬ ‫؟‬؉  ґľľԮ‫ل‬؉؆¡ֆԆ̲ֆֆ¡‫ل‬k¡ɦ‫ܥŠܡ‬ɗĀȍ٤Ā‫ل‬Ë‫ؗإ؜ڈؗ؟ل‬٧ٍɗ͑ЙΎľ̲͑Ύ‫ٍ؟ل‬lmiyyaٍ awlٍ ɗ͑Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦٍKitb Shar ashr al-hudhaliyynٍ،‫ؗو‬،ؓ‫ؗڎ‬،‫ٌ͑؜‬Ā́ѸΎԮ‫͑ل‬Ύ‫ل‬؉؆¡ֆ k¡ӣҙ˔ȍф́‫ڎ‬ȸӕĀȍ́ɦٍɗ͑ЙΎľ̲͑Ύ‫ٍؓل‬dliyyaٍ awlٍɗ͑ibid.ٍ،‫ؐإو‬؉‫لؐؐإڎ‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،‫ؐؗ‬ ľ͑ɗ͑ΎфĀľфҡΎȍԮľ́Ѹҡ́ΎΎ˔ҡҡȍľ̲¡ľƸΎфľҡȍľֆËΎ͑ҡɗ͑ӕľĀҡȍľɗфʮΎӕф͑ľֆ‫ل‬ ЬӕфѸӕɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ Փȍɗ́ľ Ѹȍľ ՓѸ ҡфԮľ́ɗ͑ǣ Փɗҡȍ ȍľф ҡфɗ¡ľ ɗѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ĀɗфľËҡ́ֆɗ͑ΎҡȍľфҡՓΎЙΎľ̲Ѹ¡ֆҡȍľѸ̲ľͅӕ́ֆȖ‫؟ل‬،  ،‫ل‬،‫ل‬،Concluding Remarks Regarding the Places Mentioned in the Poetry of Mulay kѸӕ̲̲фֆΎƸҡȍľ¡ΎԮľ‫̲ڎ‬ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ͑́ֆѸľѸΎƸҡȍľЙ́ËľѸɗ͑ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸЙΎľҡ‫ڎ‬ фֆՓΎӕ́Ā́ľĀҡΎҡȍľƸΎ́́ΎՓɗ͑ǣËΎ͑Ë́ӕѸɗΎ͑Ѹ‫و‬ ؉‫ل‬kËľфҡɗ͑¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٍͮ&‫ܥ‬ɗٍ́ӕѸľĀҡΎѸЙľ͑ĀҡȍľѸЙфɗ͑ǣЙľфɗΎĀɗ͑‫ܡ‬k̲нՓȍɗËȍ ɗѸľɗҡȍľфwdɗ͑Ҩ‫ڎ‬Ӆ&‫ܥ‬ɗƸΎфѸΎӕфËľΎƸՓҡľф͑ľф́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑٪ͅ¡ɂ،٫‫ل‬ ،‫ل‬k͑Ύҡȍľф¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٍґӕ‫ܡ‬Ā&ٍҡфԮľ́ľĀҡȍфΎӕǣȍ́‫ڎ‬т&‫͑&ܡ‬ՓȍɗËȍЙЙфľ͑ҡ́ֆɗѸ Й́Ëľɗ͑́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑Ύфɗ͑́‫ل̲&̲֤ڎ‬ʊҡ ɗѸЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľٍ¡ӕҡ͑ΎҡËľфҡɗٍ͑ҡȍҡ ѸȍľЙЙфΎËȍľĀǗ́ʮٍľѸҡ͑Ā͑ΎфҡȍľѸҡΎƸ́‫ٍ̲&̲֤ڎ‬ՓȍɗËȍɗѸËΎ͑͑ľËҡ‫ڎ‬ ľĀҡΎĀ‫ڎ‬ġȍ͑&‫ܥ‬ĀľѸľфҡٍ͑ĀҽՓՓʮՓȍɗËȍɗѸЙЙфľ͑ҡ́ֆ́ѸΎɗ͑ҡȍľѸ̲ľ фľǣɗΎ͑‫ ل‬ȸľфľٍ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٔѸ ¡ΎĀľѸٍ ƸфΎ̲ ՓȍɗËȍ ȍľф ҡфɗ¡ľ ĀľЙфҡľĀٍ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ ľɗҡȍľф ɗ͑ Ύф ͑ľф ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑ Ύф ɗ͑ ՓľѸҡľф͑ ́‫ ل̲&̲֤ڎ‬ҽȍľ ʮΎӕф͑ľֆɗ͑¡ΎҡȍËѸľѸѸȍΎӕ́ĀȍԮľΎËËӕффľĀɗ͑͑ľѸҡľф́ֆΎф͑ΎфҡȍľѸҡľф‫ڎ‬ ́ֆĀɗфľËҡɗΎٍ͑ҡΎՓфĀѸľѸҡľф͑Ύф͑ΎфҡȍľѸҡľф͑kф¡ɗ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫ؗ‬٫‫ل‬ ؐ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ¡ΎĀľѸ ΎƸ  ҡȍɗфĀ ӕ̲͑͑ľĀ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ фľ ͑Ύҡ Ë́ľф́ֆ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀٍ ¡ӕҡ ҡȍľֆ фľ ́́ӕĀľĀ ҡΎ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍ ҡȍľ ́ɗǣȍҡ͑ɗ͑ǣ‫ڎ‬ѸËľ͑ľ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ́ΎԮľф ՓҡËȍľѸ ҡȍľ ́ɗǣȍҡɗ͑ǣǣ́ľ̲ɗ͑ǣ¡ľȍɗ͑Āĩфɗֆֆ͑Ā͑‫ͮڎ‬ɦфٍՓȍɗËȍɗѸ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑Ëȍɗ͑ ¡ΎфĀľфɗ͑ǣ ĩфɗֆֆ‫´ ل‬Ύҡȍ Й́ËľѸ фľ ɗ͑ ͮʮĀٍ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ́‫ڎ‬ɂɗʮ&‫͑ ׀‬Ā ́‫ڎ‬ ֤̲&ٍ̲ЙЙфľ͑ҡ́ֆ¡Ύӕҡؓ،؆˔̲ľѸҡΎƸ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑‫ل‬ҽȍľ́ɗǣȍҡ͑ɗ͑ǣҡȍľ͑ ̲ΎԮľĀѸΎӕҡȍՓфĀѸҡΎՓфĀѸɂӕффֆ&ҡ͑Ākǣȍфӕ¡ٍՓȍɗËȍѸľľ̲ҡΎ¡ľҡՓΎ ͑ľɗǣȍ¡Ύфɗ͑ǣЙ́ËľѸ́ΎËҡľĀɗ͑ҡȍľĀɗфľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸͮʮф&ٍ͑Й́Ëľɗ͑ѸΎӕҡȍľф͑ kф¡ɗٍ¡Ύӕҡ؉،؆؆˔̲ѸΎӕҡȍľѸҡΎƸĩфɗֆֆ‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸ̲ֆѸȍΎՓҡȍҡҡȍľ¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ́ΎԮľĀٔѸ ¡ΎĀľѸ Փľфľ ͑ľф ҡȍҡ ֤ľ̲ľ͑ɗҡľ Й́Ëľ Ύф ҡ ́ľѸҡ Փľфľ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ͮʮф&͑ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ѸΎӕҡȍ ͑Ā ĩфɗֆֆ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ͑Ύфҡȍ‫ͅ ل‬ӕ́ֆȖ ҡ ҡȍҡ ̲Ύ̲ľ͑ҡ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ ѸΎ̲ľՓȍľфľ ɗ͑ ՓľѸҡľф͑ kф¡ɗٍ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ՓľѸҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľѸľ Й́ËľѸ‫ل‬ ґɗ͑Ëľٍ Ѹ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ľĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ̲Й ¡ֆ Ѡľ¡ѸҡΎË˔ٍ ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑ ɗѸ ̲́ΎѸҡ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Ѹ̲ľ́ɗ͑ľՓľѸҡΎƸҡȍľԮɗ́́ǣľΎƸĩфɗֆֆٍΎ͑ľѸȍΎӕ́ĀѸѸӕ̲ľҡȍҡҡȍľ́ΎԮ‫ڎ‬ ľф ՓѸ Ѹҡ͑Āɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑  Ëľфҡɗ͑ Й́Ëľ ѸΎӕҡȍ Ύф ѸΎӕҡȍՓľѸҡ ΎƸ ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑ ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫آ‬٫‫ؐ؟ل‬ ؓ‫ل‬ҽȍľ¡ΎĀľѸΎƸ̞ֆ́&ٍ͑Ύҡȍľф¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٍՓľфľľɗҡȍľфɗ͑́‫˫ڎ‬ȍ&͑ɗнՓȍɗËȍɗѸ ɗ͑ ҽɗȍ&̲ҡ ‫ܡ‬kѸɦф Ύф ɗ͑ ҽҡȍ́ɦҡȍٍ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ѸΎӕҡȍľф͑ Ύф ѸΎӕҡȍՓľѸҡľф͑ Йфҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľkф¡ɗ͑ Ьľ͑ɗ͑Ѹӕٌ́Ύфɗ͑ ́‫´ڎ‬ӕȖֆфٍ  Й́Ëľɗ͑ҡȍľwdΎƸ ֤́ֆ́ɗ͑ ‫؟‬،  ґľľЙΎľ̲͑Ύ‫وؗل‬،‫ٌإؐڎ؜‬ɗ͑ҡȍɗѸЙΎľ̲ҡȍľ́ΎԮľфԮɗѸɗҡѸҡȍľa llΎƸȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٍҡȍľ͑ фľË́́Ѹ ȍľф ԮΎֆǣľ ͑Ā ȍΎՓ ȍľ ƸΎ́́ΎՓľĀ ȍľф Փɗҡȍ ȍɗѸ ËΎ̲фĀľѸ‫ ل‬ґľľ ́ѸΎ ЙΎľ̲ ͑Ύ‫ و؟ ل‬؉ؓ‫ؓڎ‬؆ ͑Ā ЙľфȍЙѸ ́ѸΎ ԮľфѸľѸ ؓ؉‫ لآؗڎ‬ȸľфľٍ ҡȍľ ́ΎԮľф фľË́́Ѹ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ͑Āȍľфa llٍҡȍľ͑ȍľфԮΎֆǣľ͑ĀҡȍľĀֆѸɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍȍľƸΎ́́ΎՓľĀȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ل‬ ‫ؐ؟‬  Ѡľ¡ѸҡΎË˔ٍ ٘ġѸ ɗѸ̲́ɗѸËȍľ kф¡ɗľٍ͑ٚ ЙΎɗ͑ҡѸ ،‫ؓڈؗ‬؆ ٤́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑٧ ͑Ā ،‫ؓؓڈؗ‬ ٤ĩфɗֆֆ٧‫ل‬ ،‫ؓؗ‬ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ֤͑¡ӕ‫ٍܡ‬Ύ͑ҡȍľËΎѸҡΎƸҡȍľѠľĀґľٍ¡Ύӕҡؓ‫آ‬؆˔̲͑ΎфҡȍՓľѸҡΎƸͅ˔˔ ͑Ā ،ؓ؆ ˔̲ ѸΎӕҡȍՓľѸҡ ΎƸ ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑‫ ل‬Ϙф ҡȍľ ¡ΎĀľѸ Փľфľ ѸËҡҡľфľĀ ¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ҡՓľľ͑¡ΎҡȍЙ́ËľѸ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫إ‬٫‫ل‬ ‫لؗ‬k͑Ύҡȍľфӕ̲͑͑ľĀ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀЙѸѸľĀҡȍфΎӕǣȍͅɗ͑&Փȍɗ́ľҡфԮľ́ɗ͑ǣՓɗҡȍȍľф ҡфɗ¡ľ‫ ل‬ҽȍɗѸ ѸȍΎՓѸ ҡȍҡ Ѹȍľ ́ɗԮľĀ ѸΎ̲ľՓȍľфľ ͑ľф ͅɗ͑& ͑Ā ͑ľф ͅ˔˔ ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؉٫‫ل‬ ‫ͅ ل؜‬ӕ́ֆȖ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ̲͑ֆ Й́ËľѸ Փȍľфľ ̞ֆ́& ӕѸľĀ ҡΎ ĀՓľ́́‫ ل‬ȸľф ЙфľѸľ͑ҡ ¡ΎĀľѸ Ѹľľ̲ ҡΎ ¡ľ ɗ͑  Ëľфҡɗ͑ Й́Ëľ ѸΎӕҡȍ ΎƸ ͅ˔˔ ͑Ā ͑Ύфҡȍ ΎƸ ́‫ڎ‬ ֤̲͑‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍľ ЙѸҡٍ Ѹȍľ ӕѸľĀ ҡΎ ѸЙľ͑Ā ҡȍľ ѸЙфɗ͑ǣ ЙľфɗΎĀ Փɗҡȍ ȍľф ҡфɗ¡ľ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑k‫ܡ‬ֆ&ф͑Ā́‫´ڎ‬ɗф˔‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸɗ͑ҡľф̲ľĀɗҡľЙ́ËľѸȍΎӕ́Ā¡ľľɗҡȍľф¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ҡՓľľ͑́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑͑Āɂффҡ̞ֆ́&ٍՓȍɗËȍɗѸ¡Ύӕҡ،‫آ‬؆˔̲ѸΎӕҡȍľѸҡΎƸ ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦٌ͑ΎфľѸҡ٤ЙľфȍЙѸɗ͑Ā‫ڎ‬ġȍ͑&‫ܥ‬٧Ύф͑ΎфҡȍľѸҡΎƸ́‫ل̲&̲֤ڎ‬ ʊ͑ ҡȍľ Ѹӕ̲̲ľф Ѹȍľ ӕѸľĀ ҡΎ ĀՓľ́́ ɗ͑ ́‫ڎ‬тƸ&ٍ ̲ɗĀՓֆ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ҡȍľ ՓľѸҡľф͑ ¡ΎфĀľфΎƸɂффҡ̞ֆ́&͑Ā‫ܡ‬Ԇ˔&‫ٍ׈‬ՓȍɗËȍɗѸ¡Ύӕҡ،ؓ؆˔̲ѸΎӕҡȍՓľѸҡΎƸɗҡ‫ل‬ Ϙ͑Ύ͑ľΎƸȍľфʮΎӕф͑ľֆѸٍҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀЙѸѸľĀҡȍфΎӕǣȍтфٍ͑ՓȍɗËȍѸľľ̲Ѹ ҡΎ¡ľЙ́Ëľɗ͑́‫ل̲&̲֤ڎ‬ ҽȍľЙΎľҡфľË́́ѸҡȍľѸľɗ͑ËɗĀľ͑ҡѸՓȍɗ́ľȍľՓѸɗ͑ҡȍľ´́н&‫ܥ‬фľǣɗΎ͑ɗ͑ˇΎфĀٍ͑ Ύф̲ΎфľËËӕфҡľ́ֆľѸҡΎƸ‫ܡ‬k̲̲&͑‫ل‬ȸľĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸȍɗѸфľҡӕф͑ʮΎӕф͑ľֆƸфΎ̲ ҡȍҡЙ́ËľٍЙѸѸɗ͑ǣҡȍфΎӕǣȍ́‫ڎ‬ɂɗʮ&‫͑׀‬Ā́‫ڎ‬ǾȍՓфɗ͑ՓľѸҡľф͑kф¡ɗӕ͑ҡɗ́ ȍľфľËȍľѸȍɗѸȍΎ̲ľٍЙЙфľ͑ҡ́ֆ͑ľфѸȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍф&͑Ā́‫ͅڎ‬ӕ‫ܡ‬ффƸɗ͑ͅ˔‫ڎ‬ ˔٪ͅ¡ɂ‫؟‬٫‫ل‬ ‫ ل؟‬Ԇ̲̲ ‫¡Šܡ‬ɗĀٍ ͑Ύҡȍľф ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٍ ɗѸ  ֤ľ̲ľ͑ɗҡľ ̲ɗĀľ͑‫ ل‬ʊҡ ՓѸ ËΎ͑Ë́ӕĀľĀ ҡȍҡѸȍľٍ͑ĀЙľфȍЙѸȍľф́ΎԮľфѸՓľٍ̲́́ֆȍԮľΎ͑Ëľ́ɗԮľĀƸΎфËľфҡɗ͑ ӕ͑˔͑ΎՓ͑ЙľфɗΎĀ͑ľфǗ́ʮ‫ل‬ҽȍľ́ΎԮľфՓѸ́ѸΎɗ͑ƄǣֆЙҡ‫ل‬ ʊ͑ΎҡȍľфՓΎфĀѸٍҡȍľѸӕ̲̲фֆ́ѸΎѸȍΎՓѸҡȍҡҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀѸɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľҡфֆΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑ƸΎӕффľǣɗΎ͑Ѹ‫و‬ ؉‫ل‬ґľԮľф́ЙΎľ̲Ѹ̲˔ľҡȍľɗ̲ЙфľѸѸɗΎ͑ҡȍҡҡȍľфľՓľфľѸΎ̲ľ¡ΎĀľѸɗ͑ՓľѸҡ‫ڎ‬ ľф͑kф¡ɗ‫و‬ɗҡɗѸЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡȍҡҡȍľфľՓѸѸЙфɗ͑ǣ¡ΎĀľ͑ľфҨ‫ڎ‬Ӆ&‫ܥ‬ɗƸٍ͑Ā ͑ ¡ΎĀľ ͑ľф ͅɗ͑&ٍ Փȍɗ́ľ  ҡȍɗфĀ Ѹľľ̲Ѹ ҡΎ ¡ľ ɗ͑ Ύф Ë́ΎѸľ ҡΎ ҽɗȍ&̲ҡ ‫ܡ‬kѸɦфɗ͑ѸΎӕҡȍՓľѸҡkф¡ɗ‫ل‬kƸΎӕфҡȍЙ́ËľѸľľ̲ѸҡΎ¡ľѸΎӕҡȍΎƸͅ˔˔͑Ā ͑ΎфҡȍΎƸ́‫ͅل̲֤͑ڎ‬ӕ́ֆȖ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍҡȍľȍѸ͑ľԮľфԮɗѸɗҡľĀҡȍɗѸЙ́Ëľ‫ل‬ ͮΎфҡȍ ΎƸ ҡȍľѸľ Й́ËľѸٍ ͑Ā ́ѸΎ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ՓľѸҡٍ Ë́ΎѸľ ҡΎ ֤͑¡ӕ‫͑ ٍܡ‬Ύҡȍľф ¡ΎĀľՓѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ‫ل‬ ،‫͑ͅ ل‬ֆ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ѸȍΎՓ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľфľ ɗѸ ͑ ¡ΎĀľ ͑ľф ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑‫ ل‬k͑Ύҡȍľф Ύ͑ľ Ѹľľ̲Ѹ ҡΎ ¡ľ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑ ͑Ā ɂффҡ ̞ֆ́&ٍ ͑Ā Ѹҡɗ́́ ͑Ύҡȍľф ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ɂффҡ̞ֆ́&ɗ͑ҡȍľ͑Ύфҡȍ͑Ā‫ܡ‬Ԇ˔&‫׈‬ɗ͑ҡȍľѸΎӕҡȍ‫ل‬ ؐ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍľ ѸΎӕҡȍٍ ¡ӕҡ ͑Ύҡ фľ́́ֆ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ՓľѸҡٍ Ë́ΎѸľ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ̲ɗĀĀ́ľ Йфҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľ kф¡ɗ͑ Ьľ͑ɗ͑Ѹӕٍ́ ҡȍľфľ ՓѸ ͑Ύҡȍľф ¡ΎĀľ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ĩфɗֆֆ ͑Ā ͮʮ‫ڎ‬ ф&ٍ͑ՓȍɗËȍѸľľ̲ѸҡΎ¡ľË́ΎѸľфҡΎͮʮф&͑ҡȍ͑ҡΎĩфɗֆֆ‫ͅل‬ӕ́ֆȖՓѸ͑Ύҡ ɗ͑ҡȍҡЙ́Ëľٍ¡ӕҡՓѸфҡȍľфɗ͑ՓľѸҡľф͑kф¡ɗٍѸΎӕҡȍΎфѸΎӕҡȍՓľѸҡΎƸ́‫ڎ‬ ͅĀɦٍ͑¡ӕҡҡҡȍľľ͑ĀΎƸҡȍľЙΎľ̲ȍľѸҡҡľѸҡȍҡȍľՓɗ́́́ľԮľȍɗѸЙ́Ëľ ͑ĀԮɗѸɗҡȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ‫ل‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،‫ؗؗ‬ ؓ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸ́ѸΎЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡȍҡɗ͑ľѸҡľф͑kф¡ɗٍҡȍľфľՓѸ́ѸΎ͑¡ΎĀľՓľѸҡΎƸ ́‫ل̲&̲֤ڎ‬ʊ͑ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑ѸѸȍΎՓҡȍҡҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ́ѸΎ̲ɗǣфҡľĀҡΎҡȍľľѸҡ Ύф͑ΎфҡȍľѸҡΎƸ́‫ٍ̲́&̲֤ڎ‬Ύ͑ǣҡȍľǗ́ʮwd‫ل‬ ґɗ͑Ëľ́́ҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľ̲фľ͑Ύ̲Ā´ľĀΎӕɗ͑Ѹٍ͑Ā Ѹɗ͑Ëľͅӕ́ֆȖ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸË́ľф́ֆҡȍҡȍľ˔͑ľՓ̲ΎѸҡΎƸҡȍľĀɗƸƸľфľ͑ҡЙ́ËľѸɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ́ɗԮľĀΎфҡȍфΎӕǣȍՓȍɗËȍѸȍľЙѸѸľĀٍɗҡɗѸ͑Ύҡӕ͑́ɗ˔ľ́ֆҡȍҡ ľԮľ͑ͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸĀՓľ́́ľфΎƸҡȍľѸľΎфҡ́ľѸҡΎƸ͑ľɗǣȍ¡Ύфɗ͑ǣЙ́ËľѸ‫ل‬æΎ͑‫ڎ‬ Ѹľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆٍͅӕ́ֆȖѸľľ̲ѸҡΎȍԮľ¡ľľ͑´ľĀΎӕɗ͑ՓȍΎĀՓľ́ҡɗ͑ľËȍΎƸҡȍľ ƸΎфľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀƸΎӕффľǣɗΎ͑Ѹ‫ل‬ ʊ͑˔ľľЙɗ͑ǣҡфË˔ΎƸՓȍľфľҡȍľȸӕĀȍֆ́ҡфɗ¡ľ́ɗԮľĀĀӕфɗ͑ǣҡȍҡľф́ֆЙľфɗ‫ڎ‬ ΎĀٍ Ύ͑ľ ̲ֆ ͑ΎҡɗËľ ҡȍҡ ѸËȍΎ́фѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ ѸΎ̲ľ Й́ËľѸ ҡȍҡ фľ ́ΎËҡľĀ ̲ɗ͑́ֆɗ͑ґф&ҡȸӕĀȍֆٍ́ՓȍɗËȍɗѸ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑Ëȍɗ͑ľѸҡΎƸҡȍľҽɗȍ&̲фľ‫ڎ‬ ǣɗΎ͑ ɗ͑ ՓľѸҡľф͑ kф¡ɗ ͑Ā ËΎ͑ҡɗ͑ӕľѸ ѸΎӕҡȍՓфĀѸ ҡΎ фľËȍ  Ëľфҡɗ͑ ЙΎɗ͑ҡ Ë́ΎѸľ ҡΎ ́‫ ̲֤͑ڎ‬ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ѸΎӕҡȍՓľѸҡ‫ ل‬ҽȍɗѸ ґф&ҡ ɗѸ ËΎ͑͑ľËҡľĀ ҡΎ Ǿȍ‫׀‬Փ&͑ ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍɗѸ͑ľфҨ‫ڎ‬Ӆ&‫ܥ‬ɗƸ‫ل‬Ϙ͑ɗҡѸľѸҡľф͑͑Ā͑Ύфҡȍľф͑ѸɗĀľٍɗҡľիҡľ͑ĀѸ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ͅ˔˔͑Ā́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑͑ĀËΎ͑ҡɗ͑ӕľѸɗ͑ҡȍľĀɗфľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸͮʮĀ‫ل‬ґΎ̲ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľɗф ¡ΎĀľѸ фľ Ύ͑ ҡȍľ ľѸҡľфٍ͑ ѸΎӕҡȍľф͑ ͑Ā ՓľѸҡľф͑ ѸɗĀľѸ ΎƸ ͅ˔˔‫ل‬ ҽȍľֆ́ѸΎĀՓľ́ҡ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ͅ˔˔͑Āҡȍľ̲ΎĀľф͑ЙΎфҡΎƸˇӕĀĀՓȍɗËȍɗѸΎ͑ ҡȍľѠľĀґľٍ¡Ύӕҡ‫؟‬،˔̲͑ΎфҡȍľѸҡΎƸͅ˔˔͑Āؓ؉‫̲˔إ‬ѸΎӕҡȍՓľѸҡΎƸ́‫ڎ‬ ͅĀɦ͑‫ؓ؟ل‬ґΎ̲ľЙфҡΎƸҡȍɗѸҡфɗ¡ľĀՓľ́ҡɗ͑‫ܡ‬kѸɦф͑ΎфҡȍΎƸ́‫ل̲֤͑ڎ‬ ʊҡ ȍѸ ¡ľľ͑ ѸȍΎՓ͑ ҡȍҡ ͑ľф́ֆ ́́ ΎƸ ҡȍľѸľ фľǣɗΎ͑Ѹ фľ ́́ӕĀľĀ ҡΎ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡфֆ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ĀĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ȍѸ ́́ӕĀľĀ ҡΎ Ύҡȍľф ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡȍҡ фľ͑ΎҡĀľƸɗ͑ľĀѸ¡ΎĀľѸΎƸҡȍľȸӕĀȍֆ́ҡфɗ¡ľ‫ل‬ҽȍľѸľфľ̲ɗ͑́ֆҡȍľфľǣɗΎ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ɗѸΎ͑ ҡȍľľѸҡľф͑͑ĀѸΎӕҡȍľѸҡľф͑ѸɗĀľѸΎƸ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦٍ̲͑͑ľ́ֆҡȍΎѸľ Й́ËľѸ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑ ͑Ā ɂффҡ ̞ֆ́& ͑Ā ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ɂффҡ ̞ֆ́& ͑Ā ‫ܡ‬Ԇ˔&‫͑׈‬ĀҡȍΎѸľЙ́ËľѸՓȍɗËȍфľ́ΎËҡľĀΎ͑ҡȍľՓľѸҡľфٍ͑ľѸҡľф͑Ύф͑Ύфҡȍ‫ڎ‬ ľѸҡľф͑ѸɗĀľѸΎƸ́‫̲́&̲֤ڎ‬Ύ͑ǣҡȍľǗ́ʮwd‫ل‬ʊƸͅӕ́ֆȖ͑ĀȍɗѸ˔ɗ͑ѸƸΎ́˔ фľ́́ֆ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑ҡȍľѸľфľǣɗΎ͑Ѹٍҡȍľ͑Ύ͑ľ̲ֆËΎ͑Ë́ӕĀľҡȍҡҡȍľ¡ΎĀľѸΎƸҡȍľ ȸӕĀȍֆ́ҡфɗ¡ľľիҡľ͑ĀľĀҡΎҡȍľѸľфľǣɗΎ͑ѸѸՓľ́́‫ل‬ʊ͑ҡȍɗѸфľǣфĀٍҡȍľЙΎľҡфֆΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖѸȍΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ ËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфľĀ ΎƸ ǣфľҡ ɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑Ëľٍ Ѹɗ͑Ëľ ɗҡ фľԮľ́Ѹ ͑ľՓ фľ‫ڎ‬ ǣɗΎ͑Ѹɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍҡȍľȸӕĀȍֆ́ҡфɗ¡ľĀՓľ́ҡٍфľǣɗΎ͑ѸҡȍҡȍԮľ͑Ύҡ¡ľľ͑͑ΎҡɗËľĀ ɗ͑ҡȍľЙфΎѸľ̲ҡľфɗ́Ѹфľ́ҡľĀҡΎҡȍɗѸҡфɗ¡ľ‫ل‬ ʊ͑ ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑ ҡΎ ҡȍľѸľ Й́ËľѸٍ ͅӕ́ֆȖ́ѸΎ ѸЙľ͑ҡ ͑ ӕ͑˔͑ΎՓ͑ ЙľфɗΎĀ ΎƸ ҡɗ̲ľɗ͑ƄǣֆЙҡ͑ĀˇΎфĀ͑‫ل‬ՠɗҡȍфľǣфĀҡΎƄǣֆЙҡٍɗҡՓѸѸѸӕ̲ľĀ¡ΎԮľҡȍҡ ȍľЙľфȍЙѸҡΎΎ˔Ѹȍфľɗ͑ҡȍɗѸËΎӕ͑ҡфֆٔѸËΎ͑нӕľѸҡ‫ل‬kѸƸΎфˇΎфĀٍ͑ҡȍľфľѸΎ͑ ƸΎф ѸӕËȍ  ԮɗѸɗҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ɗ͑ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ЙΎľҡфֆٍ ¡ӕҡ ɗҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ӕ͑́ɗ˔ľ́ֆ ҡȍҡ ҡȍɗѸ ́ѸΎ ΎËËӕффľĀ Āӕфɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ËΎ͑нӕľѸҡ ΎƸ ҡȍɗѸ ËΎӕ͑ҡфֆ‫ ل‬ʊƸ ҡȍɗѸ ՓѸ ҡȍľ ËѸľٍ ҡȍľ͑ ͅӕ́ֆȖ̲ֆ ȍԮľ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ľĀ ȍɗѸ фľҡӕф͑ ʮΎӕф͑ľֆ Ƹҡľф ҡȍľ ҡҡË˔ ̲ĀľΎ͑ˇΎфĀ͑͑ĀҡȍľΎҡȍľфЙфҡѸΎƸѸȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍ&̲фľǣɗΎ͑٤ΎƸՓȍɗËȍˇΎфĀ͑ɗѸ ËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфľĀ  Йфҡ٧‫ ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ ҡȍľфľ Փľфľ ҡՓΎ ҡҡË˔Ѹ ̲Āľ Ύ͑ ҡȍҡ фľǣɗΎ͑‫ل‬ ‫ؓ؟‬  ȸфҡ̲͑͑͑Āͅффٍ٘ġʮӕĀĀٍٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ʊʊ‫؟ؗو‬؉‫ل‬ ،‫؜ؗ‬ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ҽȍľ ƸɗфѸҡ ՓѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ҡɗ̲ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ЬфΎЙȍľҡٍ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ֆľф ‫؜ڈآ‬،‫ لإ‬ҽȍɗѸ ҡҡË˔ Ƹɗ́ľĀ ͑Ā ҡȍľ ͅӕѸ́ɗ̲ ՓффɗΎфѸٍ ՓȍΎ Փľфľ фΎӕ͑Ā ؐ؆؆؆ ɗ͑ ͑ӕ̲¡ľфٍ Ë̲ľ ¡Ë˔ҡΎ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸҡҡË˔ՓѸɗ͑ͅӕ‫ܥ‬ҡՓȍɗËȍɗѸľѸҡΎƸҡȍľ´́н&‫ܥ‬фľ‫ڎ‬ ǣɗΎ͑ɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸЙΎѸɗҡɗΎ͑ľĀ‫ل‬k͑ΎҡȍľфҡҡË˔ٍՓȍɗËȍՓѸѸӕËËľѸѸƸӕٍ́ ՓѸËффɗľĀΎӕҡƸҡľфҡȍľЬфΎЙȍľҡٔѸĀľҡȍٍɗ͑ҡȍľֆľфѸ؉،‫ڎ‬؉‫ؓ؜ڎؐؐ؜ڈإ‬؆‫ؗ؟ل‬ ʊƸͅӕ́ֆȖфľ́́ֆ́́ӕĀľѸҡΎȍɗѸѸȍфľɗ͑Ύ͑ľΎƸҡȍľѸľҡՓΎ¡ҡҡ́ľѸٍҡȍľ͑ҡȍɗѸ ̲ֆ ́ľĀ ӕѸ ҡΎ фľËΎ͑ѸɗĀľф ҡȍľ ֆľф ΎƸ ¡ɗфҡȍ ѸӕǣǣľѸҡľĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍɗѸ ЙЙľф ͑Ā ՓȍɗËȍ ՓѸ ́ѸΎ ѸӕǣǣľѸҡľĀ ¡ֆ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦ ɗ͑ ȍɗѸ ƸΎфľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ фҡɗË́ľ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍɗѸËѸľٍѸѸӕ̲ɗ͑ǣҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸҡ́ľѸҡ،؆ֆľфѸΎ́ĀĀӕфɗ͑ǣȍɗѸЙфҡɗËɗ‫ڎ‬ ЙҡɗΎ͑ ɗ͑ҡȍľ¡ҡҡ́ľѸٍҡȍľ͑ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ̲ӕѸҡ ȍԮľ¡ľľ͑ ¡Ύф͑¡ľƸΎфľ ҡȍľΎƸƸɗËɗ́ ֆľфΎƸҡȍľ¡ľǣɗ͑͑ɗ͑ǣΎƸʊѸ̲́‫ل‬ʊƸȍľҡΎΎ˔Йфҡɗ͑ҡȍľƸɗфѸҡфɗĀٍҡȍľ͑ȍɗѸֆľф ΎƸ¡ɗфҡȍѸȍΎӕ́Ā͑Ύҡ¡ľƸҡľфҡȍľֆľф؉،´‫ل‬ȸ‫¡ڈل‬Ύӕҡ‫؜‬؉؉k‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ʊƸȍľҡΎΎ˔Йфҡ ɗ͑ҡȍľѸľËΎ͑ĀՓфٍҡȍľ͑ȍɗѸֆľфΎƸ¡ɗфҡȍѸȍΎӕ́Ā͑Ύҡ¡ľƸҡľфҡȍľЙľфɗΎĀ‫ڎآ‬؉ ´‫ل‬ȸ‫؜ڈل‬؉‫؜ڎؗ‬،؉‫ل‬  ،‫ؐل‬Was Mulay a Nomad Bedouin or a Villager/City Dweller? ґΎ̲ľ ̲ΎĀľф͑ фľѸľфËȍľфѸ ȍԮľ ͑ΎҡɗËľĀ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ¡ф͑ËȍľѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ȸӕĀȍֆ́ ҡфɗ¡ľĀՓľ́ҡɗ͑ĀɗƸƸľфľ͑ҡǣľΎǣфЙȍɗË́фľǣɗΎ͑ѸՓȍɗËȍɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľĀ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ѸٍĀľ‫ڎ‬ ѸľфҡѸٍ ͑Ā ľԮľ͑ Ԯɗ́́ǣľѸ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ́ɗƸľ ΎƸ ̲ΎѸҡ ҡȍľ ¡ф͑ËȍľѸ ΎƸ ҡȍɗѸ ҡфɗ¡ľ ՓѸ  ͑Ύ̲Ā´ľĀΎӕɗ͑Ύ͑ľ‫؜؟ل‬ ˇΎѸľЙȍ ȸľ́́ ɗ͑ ȍɗѸ фҡɗË́ľ ٘ġľф ʊѸ̲́ ӕ͑Ā Āɗľ ȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ĀɗËȍҡӕ͑ǣľ͑ٚ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ Ѹӕ̲ľĀҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸҡΎՓ͑Ëɗҡɗ‫׀‬ľ͑‫؟؟ل‬kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦĀɗĀ͑ΎҡĀľ́ɗ͑Āľҡɗ́ ՓɗҡȍҡȍɗѸɗѸѸӕľٍ¡ӕҡȍľ́́ӕĀľĀɗ͑ȍɗѸфҡɗË́ľҡΎҡȍľƸËҡҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑  ĀľѸľфҡ ľ͑ԮɗфΎ̲͑ľ͑ҡ‫ آ؟ل‬k͑‫ͮڎ‬ҡѸȍ ҡΎΎٍ ́́ӕĀľĀ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ĀľѸËфɗЙҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ë̲ľٍ́ɗ͑ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑ҡΎ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣǣ‫׀‬ľ́́ľѸ͑ĀфԮľ͑Ѹٍɗ͑ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸЙΎľҡфֆѸ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗ͑ǣ´ľĀΎӕɗ͑́ɗƸľٍ͑Ā¡ľ́ɗľԮľѸҡȍҡҡȍľ́ΎԮľЙΎľ̲ѸȍľËΎ̲ЙΎѸľĀфľ ‫ؗ؟‬  ɂɗҡҡɦٍˇӕфʮɦٍ͑Āˇ¡¡ӣфٍTrkh al-arabٍ،؆ؐ‫ڎ‬،؆‫لإ‬  k͑‫ͮڎ‬ҡѸȍٍAshr Hudhaylٍ؉‫و‬؉ؐ‫ڎؗ‬؉ؐ‫ٍ؜‬؉ؓ؉ٍ،‫ڎؓ؟‬،‫ٌؗ؟‬ʊ¡ф&ȍɦٍ̲al-Bin al-fann f shir al-hudhaliyynٍ‫لإ‬ҽȍɗѸ́ҡҡľфѸËȍΎ́ф́́ӕĀľѸɗ͑͑ΎҡȍľфЙ́ËľΎƸȍɗѸ¡ΎΎ˔ҡȍҡ ҡȍľȸӕĀȍ́ɗЙΎľҡѸĀɗĀ͑Ύҡ́ɗԮľɗ͑ҡȍľĀľѸľфҡ͑ĀٍҡȍľфľƸΎфľٍ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣҡȍľË̲ľ́ ɗ͑ ҡȍľɗф ЙΎľҡфֆ ффľ́ֆ ΎËËӕфѸٍ Ѹľľ ibid.ٍ ؓ‫ لؐآ ٍإ‬ҽȍɗѸ ËΎ͑ҡфĀɗËҡΎфֆ Ѹҡҡľ̲ľ͑ҡ ¡ֆ ҡȍľӕҡȍΎфѸľľ̲ѸҡΎ¡ľǣľ͑ľф́ɗ‫׀‬ɗ͑ǣΎ͑ľ͑ĀɗѸ́ѸΎɗ͑ËËӕфҡľ‫&ͮل‬ҁɗфĀ‫ڎ‬ġɦ͑́‫ڎ‬ kѸĀ́́ӕĀľĀҡΎҡȍľƸËҡҡȍҡҡȍľȸӕĀȍֆ́ҡфɗ¡ľĀՓľ́ҡ¡Ύҡȍɗ͑ĀľѸľфҡѸ͑Āɗ͑Ԯɗ́‫ڎ‬ ́ǣľѸ ͑Ā ҡΎՓ͑Ѹٍ Ѹľľ ȍɗѸ ¡ΎΎ˔ Ma dir ash-shir al-jhil wa-qmatuh t-trkhiyya ٤æɗфΎ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫&ܡͅڎ‬фɗƸ¡ɗ‫ͅڎ‬ɗҁфٍ؉‫؜إ‬،٧ٍ‫˔דلآڎ؜‬ɦ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹҡȍҡҡȍľ́ɗƸľΎƸҡȍɗѸҡфɗ¡ľ ՓѸ¡Ύҡȍ´ľĀΎӕɗ͑͑ĀԮɗ́́ǣľΎ͑ľٍ¡ӕҡȍľĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ՓȍɗËȍΎƸҡȍľҡՓΎ ́ɗԮľѸ ËȍфËҡľфɗ‫׀‬ľĀ ҡȍľ ̲ʮΎфɗҡֆ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ¡ф͑ËȍľѸ ΎƸ ҡȍɗѸ ҡфɗ¡ľٍ Ѹľľ ‫˔ד‬ɦٍ Shir alhudhaliyynٍ‫ل؟إڎؓإ‬ ‫؟؟‬  ȸľٍ́́٘ġľфʊѸ̲́ӕ͑ĀĀɗľȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ĀɗËȍҡӕ͑ǣľٍ͑ٚ‫لؐإ‬ ‫آ؟‬  kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦٍ ٘ͅӕ́ֆȖ ¡‫ ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ ‫آ‬،‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ѸľЙфҡɗΎ͑ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡ ͑Ā ҡȍľ ́ɗҡľффֆ ЙľфѸΎ͑ ՓѸ ĀɗѸËӕѸѸľĀ ɗ͑ ̲ΎĀľф͑ ҡɗ̲ľѸ ¡ֆ ѠΎ͑́Ā ´фҡȍľѸ ɗ͑ ȍɗѸ ¡ΎΎ˔ The Rustle of Languageٍҡф͑Ѹ‫ل‬ѠɗËȍфĀȸΎՓфĀ٤ͮľՓ֤Ύф˔‫و‬ȸɗ́́͑Āՠ͑ǣٍ؉‫؜آإ‬٧ٍ ؓ‫لؗؗڎإ‬ ‫؜؟‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،‫؟ؗ‬ ͑ľիËľ́́ľ͑ҡфľƸ́ľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸĀľѸľфҡ́ɗƸľ‫إ؟ل‬ ʊҡՓѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀҡҡȍľ¡ľǣɗ͑͑ɗ͑ǣΎƸҡȍɗѸЙЙľфҡȍҡɗҡՓѸɗ̲ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡΎ Āľҡľф̲ɗ͑ľ Փȍľҡȍľф Ύф ͑Ύҡ ҡȍľ ́ΎԮľф ɗ͑ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ЙΎľ̲Ѹ фľ́́ֆ ЙΎфҡфֆѸ ҡȍľ ЙľфѸΎ͑́ɗҡֆ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ Ύҡȍľф ՓΎфĀѸٍ ɗҡ ɗѸ ɗ̲ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ ҡΎ ˔͑ΎՓ Փȍľҡȍľф ͅӕ́ֆȖ ľիЙфľѸѸľѸ ɗ͑ ȍɗѸ ЙΎľҡфֆ ҡȍľ ɗ͑ËɗĀľ͑ҡѸ ҡȍҡ фľ́́ֆ ȍɗѸҡΎфɗË́́ֆ ȍЙ‫ڎ‬ Йľ͑ľĀҡΎȍɗ̲ΎфՓȍľҡȍľфȍľľիЙфľѸѸľѸΎ͑́ֆ́ɗҡľффֆƸɗǣӕфľѸҡȍҡĀΎ͑ΎҡфľЙ‫ڎ‬ фľѸľ͑ҡ͑ֆȍɗѸҡΎфɗË́фľ́ɗҡֆ‫ل‬тӕĀ&̲¡‫ܡˇل‬Ƹф٤Ā‫آؓإڈ؟ؐؐل‬٧ٍ̲Ύфľҡȍ͑ҡՓΎ Ëľ͑ҡӕфɗľѸ Ƹҡľф ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ЙľфɗΎĀٍ ĀɗѸËӕѸѸľĀ ҡȍɗѸ ɗѸѸӕľ ɗ͑ ȍɗѸ Ƹ̲ΎӕѸ ËфɗҡɗË́ ՓΎф˔ ՓɗҡȍΎӕҡ Āľ́ɗ͑ǣ ѸЙľËɗƸɗË́́ֆ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡфֆ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖٍ ͑Ā ͑ΎҡɗËľĀ ҡȍҡ  ЙΎľҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ͑Ā ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ͑Ύҡ ¡ľ  ҡфӕҡȍ‫ڎ‬ҡľ́́ľф‫ ل‬ЬľфȍЙѸ Փľ Ë͑ фľǣфĀ ѸӕËȍѸҡҡľ̲ľ͑ҡѸфľËΎǣ͑ɗҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľƸËҡҡȍҡҡȍľ̲ɗ͑ЙľфѸΎ͑ɗ͑Ëľф‫ڎ‬ ҡɗ͑ЙΎľ̲ѸȍΎӕ́Ā͑Ύҡ¡ľËΎ͑ËľɗԮľĀٍËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎҡȍɗѸË́ѸѸɗË́ѸËȍΎ́фٍѸ фľƸ́ľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľЙΎľҡٔѸфľ́́ɗƸľ‫ل‬ʊ͑ΎҡȍľфՓΎфĀѸٍтӕĀ&̲фľËΎǣ͑ɗ‫׀‬ľѸҡȍľɗ̲‫ڎ‬ ЙΎфҡ͑ËľΎƸ̲˔ɗ͑ǣѸľЙфҡɗΎ͑¡ľҡՓľľ͑ҡȍľЙΎľҡ͑Āҡȍľ́ɗҡľффֆЙľфѸΎ͑ ɗ͑ȍɗѸՓΎф˔Ѹ‫آل‬؆ġľѸЙɗҡľҡȍɗѸƸËҡٍѸɗ͑ËľҡȍľЙΎľ̲ѸΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖфľҡȍľΎ͑́ֆľի‫ڎ‬ ҡ͑ҡ ̲ҡľфɗ́ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍ ՓȍɗËȍ Ύ͑ľ Ë͑ ĀľфɗԮľ ѸΎ̲ľ Āҡ фľǣфĀɗ͑ǣ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ҡȍľЙΎľҡٍʊѸȍ́́ҡҡľ̲ЙҡҡΎĀľĀӕËľѸӕËȍɗ͑ƸΎф̲ҡɗΎ͑ҡȍфΎӕǣȍҡȍľËΎ͑ҡľ͑ҡΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ЙΎľ̲Ѹ‫ˇ ل‬ӕĀǣɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ҡфӕҡȍ Ύф ҡȍľ Ƹ́Ѹľ͑ľѸѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľѸľ ËΎ͑Ë́ӕѸɗΎ͑Ѹ ɗѸ нӕɗҡľɗ̲ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ‫ل‬  ،‫لؐل‬؉ ͑ͅֆ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡфֆ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ѸȍΎՓ ҡȍҡ ¡Ύҡȍ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ ґӕՓֆĀɦٔѸ͑Ā͑‫ͮڎ‬ҡѸȍٔѸԮɗľՓѸфľԮľфֆфľѸΎ͑¡́ľ‫ͅل‬ӕ́ֆȖٍɗ‫ل‬ľ‫ل‬ҡȍľ́ΎԮľфٍ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ Ë́ľф́ֆ ɗ͑ ѸΎ̲ľ ΎƸ ȍɗѸ ЙΎľ̲Ѹ ҡȍҡ ȍľ ĀՓľ́ҡ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Ѹ̲ľ Й́ËľѸ Փȍľфľ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ȍѸ ĀՓľ́ҡ ͑Ā ƸфΎ̲ ՓȍɗËȍ Ѹȍľ ĀľЙфҡľĀ‫ ل‬ȸľ ӕѸľѸ ҡȍľ ՓΎфĀkhal ɗ͑ΎфĀľфҡΎĀľѸËфɗ¡ľҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ͑Āȍľфҡфɗ¡ľΎ͑ҡȍľĀֆΎƸҡȍľ ĀľЙфҡӕфľ٪ͅ¡ɂؐ‫و‬؉ٌؓ‫و‬؉٫‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸՓΎфĀ̲ľ͑Ѹ͑ľɗǣȍ¡Ύф͑ĀٍнӕΎҡɗ͑ǣ̞͑ľٔѸ ΎՓ͑ЙфЙȍфѸɗ͑ǣٍ٘ЙľΎЙ́ľٍΎфËΎ̲Й͑ֆΎƸ̲ľٍ͑ՓȍΎѸľƸƸɗфٍΎфËѸľٍΎф Ѹҡҡľٍ ɗѸ Ύ͑ľ‫ ل‬ʊҡ ΎËËӕфѸ Ƹфľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЙΎľ̲Ѹ ΎƸ ҡȍľ kф¡Ѹ ¡ľËӕѸľ ҡȍľֆ ӕѸľĀ ҡΎ ѸѸľ̲¡́ľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ĀֆѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ƸфľѸȍ ȍľф¡ǣľٍ Ѹӕ͑Āфֆ ҡфɗ¡ľѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ̲ ËΎ͑ǣфľǣҡɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ Ύ͑ľ Й́Ëľٍ ͑Ā Ƹ̲ɗ́ɗф ɗ͑ҡľфËΎӕфѸľ ҡΎΎ˔ Й́Ëľ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ҡȍľٍ̲ ͑Ā Փȍľ͑ ҡȍľֆ ѸľЙфҡľĀ ͑Ā фľҡӕф͑ľĀ ҡΎ ҡȍľɗф ȍΎ̲ľѸٍ ɗҡ ǣфɗľԮľĀ ҡȍľ̲ٚ‫آل‬؉ґɗ͑Ëľ̲́ΎѸҡ́́ҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀѸ‫آ‬،ɗ͑ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸЙΎľҡфֆфľĀľѸËфɗ¡ľĀѸ ͑Ύ̲Ā´ľĀΎӕɗ͑ѸٍΎ͑ľѸȍΎӕ́ĀѸѸӕ̲ľҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸҡȍľѸ̲ľ‫ل‬  ‫إ؟‬  k͑‫ͮڎ‬ҡѸȍٍAshr Hudhaylٍ؉‫و‬،‫ڎؐآ‬،‫ٍؓآ‬،‫ٌإآ‬،‫إو‬؆‫إڎ‬؉ٌ،‫لؓ؟‬  ʊ¡͑ˇَƸфٍThe Kitb Naqd al-shi‘rٍľĀ‫ل‬ґ‫ل‬k‫´ل‬Ύ͑ľ¡˔˔ľф٤̞ľɗĀľ͑‫و‬Ƅ‫´لˇل‬фɗٍ́́؉‫؜ؗإ‬٧ٍ ‫ل؜‬ ‫آ‬؉  ̞͑ľٍAn Arabic-English Lexiconٍ،‫لإآ؟و‬ ‫آ‬،  ҽΎ ľիË́ӕĀľ ЙΎľ̲ ͑Ύ‫ ٍآ ل‬biyya ΎƸ awlٍ ؉‫ ؟‬ԮľфѸľѸٍ ɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľ ĀľЙфҡӕфľ ͑Ā ҡȍľ a ll ΎƸ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ фľ ͑Ύҡ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ‫ ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ ҡȍɗѸ ĀΎľѸ ͑Ύҡ ЙфľԮľ͑ҡ ҡȍľ ЙΎѸѸɗ¡ɗ́ɗҡֆҡȍҡҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀȍľфľɗѸĀľѸľфҡĀՓľ́́ľфٍ¡ӕҡҡȍɗѸɗѸ͑Ύҡ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀɗ͑ ҡȍľҡľիҡ‫ل‬ ‫آ‬؆ ،‫آؗ‬ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ،‫لؐل‬، ʊ͑ ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ՓΎфĀ khal ٍ ͅӕ́ֆȖӕѸľѸ ҡȍľ ՓΎфĀ ar ՓȍɗËȍ ̲ľ͑Ѹ٘ԮɗËɗ͑ǣľٍнӕфҡľфٍҡфËҡٍΎффľǣɗΎٍ͑ΎƸٍ̲͑ΎфΎƸЙľΎЙ́ľٚ‫ؐͅآل‬ӕ‫ڎ‬ ́ֆȖɗ͑Ëľфҡɗ͑ԮľфѸľΎƸlmiyyaΎƸ awlٍ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍҡȍɗѸ֤ľ̲ľ͑ɗҡľ¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ́ΎԮľĀȍѸĀľЙфҡľĀƸфΎ̲ȍɗѸԮɗËɗ͑ǣľ٤na min arhu٧٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؆‫و‬،٫‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮ‫ڎ‬ ľфٍ ɗҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ Փȍľҡȍľф ͅӕ́ֆȖӕѸľѸ ҡȍɗѸ ЙȍфѸľ ́ɗҡľф́́ֆ Ύф ЙľфȍЙѸ ̲ľҡЙȍΎфɗË́́ֆ ҡΎ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡľ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ѸľԮľфľĀ ȍľф фľ́ҡɗΎ͑ѸȍɗЙ Փɗҡȍ ȍɗ̲‫ل‬ʊƸҡȍľ́ɗҡľф̲́ľ͑ɗ͑ǣɗѸɗ͑ĀɗËҡľĀȍľфľٍҡȍľ͑ҡȍɗѸЙȍфѸľѸȍΎՓѸҡȍҡҡȍľ ҡՓΎ́ΎԮľфѸӕѸľĀҡΎ́ɗԮľƸΎфËľфҡɗ͑ЙľфɗΎĀɗ͑ҡȍľѸ̲ľЙ́Ëľ‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸЙľфȍЙѸ ЙфΎԮɗĀľѸ͑ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑́ѸӕЙЙΎфҡƸΎфҡȍľԮɗľՓҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸĀľѸľфҡĀՓľ́́‫ڎ‬ ľф‫ل‬  ،‫ؐلؐل‬ʊ͑͑ΎҡȍľфЙΎľٍ̲ͅӕ́ֆȖՓɗѸȍľѸҡȍҡȍɗѸҡфɗ¡ľ͑ĀҡȍҡΎƸȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ̞ֆ́&ՓΎӕ́ĀĀľЙфҡҡΎǣľҡȍľфҡΎҡȍľѸ̲ľЙ́Ëľ٪ͅ¡ɂؓ‫ؐو‬؉٫‫و‬   Jazitu bi-qawlin layta Layl wa-ahlah wa-jmilahum ajlaw bi-ahl wa-jmil ٪ʊ٪ľիЙфľѸѸľĀ̲ֆ٫Ƹľф¡ֆѸֆɗ͑ǣ‫و‬٪ʊՓɗѸȍ٫̞ֆ́&͑ĀȍľфƸΎ́˔٤Ύфȍľф Ƹ̲ɗ́ֆ٧ ͑Ā ҡȍľɗф Ë̲ľ́ ȍľфĀٍ ҡΎΎ˔ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľٍ̲ Փȍľ͑ ҡȍľֆ ĀľЙфҡľĀٍ ̲ֆ ƸΎ́˔ ͑Ā̲ֆË̲ľ́ȍľфĀ٫ ҽȍľ ԮľфѸľ ѸȍΎՓѸ ҡȍҡ ¡Ύҡȍ ҡфɗ¡ľѸ ́ɗԮľĀ ҡΎǣľҡȍľф ͑Ā ҡȍҡٍ ɗ͑ ҡȍɗѸ ԮľфѸľٍ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸƸΎ́˔фľЙфľѸľ͑ҡľĀѸΎՓ͑ľфѸΎƸË̲ľ́Ѹ‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸ̲ֆ́ѸΎ¡ľ͑Ύҡȍľф ЙфΎΎƸ ҡȍҡ ȍľ ՓѸ  ´ľĀΎӕɗٍ͑ Ѹɗ͑Ëľ ΎՓ͑ɗ͑ǣ Ë̲ľ́Ѹ ՓѸ Ύ͑ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ̲ɗ͑ ̲ľ͑Ѹ ΎƸ ́ɗԮľ́ɗȍΎΎĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ´ľĀΎӕɗ͑ ́ɗƸľٍ ľѸЙľËɗ́́ֆ ҡȍľ ͑Ύ̲ĀɗË Ύ͑ľ‫ لؓآ‬ҽȍľ ԮľфѸľѸȍΎՓѸҡΎΎҡȍҡ¡Ύҡȍҡфɗ¡ľѸ́ɗԮľĀҡΎǣľҡȍľфٍ¡ӕҡҡȍҡҡȍľҡфɗ¡ľΎƸҡȍľ¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ́ΎԮľĀĀľЙфҡľĀ́Ύ͑ľҡΎ͑ľՓ¡ΎĀľ‫ل‬  ،‫ؓͅلؐل‬ӕ́ֆȖٍɗ͑͑ΎҡȍľфЙΎľٍ̲̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹҡȍҡȍľ́ɗԮľĀҡΎǣľҡȍľфՓɗҡȍȍɗѸ¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ́ΎԮľĀɗ͑Ëľфҡɗ͑Й́Ëľٍ͑ĀҡȍҡȍľΎ͑ËľѸՓ¡ĀΎ̲ľٌ͑ҡՓΎĀֆѸ́ҡľф ȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ͑Āȍľфҡфɗ¡ľĀľЙфҡľĀ‫ل‬ҽȍľɗ̲ǣľҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖӕѸľѸɗ͑ҡȍɗѸЙΎ‫ڎ‬ ľ̲ɗѸɗ͑ҡľфľѸҡɗ͑ǣ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫ٍآڎؐو؜‬ËƸ‫ل‬Ԯ‫آل‬٫‫و‬   fa-m kna an yawmayni att ta adda li-baynin kam nshaqqa r-ridu l-mu ayyau   ٪k͑ĀƸҡľфҡՓΎĀֆѸҡȍľֆՓľфľѸľЙфҡľĀٌ   ́ɗ˔ľË́ΎԮľ͑Ë́ΎҡȍՓȍľ͑ɗҡɗѸфɗЙЙľĀ٫ kѸɗ̲ɗ́фٍ¡ӕҡ͑ΎҡɗĀľ͑ҡɗËٍ́ɗ̲ǣľɗѸƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑͑ΎҡȍľфЙΎľ̲٪ͅ¡ɂؐ‫ؗو‬٫‫ل‬ ҽȍľ фɗЙЙľĀ Ë́Ύҡȍ ɗѸ ЙЙфľ͑ҡ́ֆ  Ѹֆ̲¡Ύ́ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ́ΎԮľфѸٔ ҡՓΎ ҡфɗ¡ľѸ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ҡՓΎ ҡфɗ¡ľѸՓľфľ́ɗ˔ľҡȍľË́Ύҡȍ¡ľƸΎфľɗҡՓѸфɗЙЙľĀٍҡȍľֆՓľфľ̲́ΎѸҡΎ͑ľľ͑ҡɗҡֆ‫ل‬ kƸҡľфҡȍľĀľЙфҡӕфľΎƸҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٔѸҡфɗ¡ľҡȍɗѸľ͑ҡɗҡֆՓѸфɗЙЙľĀЙфҡ‫ل‬ȸΎՓ‫ڎ‬ ľԮľфٍ ҡȍľ фľѸΎ͑ ƸΎф ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ Ë́Ύҡȍ ՓѸ ́фľĀֆ Ë́ΎԮľ͑ ٤rid mu ayya٧¡ľƸΎфľɗҡՓѸҡΎҡ́́ֆѸЙ́ɗҡٍ̲ֆ¡ľƸӕфҡȍľф́́ӕѸɗΎ͑ҡΎҡȍľфľ́‫ڎ‬ ‫ؐآ‬ ‫ؓآ‬  ̞͑ľٍibid.ٍ،‫ل؟ؗؗو‬  ɂӕѸֆٍ͑ash-Shakl wa-l-mamn f sh-shir al-arab l-qadmٍ؉‫لؐ؜‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،‫إؗ‬ ҡɗΎ͑ѸȍɗЙ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ҡȍľ ҡՓΎ ҡфɗ¡ľѸ‫ ل‬ḱҡȍΎӕǣȍ ҡȍľֆ ËΎ͑ѸҡɗҡӕҡľĀ Ύ͑ľ ľ͑ҡɗҡֆٍ ҡȍľ ¡Ύ͑ĀՓѸ͑ΎҡƸɗф̲͑ĀËΎ͑Ѹҡ͑ҡٍ͑ĀɗҡՓѸ́ɗ˔ľË́ΎҡȍҡȍҡËΎӕ́Ā¡ľфɗЙЙľĀ ҡ͑ֆ̲Ύ̲ľ͑ҡ‫ل‬ʊ͑ҡȍľ́ɗǣȍҡΎƸҡȍɗѸѸɗ̲ɗ́ľΎ͑ľ̲ֆËΎ͑Ë́ӕĀľҡȍҡ¡Ύҡȍҡфɗ¡ľѸ Փľфľҡľ̲ЙΎффɗ́ֆфľ́ҡľĀҡΎľËȍΎҡȍľф́ɗ˔ľ͑ľɗǣȍ¡ΎфѸٍ¡ӕҡҡȍҡҡȍɗѸфľ́ҡɗΎ͑‫ڎ‬ ѸȍɗЙٍ́ɗ˔ľҡȍľË́ΎԮľ͑Ë́ΎҡȍٍՓѸЙҡҡΎ¡ľҡΎф͑Йфҡɗ͑͑ֆ̲Ύ̲ľ͑ҡ‫ل‬  ،‫ؗلؐل‬k͑ΎҡȍľфɗѸѸӕľҡȍҡѸӕЙЙΎфҡѸҡȍľѸѸӕ̲ЙҡɗΎ͑ҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸ͑Ύ̲Ā ´ľĀΎӕɗ͑ɗѸҡȍľËфľƸӕ́ՓҡËȍɗ͑ǣ¡ֆҡȍľ́ΎԮľф‫ͅڎ‬ӕ́ֆȖ‫ڎ‬ΎƸҡȍľЙфľЙфҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ƸΎфĀľЙфҡӕфľ̲Āľ¡ֆҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ͑Āȍľфҡфɗ¡ľ‫ͅل‬ӕ́ֆȖ̲˔ľѸĀľҡɗ́ľĀ ͑ĀЙӕ͑Ëҡɗ́ɗΎӕѸĀľѸËфɗЙҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľË̲ľ́Ѹ¡ľɗ͑ǣЙфľЙфľĀ¡ֆҡȍľҡфɗ¡ľ¡ľƸΎфľ ĀľЙфҡɗ͑ǣٍ͑ĀȍľĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸҡȍľՓΎ̲ľ͑ҡҡȍľ̲Ύ̲ľ͑ҡҡȍľֆՓľфľЙЙфΎËȍ‫ڎ‬ ɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ҡȍľɗф ȍΎՓĀȍѸ‫ ل‬ȸľ ҡȍľ͑ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸ ҡȍľ ̲ΎԮľ̲ľ͑ҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ë̲ľ́ ҡфɗ͑ Ѹľҡҡɗ͑ǣΎӕҡΎ͑ҡȍľɗфՓֆ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉‫و‬؉‫ڎ‬،؉ٌ،‫و‬؉‫ڎ‬،‫ڎؐوٌؐؗ‬؉،ٌؓ‫وٌؗؓؐڎؗو‬؉ؐ‫ڎ‬،‫و؜ٌؗ‬؉‫ٍؐڎ‬ ‫ڎآ‬؉‫ؗ‬٫‫ل‬ʊ͑Ύ͑ľΎƸҡȍľЙΎľ̲ѸȍľľԮľ͑ĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀՓȍľ͑ѸȍľՓѸфɗĀ‫ڎ‬ ɗ͑ǣ Փֆ Ύ͑ ȍľф Ë̲ľ́ ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉‫و‬؉‫ڎإ‬،؉٫‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ͑Ύҡȍľфٍ ͅӕ́ֆȖĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸ ȍΎՓ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ĀľЙфҡľĀ ՓɗҡȍΎӕҡ ҡΎ Ѹֆɗ͑ǣ ՓΎфĀ ҡΎ ȍľф ́ΎԮľфٍ ¡ľËӕѸľ Ѹȍľ ƸľфľĀфľ́ҡɗԮľΎƸȍľфѸ٪ͅ¡ɂ،‫ؐو‬؆‫ؐؐڎ‬٫‫ل‬ʊ͑́́ҡȍľѸľЙΎľ̲Ѹٍͅӕ́ֆȖǣɗԮľѸҡȍľ ɗ̲ЙфľѸѸɗΎ͑ ҡȍҡ ȍľՓѸ ɗ͑ҡȍľ Ѹ̲ľ Й́Ëľ Ѹ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ¡ľƸΎфľ ȍľфĀľЙф‫ڎ‬ ҡӕфľٍ͑ĀҡȍҡȍľɗѸĀľѸËфɗ¡ɗ͑ǣՓȍҡȍľՓѸфľ́́ֆѸľľɗ͑ǣ‫ل‬  ،‫ ؜لؐل‬kѸ Ύҡȍľф ĀɗѸЙЙΎɗ͑ҡľĀ ́ΎԮľфѸ ՓΎӕ́ĀĀΎٍͅӕ́ֆȖ ҡҡľ̲ЙҡѸ ɗ͑ ̲͑ֆ ΎƸ ȍɗѸЙΎľ̲ѸҡΎфľËΎԮľф‫ل‬kѸΎҡȍľфΎ́Ā´ľĀΎӕɗ͑ЙΎľҡѸӕѸľĀҡΎĀΎٍ‫ؗآ‬ȍľЙфɗѸľѸȍɗѸ ΎՓ͑ ËΎӕфǣľ ɗ͑ ЙѸѸɗ͑ǣ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍ ҡȍľ ƸľфƸӕ́ ĀľѸľфҡ Ύ͑ ȍɗѸ ƸѸҡ ͑Ā ѸҡфΎ͑ǣ Ë̲ľ́ ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉‫؟ڎؓ؜و‬؆ٌ ؐ‫ؐو‬؆‫؜ڎؗؓوؓ ٌإؐڎ‬؆ٌ ‫ؐوإ ٌ؟ؓڎإؐوؗ‬؆‫ ٌؓؗڎ‬؉؆‫و‬،،‫ؓڎ‬،ٌ ؉؉‫و‬؉،‫ڎ‬ ؉ٌؓ ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ ́ѸΎ ЙΎľ̲ ‫و؜‬،‫ڎآ‬،‫إ‬٫‫ ل‬ʊҡ ɗѸ Ë́ľф ҡȍҡ ¡ֆ ЙфɗѸɗ͑ǣ ѸӕËȍ ËΎӕфǣľٍ ҡȍľ́ΎԮľфĀľË́фľѸҡȍҡȍľ́ѸΎȍѸҡȍľËΎӕфǣľ͑Ā¡ɗ́ɗҡֆҡΎѸҡΎЙҡȍɗ͑˔ɗ͑ǣ ¡ΎӕҡȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ͑ĀҡΎƸΎфǣľҡȍɗѸЙɗ͑Ƹӕ́́ΎԮľ‫ͅل‬ӕ́ֆȖ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹɗ͑Ύ͑ľΎƸ ȍɗѸ ЙΎľ̲Ѹ ҡȍҡ Փɗҡȍ ȍɗѸ Ë̲ľ́ ȍľ Ë͑ ѸҡΎЙ Ѹľľ˔ɗ͑ǣ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٍ ͑Ā Ë͑ ́ľԮľȍľфҡΎËȍΎΎѸľ́ɗƸľՓɗҡȍΎҡȍľфЙľΎЙ́ľ‫ͅل‬ӕ́ֆȖѸҡҡľѸ́ѸΎҡȍҡ¡ֆфɗĀ‫ڎ‬ ɗ͑ǣ ȍɗѸ Ë̲ľ́ ͑Ā ¡ֆ Փ͑Āľфɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ĀľѸľфҡٍ ȍľ Փɗ́́ ́ՓֆѸ ѸӕËËľľĀ ɗ͑ ΎԮľфËΎ̲ɗ͑ǣȍɗѸǣΎ͑ֆ͑Āǣ́ΎΎ̲٪ͅ¡ɂ؉‫؟ڎآ؜و‬؆ٌ‫ٌ؟ؓڎإؐوؗ‬؉؆‫و‬،،‫ؓڎ‬،٫‫ͅل‬ӕ́ֆȖ ĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡӕѸľ͑ֆΎҡȍľф̲ľ͑ѸƸΎфѸľ́ƸфľËΎԮľфֆľիËľЙҡƸΎфЙфɗѸɗ͑ǣȍɗѸҡфɗ¡ľ ɗ͑ҡՓΎΎƸȍɗѸЙΎľ̲Ѹ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉‫ؐو‬؆‫ؓإڎؗؗوإٌؐ؜ڎ‬٫‫ل‬ʊ͑ĀĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ȍľфľ̲ɗ͑ĀѸȍɗ̲Ѹľ́Ƹ ɗ͑͑ΎҡȍľфЙΎľ̲ҡȍҡȍľՓѸ¡́ľҡΎƸΎфǣľҡΎҡȍľфЙфľԮɗΎӕѸ́ΎԮľƸƸɗфѸ͑Ā ҡȍҡ ȍľ Ë͑ ľԮľ͑ ͑ΎՓ ѸӕËËľľĀ ɗ͑ ƸΎфǣľҡҡɗ͑ǣ ȍɗѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ɗ͑ Ύ͑ľ ЙΎľ̲ ٪ͅ¡ɂؓ‫ؓؓڎؐؓو‬٫‫ ل‬Ǘɗ͑́́ֆٍ ȍľ фľË́́Ѹ  ѸӕËËľѸѸƸӕ́ фľ́ҡɗΎ͑ѸȍɗЙ Փɗҡȍ  Ëľфҡɗ͑ Ԯľфֆ ¡ľӕҡɗƸӕ́ ̲ɗĀľ͑ ɗ͑ ͑Ύҡȍľф ЙΎľ̲ ٪ͅ¡ɂؓ‫ؓؓڎؐؓو‬٫‫ ل‬ʊƸ ҡȍɗѸ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ Йľф‫ڎ‬ ‫ؗآ‬  ґľľˇËΎ¡ɗٍ٘ҽȍľæ̲ľ́‫ڎ‬ґľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľЬ͑ľǣֆфɗË́ϘĀľٍٚJournal of Arabic Literatureիɗɗɗ٤؉‫آإ‬،٧ٍؓ‫ٌ؜ڎ‬ľĀľٍ̲٘ҽȍľϘфɗǣɗ͑ѸΎƸҡȍľтѸɗĀǗΎфٍ̲ٚQasida Poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa. Volume One: Classical Traditions and Modern Meanings‫ل‬ ƄĀѸ‫ ل‬ґҡľƸ͑ ґЙľф́ ͑Ā æȍфɗѸҡΎЙȍľф ґȍË˔́ľ ٤̞ľɗĀľٍ͑ ͮľՓ ֤Ύф˔ٍ ˫άٍ́͑ ؉‫؜إإ‬٧ٍ ،‫ڎ؟‬ ،‫لإ‬ ،‫؜‬؆ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ËľɗԮľĀѸË́ɗËȍŃٍҡȍľ͑ҡȍľĀľЙľ͑Āľ͑ËľΎ͑ĀľѸľфҡҡфԮľ́Ѹҡȍľ¡ľѸҡ̲ľ͑ѸҡΎ ƸΎфǣľҡҡȍľѸĀ͑ľѸѸΎƸ́ΎѸҡ́ΎԮľɗѸ͑ɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑ҡȍҡҡȍľĀľѸľфҡՓѸͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ¡ΎĀľ‫ل‬  ،‫ ؟لؐل‬ґΎ̲ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ͑ɗ̲́Ѹ ͑Ā ¡ɗфĀѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡфֆ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖ Փľфľ˔͑ΎՓ͑ҡΎҡȍľkф¡ɗ͑ѸҡȍфΎӕǣȍҡȍľĀľѸľфҡѸΎƸkф¡ɗ‫ل‬ҽȍӕѸٍɗ͑ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑ ҡΎҡȍľË̲ľ́ՓȍɗËȍɗѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀԮľфֆƸфľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆɗ͑ȍɗѸЙΎľҡфֆٍ͑ĀՓȍɗËȍɗѸ ̲́ΎѸҡЙӕфľ́ֆĀľѸľфҡ͑ɗٍ̲́ͅӕ́ֆȖ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹҡȍľǣ‫׀‬ľ́́ľ٪ͅ¡ɂؐ‫و‬؉‫إ‬٫ٍҡȍľ rimՓȍɗËȍɗѸՓȍɗҡľ͑ҡľ́ΎЙľ٤Ë́́ľĀGazella Leptoceros٧٪ͅ¡ɂ‫و؟‬،‫؜‬٫ٍҡȍľΎѸ‫ڎ‬ ҡфɗËȍ٪ͅ¡ɂؐ‫ؗؗوٌؓ؟ؐو‬٫͑Āҡȍľqa  ΎфҡȍľѸ͑Ā‫ڎ‬ǣфΎӕѸľ٪ͅ¡ɂؓ‫؜ٍؓؗو‬؆٫‫ل‬ḱҡ‫ڎ‬ ȍΎӕǣȍɗҡɗѸЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡΎƸɗ͑ĀѸӕËȍ͑ɗ̲́Ѹ͑Ā¡ɗфĀѸɗ͑ĀɗƸƸľфľ͑ҡǣľΎǣфЙȍɗË́ фľǣɗΎ͑ѸҡȍфΎӕǣȍҡȍľՓΎф́Āٍɗ͑kф¡ɗҡȍľֆՓľфľľѸЙľËɗ́́ֆƸ̲ɗ́ɗфҡΎĀľѸľфҡ ͑Ā ͑Ύ̲Ā ĀՓľ́́ľфѸ‫ ؜آل‬k Ëľфҡɗ͑ ¡ɗфĀ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ĀľѸľфҡ ٤u fr al-falt٧ٍ ՓȍɗËȍٍ ËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎɗҡѸ̲͑ľٍɗѸѸӕЙЙΎѸľĀҡΎ́ɗԮľΎ͑́ֆɗ͑ĀľѸľфҡѸٍɗѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀҡΎΎ ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؆‫و‬؉‫إ‬٫‫ل‬ʊƸͅӕ́ֆȖĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ҡȍľѸľ͑ɗ̲́Ѹ͑Ā¡ɗфĀѸѸË́ɗËȍŃѸٍ ҡȍɗѸ ̲ֆ ѸӕЙЙΎфҡ ҡȍľ ѸѸӕ̲ЙҡɗΎ͑ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸ ЙľфѸΎ͑́́ֆ Ëнӕɗ͑ҡľĀ ՓɗҡȍҡȍľѸľËфľҡӕфľѸ͑ĀٍËΎ͑Ѹľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆٍՓɗҡȍҡȍľľ͑ԮɗфΎ̲͑ľ͑ҡɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍҡȍľֆ ̲ɗ͑́ֆӕѸľĀҡΎ́ɗԮľ‫ل‬ ʊ͑ ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑ ҡΎ ҡȍľѸľ ͑ɗ̲́Ѹ ͑Ā ¡ɗфĀѸٍ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ѸΎ̲ľ Ύҡȍľф ËфľҡӕфľѸҡȍҡфľƸ̲ɗ́ɗфҡΎҡȍľѸ̲ľĀľǣфľľƸΎф¡ΎҡȍĀľѸľфҡ͑Ā͑Ύ͑‫ڎ‬ĀľѸľфҡ Й́ËľѸ‫ ل‬k̲Ύ͑ǣ ҡȍľ̲ фľ ҡȍľ ф¡¡ɗҡ ٤umm khirniq٧ ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉‫؟ؗو‬٫ٍ‫ ؟آ‬ҡȍľ фԮľ͑ ٤umm al-khawfٍshaj, ľҡË‫ل‬٧٪ͅ¡ɂ،‫و‬،‫ٍ؟‬،‫وٌؗآ‬؉،ٌ‫ؗو؜‬٫ٌҡȍľľǣ́ľ٤iqbnٍ Й́‫ ل‬ΎƸ uqb٧ ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫ؗو؟‬،٫ٍ ͑Ā  ˔ɗ͑Ā ΎƸ ¡ɗфĀ Ë́́ľĀ mura ٤Й́‫ ل‬ΎƸ muraa٧ ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫ؗوآ‬٫‫ لآآ‬ȸľ ́ѸΎ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡȍľ Ƹ́ËΎ͑ Ԯľфֆ Ƹфľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆ ӕѸɗ͑ǣ ĀɗƸƸľфľ͑ҡ ̲͑ľѸ ƸΎф ɗҡ‫ و‬aqr ٪ͅ¡ɂ،‫ؓو‬؉٫ٍ ajdil ٤Й́‫ ل‬ΎƸ ajdal٧ ٪ͅ¡ɂؓ‫؟و‬٫ٍ urr akh ab ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫وآ‬؉؉٫‫ل‬ḱ́ҡȍľѸľËфľҡӕфľѸË͑͑ΎҡǣɗԮľ͑ֆЙфľËɗѸľɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľľ͑‫ڎ‬ ԮɗфΎ̲͑ľ͑ҡ́фľ͑ɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍͅӕ́ֆȖ́ɗԮľĀ‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍͅӕ́ֆȖ́ѸΎ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ȍΎфѸľѸ ٤khayl٧ ɗ͑  Ëľфҡɗ͑ Ѹɗ̲ɗ́ľ ѸѸΎËɗҡľĀ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫وآ‬؉؆٫‫ل‬ ҽȍľ ȍΎфѸľ ՓѸ ͑ ͑ɗ̲́ Փľ́́ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ ɗ͑ kф¡ɗ ҡΎ ¡Ύҡȍ ͑Ύ̲Ā ͑Ā ͑Ύ͑‫ڎ‬ ͑Ύ̲Ākф¡Ѹ‫ͅإآل‬ӕ́ֆȖٔѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣҡȍɗѸ͑ɗ̲́Ԯľфֆффľ́ֆɗ͑ËΎ̲ЙфɗѸΎ͑ ҡΎË̲ľ́ѸҡȍҡΎËËӕЙֆËľ͑ҡф́Й́Ëľɗ͑ȍɗѸЙΎľҡфֆٍ̲ֆ¡ľ͑ɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸ ‫؜آ‬  kĀ‫ڎ‬ġ̲ɦфɦٍ Kitb ayt al-ayawn al-kubr ٤ƄǣֆЙҡ‫˔ͅ و‬ҡ¡ҡ Փ‫ͅڎ‬Ҩ¡‫ܡ‬ҡ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ‫ܡ‬ḱɦҙӕ¡ֆȖ Փ‫ڎ‬kՓ́&Āɗȍɦٍ ͑Ύ Āҡľ٧ٍ ؉‫ؗؗ و‬؆‫ ل‬kĀ‫ڎ‬ġ̲ɦфɦ٤‫آ‬؆‫ڈآ‬؉ؓ؆‫ؗ‬٧ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹҡȍҡҡȍľrim ́ɗԮľѸɗ͑ĀľѸľфҡѸ‫ل‬ґľľ ́ѸΎґȍ˔фٍal-ayawn f l-adab alarab٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫˔ͅو‬ҡ¡ҡ͑‫ͮڎ‬ȍĈ́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɗֆֆ͑Ā‫˫ڎ̲́́Šܡ‬ӕҡӕ¡ٍ؉‫ؗآإ‬٧ٍ،‫و‬،‫ٌإ؟‬ ́‫͑Šܡڎ‬ɦٍ Mawsat al-ayawn ind al-arab ٤ʊф¡ɗĀ‫ͅ و‬Ҩ¡‫ܡ‬ҡ ́‫´ڎ‬ȍʮٍ ؉‫آإإ‬٧ٍ ‫ٍ؟إ‬ ،؆‫ ٌآ‬ՈɗфŃٍ ٘Ǿȍ‫́&׀‬ٍٚ The Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ʊʊ‫ و‬؉؆ؐ‫ ٌ؟‬ɗĀľ̲‫ٍل‬ ٘˱Ҩ&ٍٚ The Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ʊՈ‫ ٌؗؓ؟ڎؐؓ؟ و‬ɗĀľ̲‫̲&ܡͮ٘ ٍل‬ٍٚ The Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑Ոʊʊ‫آو‬،‫لآ‬ ‫؟آ‬  ḱ‫͑Šܡڎ‬ɦٍMawsat al-ayawn ind al-arabٍ؉‫؜‬؆‫ڎ‬؉‫؜‬؉‫ل‬ ‫آآ‬  kĀ‫ڎ‬ġ̲ɦфɦٍKitb ayt al-ayawn al-kubrٍ،‫لؗؗؓو‬ ‫إآ‬  ՈɗфŃٍ٘˫ȍֆٍ́ٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ʊՈ‫و‬؉؉ؓؓ‫ل‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،‫؜‬؉ ҡՓΎ ѸЙľËҡѸ фľǣфĀɗ͑ǣ ͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ƸɗфѸҡ ɗѸ ҡȍҡ ɗҡ ɗѸ ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ‫ڎ‬ ́ֆȖՓѸ ͑Ύҡ  фɗËȍ ЙľфѸΎٍ͑ Ѹɗ͑Ëľ ΎՓ͑ɗ͑ǣ ȍΎфѸľѸ ՓѸ  ̲ф˔ ΎƸ Փľ́ҡȍ ¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ËӕѸľΎƸҡȍľɗфȍɗǣȍЙфɗËľѸ‫ل‬ҽȍľѸľËΎ͑ĀɗѸҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖ̲ӕѸҡȍԮľѸЙľ͑ҡ̲ΎѸҡ ΎƸȍɗѸҡɗ̲ľɗ͑ҡȍľ̲ɗĀѸҡΎƸҡȍľĀľѸľфҡ‫ل‬ȸΎфѸľѸٍҡȍΎӕǣȍ˔͑ΎՓ͑ҡΎ͑Ύ̲Ā´ľĀ‫ڎ‬ Ύӕɗ͑Ѹٍ Փľфľ Ύ͑́ֆ ƸΎӕ͑Ā ̲Ύ͑ǣ ҡȍΎѸľ ́ɗԮɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ ‫׀‬Ύ͑ľѸ ΎƸ ѸҡľЙЙľ ԮľǣľҡҡɗΎٍ͑ ѸӕËȍѸËľфҡɗ͑‫׀‬Ύ͑ľɗ͑ͮʮĀՓҡľфľĀ¡ֆҡȍľwdr-RummaٍՓȍɗ́ľË̲ľ́Ѹ Փľфľ ̲ΎѸҡ́ֆ ƸΎӕ͑Ā ɗ͑ Ѹľ̲ɗ‫ڎ‬ĀľѸľфҡ ҡľффɗ͑Ѹ ͑Ā ËΎӕ́Ā ́ɗԮľ Ύ͑ ѸЙɗ͑ֆ Ѹȍфӕ¡Ѹ ͑ĀфɗĀЙѸҡӕфľѸ‫إل‬؆ ȸΎՓľԮľфٍҡȍľΎ͑́ֆ¡ɗфĀҡȍҡĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡ́ɗԮľɗ͑ҡȍľĀľѸľфҡ͑ĀՓȍɗËȍɗѸ̲ľ͑‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ¡ֆͅӕ́ֆȖɗѸҡȍľgharnq ٤Й́‫ل‬ΎƸghirnayq or ghurnayqٍɗ‫ل‬ľ‫ل‬Ƹ̲́ɗ͑ǣΎ٧ ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫وإ‬؉؆٫‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸɗѸ͑нӕҡɗË¡ɗфĀ‫إل‬؉ՠľĀΎ͑Ύҡ˔͑ΎՓՓȍľҡȍľфͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸ Ëнӕɗ͑ҡľĀЙľфѸΎ͑́́ֆ Փɗҡȍ ѸӕËȍ  ¡ɗфĀ Ύф Փȍľҡȍľф ȍľ ӕѸľѸ ɗҡ ́ѸΎ Ѹ  Ë́ɗ‫ڎ‬ ËȍŃٍѸɗ͑ËľɗҡɗѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ¡ֆΎҡȍľфȸӕĀȍ́ɗЙΎľҡѸ‫إل‬،ʊƸҡȍľƸɗфѸҡѸѸӕ̲ЙҡɗΎ͑ɗѸ ËΎффľËҡٍҡȍľ͑ͅӕ́ֆȖ̲ֆȍԮľ˔͑ΎՓ͑ҡȍɗѸ¡ɗфĀĀӕфɗ͑ǣȍɗѸѸľҡфԮľ́Ѹ‫ل‬  ،‫ آلؐل‬ՠɗҡȍ фľǣфĀ ҡΎ ҡȍľ Й́͑ҡѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ɗ͑ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ЙΎľҡфֆٍ ѸΎ̲ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ̲ѸӕËȍѸҡȍľgha٪ͅ¡ɂ؉‫ؗو‬؆ٌ؉؆‫إٍؐؗؐو‬٫͑Āҡȍľar  ٪ͅ¡ɂؓ‫ؗؓو‬٫фľ ҡȍΎѸľƸΎӕ͑ĀΎ͑́ֆɗ͑ҡȍľĀľѸľфҡ‫ؐͅإل‬ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣҡȍľѸľЙ́͑ҡѸٍɗƸ͑ΎҡӕѸľĀ̲ľфľ́ֆ Ѹ Ë́ɗËȍŃѸٍ ̲ֆ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡľ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ՓѸ ́ѸΎ Ëнӕɗ͑ҡľĀ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ ĀľѸľфҡ ľ͑ԮɗфΎ̲͑ľ͑ҡ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ĀĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ѸΎ̲ľ Й́͑ҡѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ¡ֆ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡ Փľфľ ƸΎӕ͑Ā ¡Ύҡȍɗ͑ĀľѸľфҡѸ͑Āɗ͑Ύҡȍľф́ΎËҡɗΎ͑ѸѸӕËȍѸ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ѸٍЙ́ҡľӕѸٍ͑Ā͑ľф Ԯ́́ľֆѸ‫ل‬ҽȍľѸľЙ́͑ҡѸфľҡȍľark٪ͅ¡ɂؐ‫و‬،؆٫ٍҡȍľkhuzm٪ͅ¡ɂؐ‫و‬؉‫وإٌ؜‬،ٌؓ ؉؆‫و‬؉‫؜‬٫ٍ͑Āҡȍľuquwn ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫ؐؐوؗ‬٫‫ؓإل‬ʊҡɗѸĀɗƸƸɗËӕ́ҡҡΎĀľҡľф̲ɗ͑ľٍËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣ ҡΎҡȍľЙΎľҡфֆΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖٍɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍľ͑ԮɗфΎ̲͑ľ͑ҡҡȍľѸľЙ́͑ҡѸՓľфľƸΎӕ͑Ā͑Āٍ ËΎ͑Ѹľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆٍҡΎËΎ͑Ë́ӕĀľ¡Ύӕҡҡȍľľ͑ԮɗфΎ̲͑ľ͑ҡɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍҡȍľЙΎľҡȍɗ̲Ѹľ́Ƹ ́ɗԮľĀ‫ل‬ ʊҡɗѸɗ͑ҡľфľѸҡɗ͑ǣҡΎ͑ΎҡľҡȍҡҡȍľфľɗѸ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ΎƸѸΎ̲ľЙ́͑ҡѸɗ͑́‫ڎ‬ɂɗʮ&‫ٍ׀‬ Ύ͑ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ фľǣɗΎ͑Ѹ Փľфľ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ͑Ā ȍɗѸ ҡфɗ¡ľ ́ɗԮľĀٍ ѸӕËȍ Ѹ ҡȍľ l ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫ٌإوآ‬؉؆‫ؗؐو‬٫͑Ānab ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؆‫و‬؉ؐ٫‫ل‬ҽȍľ́ҡҡľфɗѸѸɗĀҡΎ¡ľƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ҡȍľ ‫إ‬؆  Ibid.ٍʊՈ‫و‬؉؉ؓؐ‫ل‬  ḱ‫͑Šܡڎ‬ɦٍ Mawsat al-ayawn ind al-arabٍ ؉‫ ٌ؜إ‬ʊ¡͑ ǗĈ́ ́‫&̞ڎ‬ȍ ́‫ܡڎ‬Ԇ̲фɦٍ Maslik al-ab r f mamlik al-am r f l-ayawn wa-n-nabt wa-l-madinٍ ľĀ‫ل‬ ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲ɦĀҙ&́ɗȖɂ̲Ā&͑٤ͮΎЙ́Ëľ‫˔ͅو‬ҡ¡ҡͅĀ¡ӣ́ɦٍ؉‫؜إإ‬٧ٍ؉؉؉‫ل‬ ‫إ‬،  ґľľԮ‫ل‬،؆ٍЙΎľ̲͑Ύ‫ل‬؉؉ٍ¡ֆk¡ӣġȍӕ‫ܥ‬ֆ¡ٍjmiyyaٍ awlٍɗ͑Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦٍKitb Shar ashr al-hudhaliyynٍ؉‫و‬؉،‫ڎآ‬؉ؐ‫لإ‬Ո‫ٍؐل‬ЙΎľ̲͑Ύ‫¡ؐؐل‬ֆk¡ӣġȍӕ‫ܥ‬ֆ¡٤ѸËфɗ¡ľĀ́‫ڎ‬ ѸΎ ҡΎ ͑Ύҡȍľф ͑Ύ͑‫ڎ‬ȸӕĀȍ́ɗ ЙΎľҡ Ë́́ľĀ ˇӕ͑&Ā٧ٍ ayniyyaٍ wfirٍ ɗ͑ ibid.ٍ ؉‫ و‬،ؐ؉‫ڎ‬ ،ؐ،‫ل‬ґľľ́ѸΎԮ‫ل‬،ٍЙΎľ̲͑Ύ‫¡ؗل‬ֆk¡ӣтɗ́&¡٤͑ΎĀҡľΎƸĀľҡȍɗѸǣɗԮľ͑٧ٍjmiyyaٍ wfirٍɗ͑ibid.ٍ،‫؟و‬،؆‫؟ڎ‬،؉‫ل‬ ‫ؐإ‬  ḱ‫ڎ‬kҁ̲‫ܡ‬ɦٍ Kitb an-Nabtٍ ľĀ‫ܡ ل‬k¡Ā ́‫&̞ڎ‬ȍ ֤ӣѸӕƸ ́‫ڎ‬Ǿȍӕ͑ֆ̲ ٤æɗфΎ‫˔ͅ و‬ҡ¡ҡ ́‫ͅڎ‬ӕҡ͑¡¡ɦٍ؉‫؟إ‬،٧ٍ،؉ٌk¡ӣɂ͑ɦƸĀ‫ڎ‬ġɦ͑ՓфɦٍQi a min al-juz al-khmis min kitb an-nabtٍ ľĀ‫´ ل‬ľф͑ȍфĀ ̞ľՓɗ͑ ٤ՠɗľѸ¡Āľ͑‫ و‬ϘҡҡΎ ȸффѸѸΎՓɗҡ‫ ٌ׀‬ԆЙЙѸ́‫ و‬k‫ل‬ ´‫̞ل‬ӕ͑ĀľнӕɗѸҡѸ˔´Ύ˔ȍ͑Āľٍ́͑؉‫ؐؗإ‬٧ٍ،ؓ‫ڎ‬،‫لؗ‬ ‫ؓإ‬  k¡ӣɂ͑ɦƸĀ‫ڎ‬ġɦ͑Փфɦٍibid.ٍؓ‫ٍؐآڎ‬؆ٍ؉‫ڎ؟ؗ‬؉‫ لآؗ‬ ‫إ‬؉ ،‫؜‬، k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ґф&ҡ ՓȍɗËȍ ɗѸٍ Ѹ ѸȍΎՓ͑ ЙфľԮɗΎӕѸ́ֆٍ  ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ Ëȍɗٍ͑ ͑Ā Փȍľфľ ҡȍľ ¡ΎĀľѸΎƸҡȍľȸӕĀȍֆ́ҡфɗ¡ľՓľфľƸΎӕ͑Ā‫ؗإل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍɗҡɗѸ͑Ύҡ˔͑ΎՓ͑Փȍľҡȍ‫ڎ‬ ľф ҡȍɗѸ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡľѸ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ́ѸΎ ́ɗԮľĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ґф&ҡ ɗҡѸľ́Ƹ‫ ل‬ʊƸ ҡȍɗѸ ՓѸ ҡȍľ ËѸľٍҡȍľ͑ɗҡ̲ֆ¡ľѸѸӕ̲ľĀҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖ́ɗԮľĀɗ͑ҡȍľĀľѸľфҡٍ¡ӕҡЙľфȍЙѸ Āӕфɗ͑ǣËľфҡɗ͑ЙľфɗΎĀɗ͑ҡȍľֆľфȍľ́ѸΎӕѸľĀҡΎĀՓľ́́ɗ͑ҡȍľґф&ҡΎф͑ľф ɗҡ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸ˔͑ΎՓ͑ҡȍҡ͑Ύ̲Ā´ľĀΎӕɗ͑ѸӕѸľĀҡΎ́ľԮľҡȍľĀľѸľфҡɗ͑Ëľфҡɗ͑Йľфɗ‫ڎ‬ ΎĀѸٍѸӕËȍѸȍфĀՓɗ͑ҡľфѸٍɗ͑ΎфĀľфҡΎѸľľ˔ЙѸҡӕфľѸ͑ľфԮɗ́́ǣľѸ͑ĀΎҡȍľф ͑Ύ͑‫ڎ‬ĀľѸľфҡЙ́ËľѸ‫؜إل‬ ʊ͑ ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑ ҡΎ ҡȍľѸľ Й́͑ҡѸٍ ͅӕ́ֆȖ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ Ύҡȍľф Й́͑ҡѸ ՓȍɗËȍ ǣфΎՓ ̲́ΎѸҡľԮľфֆՓȍľфľٍѸӕËȍѸҡȍľbarwaq ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉‫ؗو‬؉٫ٍՓȍɗËȍɗѸЙ́͑ҡѸɗ̲ɗ́ф ҡΎҡȍľ́ľľ˔ٍƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ľԮľфֆЙ́ËľľիËľЙҡɗ͑ҡȍľĀľѸľфҡٌҡȍľЙ̲́ҡфľľѸ٤nakhl٧ ՓȍɗËȍ фľ Й́͑ҡľĀ ̲ɗ͑́ֆ Փȍľфľ kф¡Ѹ ́ɗԮľ ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉‫و‬؉ٌؐ ؐ‫و‬؉،ٌ ؓ‫و‬،‫و؜ ٌآ‬،؉٫ٍ ͑Ā́ѸΎҡȍľ¡͑͑ҡфľľѸ٤mawz٧٪ͅ¡ɂ،‫إو‬٫ՓȍɗËȍٍËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎѸ‫ڎ‬ґɗʮɗѸҡ&͑ɦ ٤Ā‫ ل‬،ؓ‫؜آڈآ‬،٧ٍ фľ ǣфΎՓ͑ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Й́ËľѸ Փȍľфľ ҡȍľ Й̲́ ҡфľľѸ фľ Й́͑ҡľĀ‫؟إل‬ ҽȍľѸľЙ́͑ҡѸٍľիËľЙҡƸΎфҡȍľbarwaqٍËΎӕ́Ā͑ΎҡЙфΎԮɗĀľ͑ֆĀľƸɗ͑ɗҡľľԮɗĀľ͑Ëľ фľǣфĀɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ѸӕффΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ǣѸ ɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ͅӕ́ֆȖ́ɗԮľĀ‫ ل‬ѠľǣфĀɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ barwaqٍ Ѹɗ͑ËľɗҡĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡǣфΎՓɗ͑ҡȍľĀľѸľфҡٍҡȍɗѸ̲ֆѸȍΎՓҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖľɗҡȍľф˔͑ľՓ ҡȍɗѸЙ́͑ҡĀӕфɗ͑ǣΎ͑ľΎƸȍɗѸԮΎֆǣľѸΎӕҡѸɗĀľҡȍľĀľѸľфҡٍΎфЙľфȍЙѸ̲ֆɗ͑Āɗ‫ڎ‬ Ëҡľҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖӕѸľĀҡΎ́ɗԮľƸΎфËľфҡɗ͑ЙľфɗΎĀΎƸҡȍľֆľф͑Ύҡɗ͑ҡȍľĀľ‫ڎ‬ Ѹľфҡ¡ӕҡË́ΎѸľҡΎҡȍľԮɗ́́ǣľѸ͑ĀΎҡȍľф͑Ύ͑‫ڎ‬ĀľѸľфҡЙ́ËľѸ‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍҡȍľnakhl ѸȍΎՓѸ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ́́ӕĀľѸ ҡΎ Й̲́ ҡфľľѸ ҡȍҡ Փľфľ Й́͑ҡľĀ ɗ͑ Ύф ͑ľф Ëľфҡɗ͑Ԯɗ́́ǣľѸΎфҡΎՓ͑Ѹ‫ل‬ՠȍľфľȍľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍɗѸЙ́͑ҡٍȍľ́ѸΎ́́ӕĀľѸҡΎ Ëľфҡɗ͑ ̲ľҡȍΎĀ ΎƸ ɗффɗǣҡɗ͑ǣ ɗҡ‫ ل‬ҽȍӕѸٍ ɗ͑ Ύ͑ľ ЙΎľ̲ ȍľ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ĀɗҡËȍľѸ Ύф ҡфľ͑ËȍľѸ٤khandaq٧ƸΎӕ͑Ā͑ľфҡȍľЙ̲́ҡфľľѸ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉‫و‬؉ؐ٫ٌɗ͑͑ΎҡȍľфЙΎľ̲ ȍľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍҡҡȍľҡфľľѸՓľфľЙ́͑ҡľĀľËȍ͑ľфҡȍľΎҡȍľфٍ͑ĀҡȍľֆՓľфľ ՓҡľфľĀ¡ֆɗффɗǣҡɗ͑ǣĀɗҡËȍľѸ٤sharab٧٪ͅ¡ɂؐ‫و‬؉،٫ٌɗ͑ҡȍɗфĀٍҡȍľֆՓľфľ͑ľф Ëфľľ˔Ѹ ٪ͅ¡ɂؓ‫و‬،‫آ‬٫‫ ل‬ʊ͑  ƸΎӕфҡȍ ЙΎľٍ̲ ҡȍɗѸ ѸѸӕ̲ЙҡɗΎ͑ ɗѸ ѸӕЙЙΎфҡľĀ ¡ֆ ȍɗѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣ  Й́Ëľ ‫ ڐ‬Ë́́ľĀ ˫ȍֆ¡ф ‫ ڐ‬Փȍľфľ ҡȍľ nakhl Փľфľ ƸΎӕ͑Ā ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫و؜‬،؉٫ٍ ՓȍɗËȍ ՓѸ ͑ ΎѸɗѸ ͑Ā Ѹľҡҡ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡ ¡Ύӕҡ ؉‫ؗ‬؆ ˔̲ ͑Ύфҡȍ ΎƸ ́‫ڎ‬ ‫ؗإ‬  ḱ‫ڎ‬kҁ̲‫ܡ‬ɦٍKitb an-Nabtٍ،ٍؐؐ‫ل؜‬  ĩ͑&ՓɦٍAthar a - ar f sh-shi‘r al-jhil٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫ڎ‬Ǘɗ˔ф́‫̞ڎ‬ӕ¡͑&͑ɦٍ؉‫ؐإإ‬٧ٍ ؉‫ؗ‬؉ٍ؉‫ لؐؗ‬ ‫؟إ‬  ґľľk¡ӣ‫ד‬ֆĀ́‫ڎ‬k͑ҁ&фɦٍKitb ash-Shajar wa-l-kalaٍľĀ‫ل‬k͑Փфk¡ӣґӕՓֆ́ɗ̲͑Ā ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍՓ&¡ɗ˔ ٤k̲̲͑‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫ڎ‬k¡ʮĀɗֆֆٍ ؉‫ؗإإ‬٧ٍ ؉؆؆‫ڎ‬؉؆؉ٌ ́‫ڎ‬ kҁ̲‫ܡ‬ɦٍ Kitb an-Nabtٍ ؉‫ ٌؗ‬k¡ӣ ɂ&ҡɗ̲ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґɗʮɗѸҡ&͑ɦٍ Kitb an-Nakhlٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬ʊ¡ф&ȍɦ̲ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґ&̲ɗфф&‫ܥ‬ɦ٤ѠɗֆĀ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫̞ڎ‬ɗՓ&‫´ٌܥ‬ľɗфӕҡ‫ͅو‬ӕ‫ܥ‬ѸѸѸҡф‫ڎ‬ѠɗѸ&ٍ́؉‫ؗآإ‬٧ٍؓؐ‫ٌ؜ؓڎ‬k¡ӣ ɂ͑ɦƸĀ‫ڎ‬ġɦ͑ՓфɦٍKitb an-Nabt: al-juz ath-thlith wa-n-ni f al-awwal min al-juz al-khmisٍľĀ‫´ل‬ľф͑ȍфĀ̞ľՓɗ͑٤ՠɗľѸ¡Āľ͑‫و‬Ǘф͑‫׀‬ґҡľɗ͑ľфՈľф́ǣٍ؉‫ؓ؟إ‬٧ٍ،‫لؐؗ‬ҽȍľ mawz Й́͑ҡ ɗѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ¡ֆ ͑Ύҡȍľф ȸӕĀȍ́ɗЙΎľҡٍ k¡ӣ ҙ˔ȍф ́‫ڎ‬ȸӕĀȍ́ɦٍ ͑ Ԇ̲ֆֆĀΎ͑ľٍԮ‫ ٍ؟ ل‬ЙΎľ̲؉ٍ biyyaٍ awlٍ ͑ĀԮ‫ل‬؉،ٍЙΎľ̲،ٍdliyyaٍ bas ٍ ɗ͑ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦٍKitb Shar ashr al-hudhaliyynٍ،‫إو‬؉‫إڎؗ‬،‫ل؜‬ ‫؜إ‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،‫ؐ؜‬ ͅĀɦ͑‫آإل‬ՠľĀΎ͑Ύҡ˔͑ΎՓՓȍľҡȍľфͅӕ́ֆȖ́ɗԮľĀƸΎфËľфҡɗ͑ЙľфɗΎĀΎƸȍɗѸ ́ɗƸľ ɗ͑ ҡȍҡ Й́Ëľٍ ¡ӕҡ ɗҡ ȍѸ ¡ľľ͑ ЙфľԮɗΎӕѸ́ֆ ѸȍΎՓ͑ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ́ɗԮľĀ Ύф ľԮľ͑ԮɗѸɗҡľĀЙ́ËľѸË́ΎѸľҡΎ́‫ͅڎ‬Āɦ͑‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸ͑Ύҡӕ͑́ɗ˔ľ́ֆٍҡȍľфľƸΎфľٍҡȍҡȍľ ˔͑ľՓ˫ȍֆ¡ф͑ĀɗҡѸЙ̲́ҡфľľѸľɗҡȍľфҡȍфΎӕǣȍËľфҡɗ͑ԮɗѸɗҡȍľ̲ĀľҡΎ ҡȍɗѸ Й́Ëľ Ύф ЙľфȍЙѸ ¡ľËӕѸľ ȍľ ȍľфĀ ¡Ύӕҡ ҡȍľ Й̲́ ҡфľľѸ ΎƸ ҡȍҡ Й́Ëľ‫ل‬ ҽȍɗѸËΎӕ́ĀΎËËӕфՓɗҡȍΎӕҡҡȍľЙΎľҡ́ɗԮɗ͑ǣЙľфѸΎ͑́́ֆɗ͑ɗҡ‫ل‬  ،‫إلؐل‬ҽȍľ̲ΎѸҡ͑ΎҡɗËľ¡́ľľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľҡфֆΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖɗѸҡȍľфľƸľфľ͑Ëľ ҡΎ Ѹľ ͑Ā ѸȍɗЙѸ‫ͮ ل‬Ύф̲́́ֆٍ ȍľ ËΎ̲ЙфľѸ ҡȍľ Ë̲ľ́ ҡфɗ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٔѸ ҡфɗ¡ľҡΎƸ́ľľҡΎƸѸȍɗЙѸЙԮɗ͑ǣҡȍľɗфՓֆËфΎѸѸҡȍľѸľ٪ͅ¡ɂ،‫و‬،،ٌؐ‫ٍ؟و‬؉؉ٌ ‫وؗ‬؉ؐ٫‫ل‬ʊ͑ЙΎľٍ̲ȍľËΎ̲ЙфľѸҡȍľËȍľѸҡΎƸҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀٔѸË̲ľ́ҡΎѸȍɗЙ͑Ā ɗҡѸ̲ΎԮľ̲ľ͑ҡ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫ؐوؗ‬؆٫‫ل‬ʊ͑ҡȍľѸ̲ľЙΎľٍ̲ҡȍľ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ̲˔ľѸ͑ΎҡȍҡΎ ȍľф́ΎԮľфҡȍҡɗƸȍľфľ̲ɗ͑Ѹ́Ύֆ́ҡΎȍľфٍҡȍľ͑ѸȍľՓΎӕ́Āфľ̲ɗ͑́Ύֆ́ҡΎȍɗ̲ Ѹ ́Ύ͑ǣ Ѹ ѸȍɗЙѸ ҡфԮľ́ Ύ͑ ҡȍľ Ѹľ ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫؟ؐوؗ‬٫‫ͅ ل‬ӕ́ֆȖ ɗ͑ ͑Ύҡȍľф ЙΎľ̲ ËΎ̲ЙфľѸȍɗѸΎՓ͑Ë̲ľ́ҡфԮľ́ɗ͑ǣ̲ɗĀѸҡҡȍľĀľѸľфҡҡΎȍӕǣľѸȍɗЙҡфԮľ́ɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ҡȍľѸľ٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؆‫؜ؐو‬٫ٌՓȍɗ́ľɗ͑͑ΎҡȍľфΎ͑ľȍľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸѸľ͑ĀՓԮľѸ¡ӕҡ ՓɗҡȍΎӕҡ̲˔ɗ͑ǣ͑ֆ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľѸȍɗЙѸ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫؜وإ‬،ٍ‫إ‬،٫‫ل‬ ȸ‫˫ل‬ɗ͑Āľф̲͑͑͑Āæ‫ل‬Ƅ‫´ل‬ΎѸՓΎфҡȍ͑Ύҡľҡȍҡkф¡Ѹɗ͑ҡȍľkф¡ɗ͑Йľ͑ɗ͑‫ڎ‬ Ѹӕٍ́¡ľƸΎфľʊѸ̲́͑Āӕ͑ҡɗ́ҡȍľҡɗ̲ľΎƸҡȍľƸɗфѸҡҡȍфľľϘфҡȍΎĀΎիǽɗЙȍѸٍȍĀ Ύ͑́ֆ  Ԯľфֆ ̲фǣɗ͑́ Ƹ̲ɗ́ɗфɗҡֆ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ Ѹľ ͑Ā ѸȍɗЙѸ‫ ل‬ҽȍľѸľ ɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľĀ ѸΎ̲ľΎƸҡȍľЙľΎЙ́ľΎƸ́‫ڎ‬ɂɗʮ&‫׀‬ՓȍΎՓľфľËнӕɗ͑ҡľĀՓɗҡȍҡȍľѠľĀґľٍ͑Ā ́ѸΎҡȍľɗ͑ȍ¡ɗҡ͑ҡѸΎƸҡȍľѸΎӕҡȍľф͑ËΎѸҡѸΎƸҡȍľЬľфѸɗ͑Ǿӕ́Ƹ‫ل‬ѠľѸɗĀľ͑ҡѸΎƸ kф¡ɗٍ͑ĀľѸЙľËɗ́́ֆЙӕфľ´ľĀΎӕɗ͑Ѹٍ͑Ύф̲́́ֆՓľфľԮľфֆѸËфľĀΎƸҡȍľѸľ‫ل‬ ͅľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ Ѹľ ͑Ā ѸȍɗЙѸ ɗ͑ Йфľ‫ڎ‬ʊѸ̲́ɗË kф¡ɗË ЙΎľҡфֆٍ ҡȍľфľƸΎфľٍ ՓѸ Ԯľфֆффľ͑ĀΎËËӕффľĀ͑Ύф̲́́ֆɗ͑Ѹɗ̲ɗ́ľѸٍľѸЙľËɗ́́ֆՓȍľ͑ҡȍľЙΎľҡѸӕѸľĀ ҡΎ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ľ  Ë̲ľ́ ҡфɗ͑‫ ل‬Ԇ͑́ɗ˔ľ ʊ‫ ل‬ǾΎ́Ā‫׀‬ɗȍľфٍ ՓȍΎ ѸֆѸ ҡȍҡ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣ ѸȍɗЙѸĀΎľѸɗ͑ĀɗËҡľ͑Ëнӕɗ͑ҡ͑ËľΎƸҡȍľΎ́Ākф¡ѸՓɗҡȍҡȍľѸľ͑Ā͑Ԯɗ‫ڎ‬ ǣҡɗΎٍ͑˫ɗ͑Āľф̲͑͑͑Ā´ΎѸՓΎфҡȍĀɗѸËӕѸѸҡȍɗѸɗѸѸӕľ͑ĀËΎ͑Ë́ӕĀľҡȍҡ̲ľ͑‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ Ѹľ ͑Ā ѸȍɗЙѸ ɗ͑ Ϙ́Ā kф¡ɗË ЙΎľҡфֆ ĀΎľѸ ͑Ύҡٍ ͑ľËľѸѸфɗ́ֆٍ ѸȍΎՓ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ЙΎľҡѸ ҡȍľ̲Ѹľ́ԮľѸ ȍĀ  ЙľфѸΎ͑́ Ëнӕɗ͑ҡ͑Ëľ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ Ѹľٍ ͑Ā ̲ֆ¡ľӕѸľĀ¡ֆҡȍľ̲̲ľфľ́ֆѸË́ɗËȍŃѸ‫ل‬ʊҡՓѸΎ͑́ֆɗ͑ҡȍľҡɗ̲ľΎƸ‫ܡ‬Ԇҡȍ̲&͑ ٤фľ‫ل‬،ؐ‫؜ؗ؜ڎؓؓ؜ڈؗؐڎ‬٧ٍҡȍҡͅӕ‫&ܡ‬Փɗֆٍҡȍľфӕ́ľфΎƸґֆфɗٍѸ˔ľĀȍɗѸЙľф̲ɗѸѸɗΎ͑ ҡΎ¡ӕɗ́ĀƸ́ľľҡƸΎфӕѸľɗ͑ҡȍľՓфǣɗ͑Ѹҡҡȍľ´ֆ‫͑׀‬ҡɗ͑ľѸ‫إإل‬ґɗ͑Ëľҡȍľٍ͑͑Ā Փɗҡȍɗ͑͑ѸҡΎ͑ɗѸȍɗ͑ǣ́ֆѸȍΎфҡҡɗ̲ľٍҡȍľkф¡Ѹ¡ľË̲ľԮľфֆՓľ́́Ëнӕɗ͑ҡľĀ ՓɗҡȍҡȍľѸľ‫ل‬؉؆؆ ‫آإ‬  Ոǣ́ɗľфɗٍ٘˫ȍֆ¡фٍٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ʊՈ‫و‬؉؉ؐ‫ل؟‬  ɂɗҡҡɦ ËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфѸ ͅӕ‫&ܡ‬Փɗֆ ͑Ā ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā ́‫&̞ڎ‬ȍ ¡‫ ل‬ґ‫ܡ‬Ā ¡‫ ل‬k¡ɦ ґфȖ ٤Ë‫ ل‬،‫ڎؗؓ؜ڈؓؐڎؗ‬ ‫ؗؗ؜‬٧ ҡȍľ ƸɗфѸҡ ҡՓΎ ͅӕѸ́ɗ̲ Йфɗ͑ËľѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ѹľٍ Ѹɗ͑Ëľ ¡Ύҡȍ ӕѸľĀ ҡȍľ Ѹľ ̲́ΎѸҡ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Ѹ̲ľ ҡɗ̲ľ ɗ͑ ΎфĀľф ҡΎ Ƹɗǣȍҡ ҡȍľ ´ֆ‫͑׀‬ҡɗ͑ľѸ‫ ل‬ґľľ ɂɗҡҡɦٍ ˇӕфʮɦٍ ͑Ā ˇ¡¡ӣфٍ Trkh al-arabٍ،،‫لؗ‬ ؉؆؆  ǾΎ́Ā‫׀‬ɗȍľфٍ٘ġѸґËȍɗƸƸĀľфՠӥѸҡľٍٚZeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft٤؉‫إآ‬؆٧ռ̞ʊՈٍ؉‫˫ٌؗ؜‬ɗ͑Āľф̲͑͑͑Ā´ΎѸՓΎфҡȍٍ٘ґƸɦٍ͑ٚThe Encyclopae- ‫إإ‬ ،‫ؓ؜‬ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ʊҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ Փȍľҡȍľф ҡȍľ ̲́ΎѸҡ ɗ͑ҡľ͑ѸɗԮľ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ѹľ ͑Ā ѸȍɗЙѸɗ͑ҡȍľЙΎľҡфֆΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖɗѸ͑ɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗΎ͑ҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖȍĀЙľфѸΎ͑́ľի‫ڎ‬ Йľфɗľ͑ËľՓɗҡȍѸľ͑ĀѸȍɗЙѸΎфՓȍľҡȍľфȍľɗ̲ɗҡҡľĀΎҡȍľфЙфľ‫ڎ‬ʊѸ̲́ɗËЙΎľҡѸ ՓȍΎ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ҡȍľѸľ ̲ΎҡɗƸѸ Ѹ Ë́ɗËȍŃѸ‫ ل‬ʊ¡ф&ȍɦ̲ ¡ľ́ɗľԮľѸ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľֆ фľ Ë́ɗ‫ڎ‬ ËȍŃѸ؉؆؉ Փȍɗ́ľ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦ ѸֆѸ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ѸȍɗЙѸ ՓѸ ¡ľ‫ڎ‬ ËӕѸľ ҡȍľ ¡ΎĀľѸ ΎƸ ȍɗѸ ҡфɗ¡ľ ȸӕĀȍֆ́ Փľфľ ͑ľф ҡȍľ ѠľĀ ґľ‫ل‬؉؆، ҽȍɗѸ Йľф‫ڎ‬ ȍЙѸ ̲ֆ ¡ľ  фľѸΎ͑¡́ľ ɗ͑ҡľфЙфľҡҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍɗѸ Йȍľ͑Ύ̲ľ͑Ύ͑ ɗ͑ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ЙΎľҡфֆ‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍɗƸͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ̲ΎҡɗƸѸѸѸΎËɗҡľĀՓɗҡȍҡȍľѸľ͑ĀѸȍɗЙѸՓľфľ ͑ΎҡË́ɗËȍŃѸٍҡȍľ͑͑ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑́ɗ͑ҡľфЙфľҡҡɗΎ̲͑ֆ¡ľѸӕǣǣľѸҡľĀ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸЙΎѸѸɗ‫ڎ‬ ¡́ľҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸľիЙľфɗľ͑ËľՓɗҡȍҡȍľѸľ̲ֆȍԮľ¡ľľ͑ËнӕɗфľĀҡȍфΎӕǣȍ ȍɗѸЙфҡɗËɗЙҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ҡȍľľիЙľĀɗҡɗΎ͑ѸΎƸͅӕѸ́ɗ̲ҡфΎΎЙѸΎӕҡѸɗĀľkф¡ɗ‫ل‬ʊҡȍѸ ́фľĀֆ ¡ľľ͑ ѸȍΎՓ͑ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖЙЙфľ͑ҡ́ֆ ҡΎΎ˔ Йфҡ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ľիЙľĀɗҡɗΎ͑ ҡΎ ƄǣֆЙҡٍ͑ĀѸɗ͑ËľȍɗѸҡΎфɗË́́ֆɗҡɗѸ˔͑ΎՓ͑ҡȍҡƸҡľфҡȍҡľիЙľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑‫ܡ‬k¡Ā́‫ڎ‬ ̞&ȍ¡‫ل‬ґ‫ܡ‬Ā¡‫ل‬k¡ɦґфȖٍǣΎԮľф͑ΎфΎƸƄǣֆЙҡٍѸľ͑ҡȍɗѸф̲ɗľѸҡȍфΎӕǣȍҡȍľѸľ ҡΎҡҡË˔ҡȍľ´ֆ‫͑׀‬ҡɗ͑ľѸٍɗ͑ҡȍľՓфΎƸDht a -awrՓȍɗËȍΎËËӕффľĀ¡Ύӕҡ ҡȍľֆľфؐؓ‫͑ؗؗ؜ڈ‬Āɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍѸȍɗЙѸƸфΎ̲ḱľի͑Āфɗ͑Ā́ѸΎƸфΎ̲ҡȍľґֆфɗ‫ڎ‬ ͑ËΎѸҡ́ЙΎфҡՓľфľľ͑ǣǣľĀ͑ĀҡȍľѠΎ̲͑Ƹ́ľľҡՓѸҡΎҡ́́ֆĀľѸҡфΎֆľĀٍɗҡ ɗѸЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖՓѸ́ѸΎ̲Ύ͑ǣҡȍľѸľҡфΎΎЙѸ͑ĀҡȍҡȍľЙфҡɗËɗЙҡ‫ڎ‬ ľĀɗ͑ҡȍҡ͑Ԯ́ҡҡË˔‫ل‬؉؆ؐ  ،‫لؐل‬؉؆ʊ͑ȍɗѸЙΎľҡфֆٍͅӕ́ֆȖӕѸľѸƸΎфľɗǣ͑ՓΎфĀѸٍ͑Ύф̲́́ֆΎƸЬľфѸɗ͑Ύфɗǣɗ͑‫ل‬ ҽȍӕѸٍȍľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍľՓΎфĀyarandaj٪ͅ¡ɂ‫وؗ‬؉‫إ‬٫ՓȍɗËȍ̲ľ͑Ѹ¡́Ë˔Āֆľ Ύф¡́Ë˔́ľҡȍľфՓȍɗËȍɗѸӕѸľĀҡΎѸȍΎľË̲ľ́ٔѸȍΎΎԮľѸ‫ل‬؉؆ؓҽȍɗѸՓΎфĀٍՓȍɗËȍ ȍѸ ͑Ύҡȍľф ԮфɗҡɗΎ͑ arandajٍ ËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ́‫ڎ‬Ǘֆфӣ‫&¡&׀‬Āɦٍ ɗѸ ͑ kф¡ɗ‫׀‬ľĀ ՓΎфĀ‫ل‬ḱ‫ڎ‬Ǘֆфӣ‫&¡&׀‬ĀɦĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ҡȍľΎфɗǣɗ͑́́͑ǣӕǣľƸфΎ̲ՓȍɗËȍɗҡ ՓѸҡ˔ľ͑‫ل‬؉؆‫ؗͅ‬ӕ́ֆȖ́ѸΎ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ѸҡȍľՓΎфĀqahramn٪ͅ¡ɂ؉؆‫و‬،‫إ‬٫ՓȍɗËȍ ̲ľ͑Ѹ  ËΎ̲̲͑Āľф ͑Ā ȍѸ Ύҡȍľф ̲ľ͑ɗ͑ǣѸ Ѹ Փľ́́‫ ل‬kѸ ʊ¡͑ ґɦĀȍ ٤Ā‫ل‬ ؓ‫ڈآؗ‬؉؆‫؜؜‬٧ѸҡҡľѸٍɗҡɗѸЬľфѸɗ͑ՓΎфĀ‫ل‬؉؆‫؜‬ dia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑Ոʊʊʊ‫آو‬؆‫آڎآ‬؆‫لإ‬ ʊ¡ф&ȍɦٍ̲al-Bin al-fann f shir al-hudhaliyynٍؓ‫لإؓڎآ‬ ؉؆، kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦٍ٘ͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ‫لؓآ‬ ؉؆ؐ ´ΎѸՓΎфҡȍٍ ٘ġȍ&ҡ ́‫ڎ‬ҙՓ&фɦٍٚ The Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ռʊʊ‫ و‬،،؉ٌ ´ľË˔ľфٍ٘‫ܡ‬k¡Ā́́&ȍ¡‫ل‬ґ‫ܡ‬ĀٍٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ʊ‫ؗو‬؉ٌɂɗҡҡɦٍ ˇӕфʮɦٍ͑Āˇ¡¡ӣфٍTrkh al-arabٍ،،‫لؗ‬ ؉؆ؓ  ̞ľՓɗٍ͑ A Vocabulary of the Huailian Poems ٤Ǿάҡľ¡Ύфǣ‫˫ و‬ӕ͑ǣ́‫ ل‬Ոľҡľ͑Ѹ˔ЙѸ‫ ڎ‬ΎËȍ ՈɗҡҡľфȍľҡѸ‫ڎ‬ґ̲ȍ'́́ľҡٍ؉‫آ؟إ‬٧ٍؓ‫لؐآ‬ ؉؆‫ؗ‬  ḱ‫ڎ‬Ǘֆфӣ‫&¡&׀‬Āɦٍal-Qms al-mu ٍ؉‫و‬،‫لإؗ‬ ؉؆‫؜‬  ʊ¡͑ ґɦĀȍٍ al-Mukam wa-l-mu al-a amٍ ľĀ‫ܡ ل‬k¡Ā ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲ɦĀ ȸɗ͑Ā&Փɦ ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ ġ&ф́‫˫ڎ‬ӕҡӕ¡́‫ܡڎ‬ʊ̲́ɗֆֆٍ،؆؆؆٧ٍؓ‫لإؗؓو‬ґľľ́ѸΎ́‫ڎ‬k‫׀‬ȍфɦٍTahdhb al-lughaٍľĀ‫ل‬ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ‫ܡ‬kՓĈ ͅӕф‫ܡ‬ɗ¡ ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ʊȖֆ&‫ ܥ‬ҡ‫ڎ‬ҽӕф&ҡȍ ́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɦٍ ،؆؆؉٧ٍ ‫ و؜‬،‫ل؟؜‬ ҽȍľ ́ҡҡľф ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡȍҡ ҡȍɗѸ ՓΎфĀ ɗѸ kф¡ɗ‫׀‬ľĀ ¡ӕҡ ՓɗҡȍΎӕҡ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣ ƸфΎ̲ ՓȍɗËȍΎфɗǣɗ͑́́͑ǣӕǣľɗѸɗҡҡ˔ľ͑‫ل‬ґľľ́ѸΎ̞ľՓɗٍ͑A Vocabulary of the Huailian Poemsٍؐ‫؜‬،ٌ ġΎ‫׀‬ֆٍ Takmilat al-majim al-arabiyyaٍ ҡф͑Ѹ‫ͅ ل‬ӕȖ̲̲Ā ґ́ɦ̲͑‫ڎ‬ ؉؆؉  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،‫ؗ؜‬ ʊ͑ ĀĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ͅӕ́ֆȖ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ Ύҡȍľф kф¡ɗË ՓΎфĀѸ ΎƸ ЬľфѸɗ͑ Ύфɗǣɗ͑‫ل‬ ҽȍľѸľ фľ‫ و‬surdiq ՓȍɗËȍ ̲ľ͑Ѹ  Ëӕфҡɗ͑ ͑Ā ȍѸ ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑́ ̲ľ͑ɗ͑ǣѸ ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫إآوإ‬٫ٌ؉؆‫ ؟‬barziq ٪ͅ¡ɂ‫إوإ‬؆٫ٍ Й́‫ ل‬ΎƸ birzq Ύф barzaq Ύф birzq ͑Ā ̲ľ͑ѸȍΎфѸľ̲ľٍ͑ΎфǣфΎӕЙΎƸЙľΎЙ́ľΎфǣфΎӕЙΎƸȍΎфѸľѸٌ؉؆‫͑آ‬Ā́ѸΎҡȍľ ՓΎфĀrastiq٪ͅ¡ɂ‫إوإ‬؉٫ٍЙ́‫ل‬ΎƸrustqٍ̲ľ͑ɗ͑ǣĀɗѸҡфɗËҡ‫ل‬؉؆‫إ‬ kËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎҡȍľɗ͑ĀľիҡҡËȍľĀҡΎҡȍľҡȍɗфĀԮΎ́ӕ̲ľΎƸKitb Shar ashr al-hudhaliyynٍ ΎҡȍľфȸӕĀȍ́ɗЙΎľҡѸĀΎ͑Ύҡ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑͑ֆΎƸҡȍľѸľՓΎфĀѸ̲ľ͑‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ ¡ֆ ͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ ل‬ʊҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ Փȍľҡȍľф Ύф ͑Ύҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ӕѸľ ΎƸ ҡȍľѸľ ՓΎфĀѸɗ͑ȍɗѸЙΎľҡфֆѸȍΎՓѸËľфҡɗ͑ËΎ͑͑ľËҡɗΎ͑¡ľҡՓľľ͑ȍɗ̲͑ĀЬľфѸɗΎф ҡ ́ľѸҡ ЬľфѸɗ͑Ѹ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ Ύҡȍľф ՓΎфĀѸٍ ɗҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ Փȍľҡȍľф ȍľ ȍĀ ËΎ͑ҡËҡ ՓɗҡȍѸΎ̲ľЬľфѸɗ͑ЙľΎЙ́ľΎфՓȍľҡȍľфȍľЙľфȍЙѸԮɗѸɗҡľĀËľфҡɗ͑Й́ËľѸҡȍҡ Փľфľӕ͑ĀľфҡȍľËΎ͑ҡфΎ́ΎƸҡȍľЬľфѸɗ͑фľǣɗ̲ľٍѸƸΎфľի̲Й́ľ́‫ڎ‬k‫ܡ‬Ѹȍ&٤Ā‫ل‬Ë‫ل‬ ‫؜ڈ؟‬،‫إ‬٧ ĀɗĀ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍɗѸ ËѸľٍ ɗҡ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ӕ͑́ɗ˔ľ́ֆ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖȍɗ̲Ѹľ́Ƹ ƸΎӕǣȍҡ ɗ͑ ѸΎ̲ľ ¡ҡҡ́ľѸ Āӕфɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ËΎ͑нӕľѸҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ́͑ĀѸ ӕ͑Āľф ҡȍľ ËΎ͑ҡфΎ́ ΎƸ ЬľфѸɗ‫ل‬ ҽȍľѸľ ¡ҡҡ́ľѸ ¡ľǣ͑ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ֆľф ؉‫ ؜ؐ؜ڈؗ‬Ύф ؉‫ ؟ؐ؜ڈ؜‬ӕ͑Āľф ҡȍľ ËΎ̲̲͑Ā ΎƸ ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā́‫&̞ڎ‬ȍ¡‫ل‬k¡ɦՠнн&ҁ٤Ā‫¡ل‬ľҡՓľľ͑‫ؗ‬؆‫؟؜ڈآؗڎ‬؆‫آ؟؜ڎ‬٧‫ل‬؉؉؆ ʊҡɗѸՓΎфҡȍ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ɗ͑ǣҡȍҡ́‫ڎ‬kҁ̲‫ܡ‬ɦ٤Ā‫ل‬،؉‫ؐآڈ؜‬؉٧ѸֆѸҡȍҡ‫ܡ‬k̲ф¡‫ل‬kȖ̲ф ٤Ā‫ل‬Ë‫ؗآ؜ڈؗ؜ل‬٧ӕѸľĀҡȍľƸΎфľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀՓΎфĀyarandaj ՓɗҡȍΎӕҡ˔͑ΎՓɗ͑ǣɗҡѸ фľ́ ̲ľ͑ɗ͑ǣ‫ل‬؉؉؉ ʊҡ ՓΎӕ́Ā ͑Ύҡ ¡ľ фľѸΎ͑¡́ľ ҡΎ Ѹֆ ҡȍҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ ́ѸΎ ӕѸľĀ ՓΎфĀѸ ՓɗҡȍΎӕҡ ӕ͑ĀľфѸҡ͑Āɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľɗф ̲ľ͑ɗ͑ǣѸٍ ¡ӕҡɗҡ ɗѸЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡȍҡ ȍľĀɗĀ ѸΎ¡ľËӕѸľҡȍľֆՓľфľ¡ľɗ͑ǣӕѸľĀ¡ֆҡȍľkф¡ËΎ̲̲ӕ͑ɗҡֆΎƸȍɗѸҡɗ̲ľՓɗҡȍΎӕҡ ȍԮɗ͑ǣ ȍɗ̲Ѹľ́ƸȍԮɗ͑ǣ͑ֆĀɗфľËҡËΎ͑͑ľËҡɗΎ͑ľɗҡȍľфҡΎЬľфѸɗ͑ЙľΎЙ́ľΎфҡΎ ЬľфѸɗɗҡѸľ́Ƹ‫ل‬ Ǘɗ͑́ՠΎфĀ k͑ҡҡľ̲ЙҡȍѸ¡ľľ̲͑ĀľҡȍфΎӕǣȍҡȍľЙфľѸľ͑ҡЙЙľфҡΎфľԮľ́́́ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍɗË́ Āҡ Ύ͑ ҡȍľ Ϙ́Ā kф¡ɗË ЙΎľҡ ͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ڎ́ ل‬ɂ˔̲‫ و‬ȍɗѸ ̲͑ľٌ ͮӕ‫ܡ‬ֆ̲ɦ٤´ǣȍĀĀ‫و‬ġ&фѸȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍӕ‫ܥ‬ӣ͑ҡȍ‫ڎ‬ҽȍн&Ƹɗֆֆ́‫ٍ̲̲Šܡڎ‬؉‫؟إإ‬٧ٍ‫ؓوآ‬؆ؐ‫ل‬ k‫¡דڎ׀‬ɦĀɦٍTj al-ars min jawhir al-qmsٍľĀ‫ܡل‬k¡ĀѸ‫ڎ‬ґҡҡ&фkȖ̲ĀǗфф&ʮ͑Ā ΎҡȍľфѸ٤˫ӕՓɗҡ‫ͅو‬Ҩ¡‫ܡ‬ҡɂӕ˔ӣ̲ҡ́‫˫ڎ‬ӕՓֆҡٍ؉‫ڎؗ؜إ‬،؆؆؉٧ٍ،‫ؓؓوؗ‬؉‫ؓؓڎ‬،ٌ̞ľՓɗٍ͑ A Vocabulary of the Huailian Poemsٍ ؉‫إ‬؉ٌ ̞͑ľٍ An Arabic-English Lexiconٍ ؓ‫و‬ ؉ؐؓ‫لآ‬ ؉؆‫آ‬ ʊ¡͑ ġӕфֆĀٍ Kitb Jamharat al-lugha ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ҙ&Āɗфٍ ͑Ύ Āҡľ٧ٍ ؐ‫ؐ و‬؆‫ ٌؗ‬ʊ¡͑ ґɦĀȍٍ al-Mukamٍ ‫؜ و؜‬؉‫ڎ́ ٌآ‬Ǘֆфӣ‫&¡&׀‬Āɦٍ al-Qmus al-mu ٍ ؐ‫ و‬،‫¡דڎ׀ ٌآآ‬ɦĀɦٍ Tj al-arsٍ،‫ٌ̞؜؟ڎؗ؟وؗ‬ľՓɗٍ͑A Vocabulary of the Huailian Poemsٍ،؉‫ل‬ ؉؆‫إ‬ ḱ‫ڎ‬k‫׀‬ȍфɦٍ Tahdhb al-lughaٍ ‫ وإ‬،‫ ٌ؟إ‬ʊ¡͑ ґɦĀȍٍ al-Mukamٍ ‫؜ و؜‬؉،ٌ ʊ¡͑ ͑ͅ‫׈‬ӣфٍ Lisn al-‘arab ٤´ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ҙ&Āɗфٍ ؉‫إإ‬؆٧ٍ ؉؆‫ و‬؉؉‫ڎ́ ٌ؜‬Ǘֆфӣ‫&¡&׀‬Āɦٍ al-Qmas almu ٍ ؐ‫ؐ و‬؉‫¡דڎ׀ ٌإ‬ɦĀɦٍ Tj al-arsٍ ،‫ؓؐ وؗ‬،‫̞ ٌؐؓؐڎ‬ľՓɗٍ͑ A Vocabulary of the Huailian Poemsٍ؉‫ٌ̞͑ؓؗ‬ľٍAn Arabic-English Lexiconٍؐ‫و‬؉؆‫ل؜؟‬ ؉؉؆ ɂɗҡҡɦٍˇӕфʮɦٍ͑Āˇ¡¡ӣфٍTrkh al-arabٍ،؉،‫ڎ‬،؉‫ل؟‬æΎ͑нӕľфɗ͑ǣЬľфѸɗ́ѸҡľĀ¡Ύӕҡ ĀľËĀľ‫ل‬ґľľ́ѸΎՈǣ́ɗľфɗٍ٘́‫&˱ڎ‬ĀɗѸɗֆֆٍٚThe Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍæ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗ‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎٍ͑ ʊՈ‫ ٌؗآؐ و‬ȸՓҡɗ͑ǣٍ ٘ґ‫ܡ‬Ā ¡‫ ل‬k¡ɦ ՠ˙˙&ҁٍٚ The Encyclopaedia of Islam2ٍ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ ľĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑Ոʊʊʊ‫ل؟إ؜ڎ؜إ؜و‬ ؉؉؉ ḱ‫ڎ‬k‫׀‬ȍфɦٍTahdhb al-lughaٍ؉‫و‬؉‫؟‬؆‫ڎ‬؉‫؟‬؉‫ل‬ ؉؆‫؟‬ ،‫؜؜‬ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ҡȍľ ЙľфɗΎĀ ɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ȍľ ɗѸ ѸӕЙЙΎѸľĀ ҡΎ ȍԮľ ́ɗԮľĀٌ ҡȍľ Й́ËľѸ ɗ͑ ՓȍɗËȍ ȍľ ĀՓľ́ҡ Ύф ҡΎ ՓȍɗËȍ ȍľ ҡфԮľ́ľĀٌ ͑Ā ́ѸΎ ȍɗѸ ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ Ѹȍфľ ɗ͑ ͅӕѸ́ɗ̲ ËΎ͑‫ڎ‬ нӕľѸҡѸ ΎӕҡѸɗĀľ kф¡ɗ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ĀĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ҡȍľ ЙЙľф Āľ́Ѹ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ ËΎ͑ҡфΎԮľфѸֆ ̲Ύ͑ǣ̲ΎĀľф͑фľѸľфËȍľфѸ¡ΎӕҡѸΎ̲ľΎƸҡȍľѸľɗѸѸӕľѸ͑Ā́ѸΎѸҡΎՓȍľҡȍ‫ڎ‬ ľфȍľՓѸ͑Ύ̲Ā´ľĀΎӕɗ͑ΎфËɗҡֆĀՓľ́́ľфٍՓȍɗËȍфľĀɗѸËӕѸѸľĀ͑ĀĀľ‫ڎ‬ ҡľф̲ɗ͑ľĀ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍ ͑ ͑́ֆ‫׀‬ɗ͑ǣ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ЙΎľҡфֆ‫ ل‬Ϙҡȍľф ɗѸѸӕľѸ ҡȍҡ ȍԮľ ͑Ύҡ ¡ľľ͑ ĀɗѸËӕѸѸľĀ ɗ͑ ̲ΎĀľф͑ фľѸľфËȍ ËΎ͑Ëľф͑ɗ͑ǣ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍֆٍ ȍԮľ́ѸΎ¡ľľ͑ѸҡӕĀɗľĀɗ͑ҡȍľЙфľѸľ͑ҡЙЙľф‫ل‬ ҽȍľΎ͑́ֆɗѸѸӕľҡȍҡȍѸ͑Ύҡ¡ľľ͑ѸҡӕĀɗľĀɗѸͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸфΎ̲͑ҡɗË́ɗƸľٍ͑Āɗҡ ՓѸĀɗѸËӕѸѸľĀɗ͑Āľҡɗ́ɗ͑͑ΎҡȍľфЙЙľф‫ل‬؉؉،ҽȍľѸľЙΎľ̲Ѹ̲ɗ͑́ֆËΎ͑Ëľф͑ȍɗѸ ́ΎԮľƸƸɗфѸ‫ل‬k͑ҡҡľ̲ЙҡҡΎĀɗѸËӕѸѸҡȍɗѸɗѸѸӕľ ȍѸ́фľĀֆ¡ľľ̲͑Āľ¡ֆѸ‫ڎ‬ ґӕՓֆĀɦ‫ ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ ȍɗѸ ËΎ͑Ë́ӕѸɗΎ͑Ѹ ɗ͑ ҡȍɗѸ фľǣфĀ Փľфľ ҡΎΎ ËΎ͑ҡфĀɗËҡΎфֆ‫ل‬ ȸľƸɗфѸҡËΎ͑Ë́ӕĀľѸҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖƸľ́́ɗ͑́ΎԮľՓɗҡȍΎ͑́ֆΎ͑ľ̲ɗĀľ͑ՓȍΎ̲ȍľ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸɗ͑́́ΎƸȍɗѸЙΎľ̲Ѹ͑ĀҡΎՓȍΎ̲ȍľǣԮľĀɗƸƸľфľ͑ҡ̲͑ľѸٍҡ́ľѸҡ ̲͑ľɗ͑ľËȍЙΎľٍ̲ɗ͑ΎфĀľфҡΎËΎ͑ƸӕѸľȍɗѸӕĀɗľ͑Ëľ͑ĀҡΎȍɗĀľȍľффľ́ ɗĀľ͑ҡɗҡֆ‫ل‬k̲Ύ͑ǣҡȍľѸľ̲͑ľѸȍľ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹҡȍľ͑ɗË˔̲͑ľԆ̲̲‫¡Šܡ‬ɗĀ٤́ɗҡ‫ل‬ҡȍľ ̲Ύҡȍľф ΎƸ ‫¡Šܡ‬ɗĀ٧‫ ل‬ʊ͑ Ύ͑ľ Й́Ëľٍ ҡȍľ ӕҡȍΎф ѸѸӕ̲ľѸ ҡȍҡ Ѹȍľ ՓѸ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ ՓȍΎ ՓѸ Ƹф Փֆ ƸфΎ̲ ȍľф ́ΎԮľф‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ̲ɗ͑ фľѸΎ͑ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ѸľЙф‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑¡ľҡՓľľ͑¡ΎҡȍɗѸҡՓΎƸΎ́Ā‫و‬ȍľф̲ɗǣфҡɗΎ͑Փɗҡȍȍľфҡфɗ¡ľٍ͑Ā́ѸΎҡȍľȍΎѸ‫ڎ‬ ҡɗ́ɗҡֆ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ȍľфҡфɗ¡ľ͑Āͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ل‬ʊ͑͑ΎҡȍľфЙ́ËľٍѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡȍҡҡȍɗѸՓΎ̲̲͑ɗǣȍҡ͑Ύҡ¡ľȍɗѸ¡ľ́ΎԮľĀ¡ӕҡȍɗѸфľ́ՓɗƸľ‫ل‬ȸľфľɗҡՓΎӕ́Ā ¡ľĀɗƸƸɗËӕ́ҡҡΎӕ͑ĀľфѸҡ͑ĀȍΎՓѸӕËȍՓɗƸľٍ¡ľËӕѸľΎƸҡȍľ̲ɗǣфҡɗΎ͑ΎƸȍľф ҡфɗ¡ľٍՓѸѸľЙфҡľĀƸфΎ̲ȍľфȍӕѸ¡͑Ā‫ل‬ҽȍľӕҡȍΎфѸѸӕ̲ľѸҡȍҡ‫¡Šܡ‬ɗĀɗѸҡȍľ ̲͑ľ ΎƸ ͅӕ́ֆȖٔѸ ѸΎ͑‫ ل‬Ƅ́ѸľՓȍľфľ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦ ѸѸӕ̲ľѸ ҡȍҡ ҡȍɗѸ ՓΎ̲͑ ɗѸ ̲ффɗľĀ͑ĀȍѸѸΎٍ͑͑Āҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖĀľѸɗфľĀҡΎȍԮľӕ͑́ՓƸӕ́фľ́ҡɗΎ͑‫ڎ‬ ѸȍɗЙ Փɗҡȍ ȍľфٍ ՓȍɗËȍ ËӕѸľĀ ȍΎѸҡɗ́ɗҡֆ Փɗҡȍ ȍľф ҡфɗ¡ľ‫ل‬؉؉ؐ ҽȍľѸľ ËΎ͑Ë́ӕѸɗΎ͑Ѹ ̲Āľ¡ֆѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦфľ͑ΎҡËËӕфҡľ‫ل‬ kƸɗ͑́͑ΎҡľËΎ͑Ëľф͑ѸҡȍľѸӕЙЙΎѸľĀЙфҡɗËɗЙҡɗΎ͑ΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖՓɗҡȍͅӕѸ́ɗ̲ ҡфΎΎЙѸɗ͑ҡȍľɗфËΎ͑нӕľѸҡѸ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸѸҡΎ͑ɗѸȍɗ͑ǣҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖɗ͑ĀɗфľËҡ́ֆ́́ӕĀľѸҡΎ ҡȍľѸľɗ͑ËɗĀľ͑ҡѸ¡ӕҡĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡЙфɗѸľȍɗѸΎՓ͑Ѹȍфľɗ͑ҡȍľ̲‫ل‬kЙфľËɗѸľ͑ѸՓľф ҡΎ ҡȍɗѸ ЙľфЙ́ľիɗ͑ǣ Йȍľ͑Ύ̲ľ͑Ύ͑ ɗѸ ӕ͑Ύ¡ҡɗ͑¡́ľ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍ ҡȍľ ̲ҡľфɗ́ ɗ͑ ȍ͑Ā‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍɗҡɗѸЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡȍҡͅӕ́ֆȖфľ́́ֆľիҡΎ́́ľĀѸӕËȍɗ͑ËɗĀľ͑ҡѸٍ¡ӕҡ ҡȍҡƸΎфѸΎ̲ľфľѸΎ͑ȍɗѸЙΎľҡфֆĀɗĀ͑ΎҡѸӕфԮɗԮľ‫ل‬ȸΎՓľԮľфٍ͑ΎҡЙфɗѸɗ͑ǣҡȍľ Ѹȍфľɗ͑ͅӕѸ́ɗ̲ľիЙľĀɗҡɗΎ͑ѸĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡѸľľ̲ҡΎËȍфËҡľфɗ‫׀‬ľͅӕ́ֆȖ‫ـ‬ѸЙΎľҡфֆ ́Ύ͑ľ‫ ل‬ʊҡ ɗѸ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľфľ ՓѸ ͑Ύҡȍľф ЙΎľҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ѹ̲ľ ҡфɗ¡ľٍ k¡ӣ ġȍӕ‫ܥ‬ֆ¡́‫ڎ‬ȸӕĀȍ́ɦٍՓȍΎҡΎΎ˔Йфҡɗ͑ҡȍľͅӕѸ́ɗ̲ľիЙľĀɗҡɗΎ͑Ѹٍ¡ӕҡȍɗѸľիҡ͑ҡ ЙΎľҡфֆ́ѸΎĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľ͑ֆЙѸѸǣľľӕ́Ύǣɗ‫׀‬ɗ͑ǣҡȍľ̲‫ل‬   ؉؉، ؉؉ؐ  ȸӕѸѸľɗٍ͑٘kԆ͑ɗнӕľЬҡҡľф͑ɗ͑ҡȍľ̞ΎԮľЬΎľҡфֆΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ،؆‫لؓؗڎ‬ kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦٍ٘ͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ل‬ɂ˔ٍ̲ٚ‫؟ڎ؟؜‬؆‫ل‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،‫؟؜‬ ѠƄǗƄѠƄͮæƄґ  ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā ф‫ڎ‬ѠȖ̲&ٍ͑ ͮҁф&ҡ‫ ل‬Mujam ash-shuar min al-a r al-jhil att nihyat al-a r al-umaw‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫&͑ͅڎ‬ȍɗٍ́؉‫ل؜إإ‬ ‫ܡ‬k¡ɦĀ¡‫ڎ́ل‬k¡фҁ‫ل‬Dwn Abd b. al-Abra ‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬æȍф́ľѸ̞ֆ́́‫ل‬ʊ͑ҡфΎĀӕËľĀ¡ֆ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ‫ܡ‬kՓ͑ɦ ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā ф‫ڎ‬Ѡ‫ܥ‬ӣƸ‫ ل‬æɗфΎ‫ͅ و‬Ҩ¡‫ܡ‬ҡ ġ&ф ́‫˫ڎ‬ӕҡӕ¡ Փ‫ڎ́ڎ‬ ՠҡȍ&‫ܥ‬ɗн́‫ڎ‬тՓ̲ɗֆֆٍ،؆؆ؐ‫ل‬ ḱ‫ڎ‬k˔ȍҨ́‫ل‬Shar Dwn al-Akh al at-taghlib‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬ʊ́ɗֆֆ&ґ́ɦ̲́‫ڎ‬ɂ&Փɦ‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ ġ&фҡȍ‫ڎ‬ҽȍн&Ƹٍ؉‫لآ؜إ‬ k¡ӣ‫ܡ‬ḱɦ́‫ڎ‬ȸʮфɦٍȸ&фӣ͑¡‫˔דل‬фɗֆֆ&‫ل‬At-Talqt wa-n-nawdir‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬ɂ̲Ā ́‫&ˇڎ‬Ѹɗф‫ل‬ѠɗֆĀ‫و‬ɂ̲Ā́‫&ˇڎ‬Ѹɗфٍ؉‫إإ‬،‫ڎ‬؉‫لؐإإ‬ ḱ‫͑Šܡڎ‬ɦٍ Ǘ́&Ȗ ˫ȍ́ɦ́‫ ل‬Mawsat al-ayawn ind al-arab‫ ل‬ʊф¡ɗĀ‫ͅ و‬Ҩ¡‫ܡ‬ҡ ́‫ڎ‬ ´ȍʮٍ؉‫لآإإ‬ ḱ‫ܡڎ‬kфʮɦ‫ ل‬Dwn al-Arj riwyat Ab l-Fat ash-Shaykh Uthmn b. Jinn almutawaff sanat 392 h.ƄĀ‫ل‬k˔ȍĈфҨ‫ڎ‬Ӆ&‫ܥ‬ɦ͑ĀѠѸȍɦĀ́‫ܡڎ‬Ԇ¡ֆĀɦ‫´ل‬ǣȍ‫ڎ‬ ĀĀ‫و‬Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍфɗ˔́‫ڎ‬ʊѸ́&̲ɗֆֆ́ɗ‫ڎ‬Ҩ‫ڎ‬Ӆɗ¡&‫ܡ‬Փ‫ͮڎ͑ڎ‬Ѹȍф́‫ͅڎ‬ȖĀӣĀٍ؉‫ل؜ؗإ‬ ḱ‫ڎ‬kѸĀٍ ͮ&ҁɗф Ā‫ڎ‬ġɦ͑‫ ل‬Ma dir ash-shir al-jhil wa-qmatuh t-trkhiyya‫ل‬ æɗфΎ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫&ܡͅڎ‬фɗƸ¡ɗ‫ͅڎ‬ɗҁфٍ؉‫؜إ‬،‫ل‬ ḱ‫ڎ‬kҁ̲‫ܡ‬ɦٍ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā́‫ل¡˔́ͅڎ‬тӕфֆ¡‫ل‬Kitb an-Nabt‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ܡل‬k¡Ā́‫&̞ڎ‬ȍ֤ӣѸӕƸ́‫ڎ‬ Ǿȍӕ͑ֆ̲‫ل‬æɗфΎ‫˔ͅو‬ҡ¡ҡ́‫ͅڎ‬ӕҡ͑¡¡ɦٍ؉‫؟إ‬،‫ل‬ ḱ‫ڎ‬k‫׀‬ȍфɦٍ k¡ӣ ͑ͅҁӣф ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ¡‫ ل‬kȖ̲Ā‫ ل‬Tahdhb al-lugha‫ ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā‫ܡ‬kՓĈͅӕф‫ܡ‬ɗ¡‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&фʊȖֆ&‫ܥ‬ҡ‫ڎ‬ҽӕф&ҡȍ́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɦٍ،؆؆؉‫ل‬ ḱ‫´ڎ‬ǣȍĀ&Āɦٍ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā́‫ڎ‬т&Āɗф¡‫ܡل‬Ԇ̲ф‫ل‬Khiznat al-adab wa-lubb lubb lisn alarab‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬ʊ̲ɦ́´Āɦ‫ܡ֤ܡ‬нӣ¡‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫˫ڎ‬ӕҡӕ¡́‫ܡڎ‬ʊ̲́ɗֆֆٍ؉‫لآإإ‬ ḱ‫˔´ڎ‬фɦٍ k¡ӣ ‫ܡ‬Ԇ¡ֆĀ ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā ́‫&̞ڎ‬ȍ ¡‫ܡ ل‬k¡Ā ́‫ܡڎ‬k‫׀‬ɦ‫ ل׀‬Mujam m stujim min asm al-bild wa-l-mawi‫ ل‬ƄĀ‫ ́&̲ˇ ل‬Ӆ́¡‫´ ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫˫ڎ‬ӕҡӕ¡ ́‫ڎ‬ ‫ܡ‬ʊ̲́ɗֆֆٍ؉‫لآإإ‬ ´фҡȍľѸٍѠΎ͑́Ā‫ ل‬The Rustle of Language‫ل‬ҽф͑Ѹ‫ل‬ѠɗËȍфĀȸΎՓфĀ‫ͮل‬ľՓ‫֤ڎ‬Ύф˔‫و‬ ȸɗ́́͑Āՠ͑ǣٍ؉‫ل؜آإ‬ ´ӕľфٍ ҽȍΎ̲Ѹ‫ ل‬Altarabische Dichtkunst: eine Untersuchung ihrer Struktur und Entwicklung am Beispiel der Onagerepisode‫ ل‬ՠɗľѸ¡Āľ͑‫ و‬ȸффѸѸΎՓɗҡ‫ٍ׀‬ ؉‫إإ‬،‫ل‬ ´ľË˔ľфٍæ‫ل‬ȸ‫ܡ٘ل‬k¡Ā́́&ȍ¡‫ل‬ґ‫ܡ‬Āٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ ʊ‫ؗو‬؉‫ؗڎ‬،‫ل‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫́¡&´٘ل‬ֆӣ͑ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊ‫لؗؓآڎؓؓآو‬ ´́ËȍńфľٍѠŃǣɗѸ‫ل‬Histoire de la Littérature Arabe‫ل‬ЬфɗѸ‫̞و‬ɗ¡фɗфɗľĀ‫ـ‬k̲Ńфɗнӕľľҡ Ā‫ـ‬Ϙфɗľ͑ҡٍ؉‫ؗإ‬،‫ڎ‬؉‫ل؜؜إ‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫٘ ل‬k¡ӣ ҙ˔ȍф ́‫ڎ‬ȸӕĀȍ́ɦٚ‫ ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ ل‬ʊ‫و‬ ؉ؓ‫لآ‬ ´ΎѸՓΎфҡȍٍæ‫ل‬Ƅ‫٘ل‬ġȍ&ҡ́‫ڎ‬ҙՓ&фɦٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ ռʊʊ‫و‬،،؉‫ڎ‬،،،‫ل‬ ´ф'ӕٍ ȸ͑Ѹ ȸľф̲͑͑‫٘ ل‬ġɗľ ǾľĀɗËȍҡľ ĀľѸ ȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ ͅӕ́ɗȖ ¡‫ڎ́ ل‬ɂ˔̲ٚ‫ل‬ ،‫آ؜‬ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete‫ؗ‬٤؉‫إ‬،‫؟‬٧ٍ‫ٌؓإڎإ؜‬،‫؜‬،‫ڎ‬،‫ل؟آ‬ ´фΎË˔ľٍ̲́͑͑æф́‫ד٘ل‬ӕĀľ͑ǾľĀɗËȍҡľ͑ĀľѸȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ͅӕ́ɗȖ¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂ˔̲ٚ‫ل‬ Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete‫؜‬٤؉‫إ‬،‫آ‬٧ٍ‫لإڎؗ‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫ ل‬Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur‫̞ل‬ľɗĀľ͑‫و‬Ƅ‫´لˇل‬фɗٍ́́؉‫لؐؓإ‬ ´ӕȍٍ́Ǘ‫͑ل‬Āæ‫ل‬Ƅ‫´ل‬ΎѸՓΎфҡȍ‫٘ل‬ҽֆ̲&‫ܥ‬ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗ‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ռ‫ؓو‬؆؉‫ؓڎ‬؆،‫ل‬ kĀ‫ڎ‬ġ̲ɦфɦٍ˫̲&́Ā‫ڎ‬ġɦ͑‫ل‬Kitb ayt al-ayawn al-kubr‫ل‬ƄǣֆЙҡ‫˔ͅو‬ҡ¡ҡ Փ‫ͅڎ‬Ҩ¡‫ܡ‬ҡͅӕȖ̲̲Ā‫ܡ‬ḱɦҙӕ¡ֆȖՓ‫ڎ‬kՓ́&Āɗȍɦٍ͑ΎĀҡľ‫ل‬ ĩ͑&Փɦٍ ґ‫ܡ‬Āɦ‫ ل‬Athar a - ar f sh-shir al-jhil‫´ ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫ڎ‬Ǘɗ˔ф ́‫̞ڎ‬ӕ¡‫ڎ‬ ͑&͑ɦٍ؉‫لؐإإ‬ kĀȍ‫ڎ‬ġȍȍ¡ɦٍ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā ф‫ڎ‬ѠɗĈ&‫ ل‬Mawsat qablat ban Tamm: trkhuh, ansbuh, almuh‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬Ā‫ڎ‬ġ&ф́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɗֆֆ́ɗ‫ͅڎ́ڎ‬ՓѸӣ‫&ܡ‬ҡٍ ،؆؆ؓ‫ل‬ ġȍӣ ф‫ڎ‬Ѡӕ̲̲‫ ل‬Dwn Dh r-Rumma Ghayln b. Uqba al-Adaw l-mutawaff sanat 117 h. shar al-imm Ab Na r Amad b. tim al-Bhil ib alA ma, riwyat al-imm Ab l-Abbs Thalab‫ ل‬ƄĀ‫ܡ ل‬k¡Ā ́‫ڎ‬тӕĀĀӣѸ k¡ӣ ҙ&́ɗȖ‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫ͅو‬ӕ‫ܥ‬ѸѸѸҡф‫ڎ‬ѠɗѸ&ٍ́؉‫لؐإإ‬ ġΎ‫׀‬ֆٍ Ѡľɗ͑ȍфҡ‫ ل‬Takmilat al-majim al-arabiyya‫ ل‬ҽф͑Ѹ‫ͅ ل‬ӕȖ̲̲Ā ґ́ɦ̲ ͑‫ͮڎ‬ӕ‫ܡ‬ֆ̲ɦ‫´ل‬ǣȍĀĀ‫و‬ġ&фѸȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍӕ‫ܥ‬ӣ͑ҡȍ‫ڎ‬ҽȍн&Ƹɗֆֆ́‫ٍ̲̲Šܡڎ‬؉‫ل؟إإ‬ ʊ¡͑ Ā‫ڎ‬ġӕ̲ֆ͑‫ ل‬Dwn Ibn ad-Dumayna anat Ab l-Abbs Thalab waMuammad b. abb‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬kȖ̲ĀѠ&ҡɗ¡͑‫ͮڎ‬ƸƸ&˔ȍ‫ل‬æɗфΎ‫˔ͅو‬ҡ¡ҡġ&ф ́‫ܡڎ‬Ԇфӣ¡ٍ؉‫لإؗإ‬ ʊ¡͑ġӕфֆĀٍk¡ӣ´˔фͅӕȖ̲̲Ā¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂѸ͑‫ل‬Kitb Jamharat al-lugha‫´ل‬ľɗ‫ڎ‬ фӕҡ‫و‬ġ&фҙ&Āɗфٍ͑ΎĀҡľ‫ل‬ ʊ¡͑ ǗĈ́ ́‫&̞ڎ‬ȍ ́‫ܡڎ‬Ԇ̲фɦٍ ґȍɗȍ&¡ Ā‫ڎ‬ġɦ͑ k¡ӣ ́‫ܡڎ‬k¡¡&Ѹ kȖ̲Ā ¡‫֤ ل‬Ȗֆ&‫ل‬ Maslik al-ab r f mamlik al-am r f l-ayawn wa-n-nabt wa-l-madin‫ل‬ ƄĀ‫ܡل‬k¡Ā́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲ɦĀҙ&́ɗȖɂ̲Ā&͑‫ͮل‬ΎЙ́Ëľ‫˔ͅو‬ҡ¡ҡͅĀ¡ӣ́ɦٍ؉‫ل؜إإ‬ ǗȍĀٍҽ‫٘ل‬ґӕՓ&‫ܡ‬ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊռ‫إو‬؆‫إڎآ‬؆‫لإ‬ ḱ‫ڎ‬Ǘф‫׀‬Āн‫ل‬Dwn al-Farazdaq‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&фҙ&Āɗф͑Āġ&ф´ֆфӣҡٍ؉‫؜إ‬؆‫ل‬ ḱ‫ڎ‬Ǘֆфӣ‫&¡&׀‬Āɦٍ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ¡‫ܡ֤ ل‬нӣ¡‫ ل‬Al-Qms al-mu ‫´ ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫ڎ‬ ˫ӕҡӕ¡́‫ܡڎ‬ʊ̲́ɗֆֆٍ؉‫لؗإإ‬ ǾΎ́Ā‫׀‬ɗȍľфٍʊǣ͑‫٘ل‬ġѸґËȍɗƸƸĀľфՠӥѸҡľٚ‫ل‬Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft٤؉‫إآ‬؆٧ռ̞ʊՈٍ؉‫ڎؗ؜‬؉‫ل؟؜‬ k¡ӣ ɂ͑ɦƸ Ā‫ڎ‬ġɦ͑Փфɦٍ kȖ̲Ā ¡‫ ل‬ġ&ՓӣĀ‫ ل‬Qi a min al-juz al-khmis min kitb an-nabt‫ ل‬ƄĀ‫´ ل‬ľф͑ȍфĀ ̞ľՓɗ͑‫ ل‬ՠɗľѸ¡Āľ͑‫ و‬ϘҡҡΎ ȸффѸѸΎՓɗҡ‫ ٌ׀‬ԆЙ‫ڎ‬ ЙѸ́‫و‬k‫̞ل´ل‬ӕ͑ĀľнӕɗѸҡѸ˔´Ύ˔ȍ͑Āľٍ́͑؉‫لؐؗإ‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫ ل‬Kitb an-Nabt: al-juz ath-thlith wa-n-ni f al-awwal min al-juz alkhmis‫ل‬ƄĀ‫´ل‬ľф͑ȍфĀ̞ľՓɗ͑‫ل‬ՠɗľѸ¡Āľ͑‫و‬Ǘф͑‫׀‬ґҡľɗ͑ľфՈľф́ǣٍ؉‫لؓ؟إ‬ ḱ‫ڎ‬ɂф¡ɦٍ‫ܡ‬ḱɦ¡‫ل‬ʊ¡ф&ȍɦ̲¡‫&ͮل‬ҁɗф‫ل‬Al-Mujam al-jughrf li-l-bild al-arabiyya s-sudiyya, min aqat asr al-idriyya‫ل‬k¡ȍ&‫ͮو‬ΎЙӕ¡́ɗѸȍľфٍ؉‫ل؟إإ‬ ȸфҡٍ̲͑͑ Ѡ‫͑ ل‬Ā Ьȍľ¡ľ k͑͑ ͅфф‫٘ ل‬ġʮӕĀĀٚ‫ ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊʊ‫؟ؗو‬؉‫لؐ؟ؗڎ‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،‫إ؜‬ k¡ӣɂ&ҡɗ̲Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґɗʮɗѸҡ&͑ɦٍґȍ́¡‫ͅل‬ӕȖ̲̲Ā‫ل‬Kitb an-Nakhl‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬ʊ¡ф&ȍɦ̲Ѹ‫ڎ‬ ґ&̲ɗфф&‫ܥ‬ɦ‫ل‬ѠɗֆĀ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫̞ڎ‬ɗՓ&‫´ٌܥ‬ľɗфӕҡ‫ͅو‬ӕ‫ܥ‬ѸѸѸҡф‫ڎ‬ѠɗѸ&ٍ́؉‫لؗآإ‬ ȸՓҡɗ͑ǣٍǾ‫ل‬Ь‫٘ل‬ґ‫ܡ‬Ā¡‫ل‬k¡ɦՠ˙˙&ҁٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗ‫ڎ‬ ҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬Ոʊʊʊ‫لآإ؜ڎ؜إ؜و‬ ḱ‫ڎ‬ɂ&‫׀‬ɗ̲ɦٍ k¡ӣ ´˔ф ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ¡‫ͅ ل‬ӣѸ& ¡‫ܡ ل‬Ԇҡȍ̲&͑‫ ل‬M ttafaqa laf uh wa-ftaraqa musammh f l-amkin wa-l-buldn al-mushtabiha f l-kha ‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬ Ǘӕҡ ґľ‫׀‬ǣɗ͑‫ ل‬ǗËѸɗ̲ɗ́ľ ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ ل‬ՈΎ́ӕ̲ľ ؐ‫ لؗ‬Ǘф͑˔Ƹӕфҡ‫ و‬ʊ͑Ѹҡɗҡӕҡľ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ȸɗѸҡΎфֆ ΎƸ kф¡ɗË‫ڎ‬ʊѸ̲́ɗË ґËɗľ͑Ëľ ҡ ҡȍľ ˇΎȍ͑͑ ՠΎ́Ƹǣ͑ǣ ǾΎľҡȍľ Ԇ͑ɗ‫ڎ‬ ԮľфѸɗҡֆ‫ل‬ ʊ¡͑ɂ‫ڎ̲́׀‬k͑Ā́ӕѸɦٍ‫ܡ‬ḱɦ¡‫ل‬kȖ̲Ā‫ل‬Jamharat ansb al-arab‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ܡل‬k¡ĀѸ‫ڎ‬ ґ́&̲ͅӕȖ̲̲Āȸ&фӣ͑‫ل‬æɗфΎ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫&ܡͅڎ‬фɗƸٍ؉‫؟إ‬؉‫ل‬ ȸľĀ́ľֆٍѠ‫ٌل‬ՠ‫ͅل‬ӕ́́ɗǣ͑͑ĀǾ‫ل‬Ѡľ͑ҡ‫ܡ٘ل׀‬kѸɦфٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊ‫؟و‬؆‫؟ڎ؟‬؉؆‫ل‬ ȸľٍ́́ˇΎѸľЙȍ‫٘ل‬ġľфʊѸ̲́ӕ͑ĀĀɗľȸӕćɗ́ɗҡľ͑ĀɗËȍҡӕ͑ǣľ͑ٚ‫ل‬Festschrift Georg Jacob zum siebzigsten Geburtstag‫ ل‬ƄĀ‫ ل‬ҽȍľΎĀΎф ͅľ͑‫׀‬ľ́‫̞ ل‬ľɗЙ‫׀‬ɗǣ‫ و‬ϘҡҡΎ ȸф‫ڎ‬ фѸѸΎՓɗҡ‫ٍ׀‬؉‫ؐإ‬،ٍ‫آ‬؆‫لؐإڎ‬ ɂɗҡҡɦٍ Ьȍɦ́ɦЙٍ ƄĀՓ&фĀ ˇӕфʮɦٍ ͑Ā ˇɗ¡ф&‫ܥ‬ɦ́ ˇ¡¡ӣф‫ ل‬Trkh al-arab‫´ ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫ و‬ġ&ф ʊȖֆ&‫ܡڎ́ܥ‬Ԇ́ӣٍ̲͑ΎĀҡľ‫ل‬ ɂӕѸֆٍ͑ ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā ́‫&̞ڎ‬ȍ ͅȖ̲ӣĀ‫ ل‬Qablat Tamm abr al-u r: an-nasab, almaw in, al-alm‫ل‬ġ̲ѸËӕѸ‫و‬ġ&ф͑‫ͮڎ‬ӕ̲ֆфٍ،؆؆؆‫ل‬ ɂӕѸֆٍ͑ ‫ܡ‬ḱɦ‫ ل‬Ash-Shakl wa-l-mamn f sh-shir al-arab l-qadm: dirsat alman wa-l-mabn f ashr Sida b. Juayya wa-Ab Dhuayb alHudhaliyyayn‫ل‬Ьȍ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ġɗѸѸľфҡҡɗΎٍ͑Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆΎƸȸɗƸٍ،؆؆،‫ل‬ ȸӕѸѸľɗٍ͑ḱɗ‫٘ل‬kԆ͑ɗнӕľЬҡҡľф͑ɗ͑ҡȍľ̞ΎԮľЬΎľҡфֆΎƸͅӕ́ֆȖ¡‫ڎ́ل‬ɂ˔̲ٚ‫ل‬ Middle Eastern Literatures؉‫ڈؗ‬؉٤،؆؉،٧ٍ،؆‫لؓؗڎ‬ ʊ¡ф&ȍɦٍ̲ ʊֆ&Ā ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā ́‫ͅڎ‬ʮɦĀ‫ ل‬Al-Bin al-fann f shir al-hudhaliyyn, dirsa talliyya‫´ل‬ǣȍĀĀ‫و‬ġ&фѸȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍӕ‫ܥ‬ӣ͑ҡȍ‫ڎ‬ҽȍн&Ƹɗֆֆ́‫ٍ̲̲Šܡڎ‬،؆؆؆‫ل‬ ʊ¡͑ˇ‫ܡ‬ƸфٍтӕĀ&̲‫ل‬The Kitb Naqd al-shi‫ܡ‬r‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬ґ‫ل‬k‫´ل‬Ύ͑ľ¡˔˔ľф‫̞ل‬ľɗĀľ͑‫و‬Ƅ‫ل‬ ˇ‫´ل‬фɗٍ́́؉‫ل؜ؗإ‬ ˇËΎ¡ɗٍѠľ͑ҡľ‫٘ل‬ҽȍľæ̲ľ́‫ڎ‬ґľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľЬ͑ľǣֆфɗË́ϘĀľٚ‫ل‬Journal of Arabic Literatureիɗɗɗ٤؉‫آإ‬،٧ٍ؉‫ڎ‬،،‫ل‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫٘ل‬ҽȍľϘфɗǣɗ͑ѸΎƸҡȍľтѸɗĀǗΎф̲ٚ‫ل‬Qasida Poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa. Volume One: Classical Traditions and Modern Meanings‫ ل‬ƄĀѸ‫ ل‬ґҡľƸ͑ ґЙľф́͑ĀæȍфɗѸҡΎЙȍľфґȍË˔́ľ‫̞ل‬ľɗĀľٍ͑ͮľՓ֤Ύф˔ٍ˫άٍ́͑؉‫ٍ؜إإ‬،؉‫لؓؐڎ‬ ˇ&Ā ́‫ͅڎ‬Փ́&ٍ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā kȖ̲Āٌ ‫ܡ‬ḱɦ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ́‫´ڎ‬ɗʮ&Փɦ ͑Ā ͅӕȖ̲‫ڎ‬ ̲Āk¡ӣ́‫ڎ‬ǗĈ́ʊ¡ф&ȍɦ̲‫ل‬Ayym al-arab f l-jhiliyya‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&фʊȖֆ&‫ܥ‬ҡ‫ڎ‬ ҽӕф&ҡȍ́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɦٍ؉‫؜إ‬؉‫ل‬ ˇфɦф‫ل‬Dwn Jarr‫ل‬ƄĀ‫֤ل‬ӣѸӕƸ‫ܡ‬ʙĀ‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫ˇڎ‬ɦٍ́؉‫إإ‬،‫ل‬ ḱ‫&ˇڎ‬Ѹɗфٍ ɂ̲Ā‫ ل‬F shaml gharb al-jazra: nu  , mushhadt, in ibt‫ ل‬Ѡɗ‫ڎ‬ ֆĀ‫͑ͅ و‬Ѹȍӣф&ҡ ġ&ф ́‫́ ̲&̲֤ڎ‬ɗ‫´ڎ́ڎ‬Ȗҡȍ Փ‫ڎ‬ҡ‫ڎ‬ҽфʮ̲ Փ‫ͮڎ͑ڎ‬Ѹȍфٍ ؉‫؟إ‬؆‫ل‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫ ل‬Al-Mujam al-jughrf li-l-bild al-arabiyya s-sudiyya, al-min aqa sh- ،‫؟‬؆ k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  sharqiyya (al-Barayn qadman)‫ ل‬ѠɗֆĀ‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫́ ̲&̲֤ڎ‬ɗ‫´ڎ́ڎ‬Ȗҡȍ Փ‫ڎ‬ҡ‫ڎ‬ ҽфʮ̲Փ‫ͮڎ͑ڎ‬Ѹȍфٍ؉‫آإ‬؉‫ل‬ ʊ¡͑ ˇɗ͑͑ɦٍ k¡ӣ ́‫ڎ‬ǗҡȖ ‫ܡ‬Ԇҡȍ̲&͑‫ ل‬At-Tamm f tafsr ashr hudhayl mimm aghfalah Ab Sad as-Sukkar‫ل‬ƄĀѸ‫ل‬kȖ̲Āͮ&ʮɦ́‫ڎ‬тֆѸɦٍ˫ȍĀɦʮ‫ܡ‬k¡Āф‫ڎ‬ Ѡ‫&׀׀‬н́‫ڎ‬ɂĀɦҡȍɦٍ͑ĀkȖ̲ĀͅҨ́ӣ¡‫´ل‬ǣȍĀĀ‫ͅو‬Ҩ¡‫ܡ‬ҡ́‫͑Šܡڎ‬ɦٍ؉‫؜إ‬،‫ل‬ ˇΎ̲ɗľфٍˇ‫٘ل‬ḱ‫ڎ‬ǗӕѸҨ&Ҩٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊʊ‫لإؗإڎ؟ؗإو‬ ḱ‫˫ڎ‬ȍ&́ɗĀɗֆֆ&ٍ͑ k¡ӣ ´˔ф ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ͑Ā k¡ӣ ‫ܡ‬Ԇҡȍ̲&͑ ґ‫ܡ‬ɦĀ ѸΎ͑Ѹ ΎƸ ȸ&Ѹȍɗ̲‫ ل‬Kitb al-Ashbh wa-n-na ir min ashr al-mutaqaddimn wa-ljhiliyya wa-l-mukharamn‫ ل‬ƄĀ‫ͅ ل‬ӕȖ̲̲Ā ֤ӣѸӕƸ‫ ل‬æɗфΎ‫ͅ و‬Ҩ¡‫ܡ‬ҡ ̞‫ڎ‬ ʮ͑ҡҡ‫ڎ‬ҽ‫́ܥ‬ɦƸՓ‫ڎ‬ҡ‫ڎ‬ҽфʮ̲Փ‫ͮڎ͑ڎ‬Ѹȍфٍ؉‫لآؗإ‬ ˫ɗ͑Āľфٍ̲͑͑ ȸ‫͑ ل‬Ā æ‫ل‬Ƅ‫´ ل‬ΎѸՓΎфҡȍ‫٘ ل‬ґƸɦ͑ٚ‫ ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬ æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬Ոʊʊʊ‫آو‬؆‫آڎآ‬؆‫لإ‬ ̞͑ľٍƄĀՓфĀ‫ل‬An Arabic-English Lexicon‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫̞و‬ɗ¡фɗфɗľĀӕ̞ɗ¡ٍ͑؉‫ل؟إإ‬ ̞ľË˔ľфٍͅ‫٘ل‬ՠ&Āɦَ́‫˱ڎ‬ӕф&ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ռʊ‫و‬؉‫ڎآ‬ ؉‫لإ‬ ̞ľՓɗٍ͑ ´ľф͑ȍфĀ‫ ل‬A Vocabulary of the Huailian Poems‫ ل‬Ǿάҡľ¡Ύфǣ‫˫ و‬ӕ͑ǣ́‫ل‬ Ոľҡľ͑Ѹ˔ЙѸ‫ڎ‬ΎËȍՈɗҡҡľфȍľҡѸ‫ڎ‬ґ̲ȍ'́́ľҡٍ؉‫لآ؟إ‬ ʊ¡͑͑ͅ‫׈‬ӣфٍk¡ӣ́‫ڎ‬ǗĈ́ˇ̲&́Ā‫ڎ‬ġɦ͑ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā‫ل‬Lisn al-arab‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф ҙ&Āɗфٍ؉‫إإ‬؆‫ل‬ ͅффٍ Ьȍľ¡ľ‫٘ ل‬ĩфɗֆֆٚ‫ ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ ل‬ʊʊ‫ و‬؉‫ڎإؗ‬ ؉‫؜‬؆‫ل‬ ḱ‫ͅڎ‬ф‫׀‬ӕ¡&͑ɦٍ k¡ӣ ‫ܡ‬Ԇ¡ֆĀ ́‫&̞ڎ‬ȍ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ¡‫ܡ ل‬ʊ̲ф&͑‫ ل‬Mujam ashshuar‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬Ǘ‫˫ل‬фľ͑˔ΎՓ‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫ˇڎ‬ɦٍ́؉‫إإ‬؉‫ل‬ ʊ¡͑ ͅֆ̲ӣٍ͑ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ¡‫ͅڎ́ ل‬ӕ¡&ф˔ ¡‫ͅ ل‬ӕȖ̲̲Ā‫ ل‬Muntah - alab min ashr al-arab‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ͅل‬ӕȖ̲̲Āͮ¡ɦ́ӅфɦƸɦ‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&фҙ&Āɗфٍ؉‫لإإإ‬ ͅӕ́ӣȖɦٍ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā́‫ͅڎ‬ӕ‫ܡ‬ɦ͑‫ل‬Ashr al-lu  wa-akhbruhum‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫ڎ‬ɂĈ&ф ́‫ˇڎ‬ĀɦĀٍ؉‫لؐإإ‬ k͑‫¡&ͮڎ‬ɗǣȍ Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍֆ¡&͑ɦ‫ ل‬Dwn an-Nbigha sh-Shaybn‫ ل‬ƄĀ‫ܡ ل‬Ԇ̲ф Ǘ&фӣн Ҩ‫ڎ‬Ӆ¡¡&‫´لܡ‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫ڎ‬kфнٍ̲؉‫ل؜إإ‬ ʊ¡͑ ͑‫ͮڎ‬Āɦٍ̲ k¡ӣ ́‫ڎ‬Ǘфʮ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ¡‫ ل‬ʊѸȖ&н‫ ل‬Kitb al-Fihrist‫ ل‬ƄĀ‫ ل‬ѠɗĈ& ҽʮĀĀӕĀ‫ ل‬ҽľȍф͑‫˔ͅ و‬ҡ¡ҡ ́‫ڎ‬kѸĀɦ ͑Ā ͅ˔ҡ¡ҡ ́‫ܡˇڎ‬Ƹфɦ ҡ‫ڎ‬ҽɗ¡фɦ‫׀‬ɦٍ ؉‫؟إ‬؉‫ل‬ k͑‫ͮڎ‬ҡѸȍٍʊѸ̲&‫ܡ‬ɦ́ġ&ՓӣĀͅӕȖ̲̲Ā‫ل‬Ashr Hudhayl wa-atharuh f mu al-adab al-arab‫ ل‬k̲̲͑‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫´ڎ‬Ѹȍɦфٌ ´ľɗфӕҡ‫ͅ و‬ӕ‫ܥ‬ѸѸѸҡ ф‫ڎ‬ѠɗѸ&ٍ́ ،؆؆؉‫ل‬ kф‫ڎ‬Ѡ&‫ܡ‬ɦ͑‫ͮڎ‬ӕ̲ֆфɦ‫ل‬Dwn ar-R n-Numayr‫ل‬ǾҡȍľфľĀ͑ĀľĀ‫¡ل‬ֆѠľɗ͑ȍфĀ ՠľɗЙľфҡ‫´ ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫ܡͅڎ́ و‬ȍĀ ́‫ڎ‬ḱ̲&͑ɦ ́ɗ‫ڎ́ڎ‬k¡Ȗ&ҡȍ Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍфнɗֆֆ Ǘɦ ´ֆфӣҡٌՠɗľѸ¡Āľ͑‫و‬Ǘф͑‫׀‬ґҡľɗ͑ľфՈľф́ǣٍ؉‫آإ‬؆‫ل‬ Ѡľ¡ѸҡΎË˔ٍ Ԇ́фɗËȍ‫٘ ل‬ġѸ ɗѸ̲́ɗѸËȍľ kф¡ɗľ͑ ¡ɗѸ ‫׀‬ӕ̲ ҽΎĀľ ĀľѸ ЬфΎЙȍľҡľ͑ ٤‫ؐ؜‬،‫ڈ‬؉؉ȍ٧ٚ‫ ل‬Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (TAVO)‫ ل‬ՠɗľѸ¡Āľ͑‫و‬ ̞ӕĀՓɗǣѠľɗËȍľфҡՈľф́ǣٍ؉‫ل؟آإ‬ Ѡľ͑ҡ‫ٍ׀‬Ǿ‫٘ل‬ȸӕĀȍֆ́ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊʊʊ‫ؓؗو‬؆‫ؓؗڎ‬؉‫ل‬  ͅӕ́ֆȖʊ¡͑́‫ڎ‬ɂ˔̲ ،‫؟‬؉ ґľ‫׀‬ǣɗٍ͑Ǘӕҡ‫ل‬Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums‫̞ل‬ľɗĀľ͑‫و‬Ƅ‫´لˇل‬фɗٍ́́؉‫ڎ؟؜إ‬ ،؆؆؆‫ل‬ ґȍȍɦĀٍʊфƸ͑‫ͮ٘ل‬Āʮф&͑ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬Ոʊʊ‫؟آو‬؉‫ڎ‬ ‫؟آ‬،‫ل‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫٘ل‬ґȍɗ‫¡ܡ‬ġʮ¡́ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊռ‫ؓو‬،ؓ‫ل‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫ܡ٘ل‬Ԇ˔&‫׈‬ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam،‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ռ‫لإآ؟و‬ ґȍ˔фٍ ґȍ&˔ɗф ȸ&Āɦ‫ ل‬Al-ayawn f l-adab al-arab‫´ ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫˔ͅ و‬ҡ¡ҡ ͑‫ڎ‬ ͮȍĈ́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɗֆֆ͑Ā‫˫ڎ̲́́Šܡ‬ӕҡӕ¡ٍ؉‫لؗآإ‬ ʊ¡͑ ґɦĀȍٍ k¡ӣ ́‫ڎ‬ɂѸ͑ ‫ܡ‬ḱɦ ¡‫ ل‬ʊѸ̲&‫ܡ‬ɦ́‫ ل‬Al-Mukam wa-l-mu al-a am‫ ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬ ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲ɦĀȸɗ͑Ā&Փɦ‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫˫ڎ‬ӕҡӕ¡́‫ܡڎ‬ʊ̲́ɗֆֆٍ،؆؆؆‫ل‬ ґΎӕфĀľ́‫ڎ‬ҽȍΎ̲ɗ͑ľٍˇ‫٘ل‬ḱ‫ܥ&˙́´ڎ‬ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊ‫و‬ ‫لآإإڎ؟إإ‬ kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕ˔˔фɦٍ k¡ӣ ґ‫ܡ‬ɦĀ ́‫ڎ‬ɂѸ͑ ¡‫ڎ́ ل‬ɂӕѸֆ͑‫ ل‬Kitb Shar ashr alhudhaliyyn‫ ل‬ƄĀ‫ܡ ل‬k¡Ā Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґҡҡ&ф kȖ̲Ā Ǘфф&ʮ‫ ل‬ѠľԮɗѸľĀ ¡ֆ ͅȖ̲ӣĀ ͅӕȖ̲̲Āґȍ&˔ɗф‫ل‬æɗфΎ‫˔ͅو‬ҡ¡ҡġ&ф́‫ܡڎ‬Ԇфӣ¡ٍ؉‫لؗ؜إ‬ kѸ‫ڎ‬ґӕՓֆĀɦٍ ґ́&̲ ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā ́‫&̞ڎ‬ȍ‫٘ͅ ل‬ӕ́ֆȖ ¡‫ ل‬ɂ˔̲ Ѹȍ&‫ܡ‬ɗф ̲ɗ͑ ȍӕĀȍֆ́ٚ‫ل‬ Majallat Markiz al-Wathiq wa-d-Dirst al-Insniyya‫آ‬٤؉‫؜إإ‬٧ٍ‫لؐإڎؐ؜‬ kҨ‫ڎ‬Ӆֆֆɗ¡ٍ ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā ґӕ́ֆ̲&͑‫ ل‬Mawsat al-qabil al-arabiyya, buth maydniyya wa-trkhiyya‫ل‬æɗфΎ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫ڎ‬Ǘɗ˔ф́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɦٍ،؆؆،‫ڎ‬،؆؆‫لؗ‬ kҨ‫ڎ‬Ӆɗфɗ̲̲&Ȗ ¡‫ ل‬ɂ˔ɦ̲‫ ل‬Dwn a - irimm‫ ل‬ƄĀ‫ܡ ل‬ʊ‫׀׀‬ҡ ɂѸ͑‫ ل‬،͑Ā ľĀ‫´ ل‬ľɗфӕҡ ͑ĀḱľЙЙΎ‫و‬ġ&фѸȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍфн́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɦٍ؉‫لؓإإ‬ ‫ܡ‬ԆфՓ¡‫ل‬ԆĀȍֆ͑‫ل‬Dwn Urwa b. Udhayna‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&фҙ&Āɗфٍ؉‫ل؜إإ‬ Ոǣ́ɗľфɗٍ̞‫ل‬ՈľËËɗ‫٘ل‬ḱ‫&˱ڎ‬ĀɗѸɗֆֆٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ ʊՈ‫ل؜آؐڎؓآؐو‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫˫٘ل‬ȍֆ¡фٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊՈ‫و‬؉؉ؐ‫ڎ؟‬؉؉ؓ؉‫ل‬ Ո͑ġΎ͑‫׀‬ľٍ́Ƅ‫¡֤͑٘ل‬ӕ‫ܡ‬ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ռʊ‫و‬،‫آ‬؉‫ل‬ ՈɗфŃٍǗ‫٘ل‬Ǿȍ‫́&׀‬ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊʊ‫و‬؉؆ؐ‫ڎ؜‬؉؆ؐ‫لآ‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫˱٘ل‬Ҩ&ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊՈ‫لؗؓ؟ڎؐؓ؟و‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫˫٘ل‬ȍֆ́ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊՈ‫و‬؉؉ؓؐ‫ڎ‬؉؉ؓ‫ل؜‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫̲&ܡͮ٘ل‬ٚ‫ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬Ոʊʊ‫آو‬،‫ؐآڎآ‬؉‫ل‬ ՈΎ͑ Ǿфӕ͑ľ¡ӕٍ̲ Ǿ‫ ل‬Ƅ‫٘ ل‬k¡ӣ ġȍӕ‫ܥ‬ֆ¡ ́‫ڎ‬ȸӕĀȍ́ɦٚ‫ ل‬The Encyclopaedia of Islam2‫ل‬æ‫ل‬ġ‫ل‬ľĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ʊ‫و‬؉؉‫لؗ‬ ՠľ́́ȍӕѸľٍ͑ˇ‫ل‬Abriss der Geschichte Israels und Judas / Lieder der Hudhailiten‫ل‬ ´ľф́ɗ͑‫و‬ǾľΎфǣѠľɗ̲ľфٍ؉‫ٌؓآآ‬ЬȍΎҡΎ̲ľËȍ͑ɗѸËȍľфͮËȍĀфӕË˔ٍ´ľф́ɗٍ͑ͮľՓ ֤Ύӕф˔‫و‬ՠ́ҡľфĀľǾфӕֆҡľфٍ؉‫لؗآإ‬ ۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲۲ ‫ل‬Reste arabischen Heidentums‫ل‬،͑ĀľĀ‫´ل‬ľф́ɗ͑͑Ā̞ľɗЙ‫׀‬ɗǣ‫و‬ՠ́ҡľфĀľǾфӕ‫ڎ‬ ֆҡľф‫ٶ‬æϘ‫ٍل‬؉‫إ‬،‫ل؟‬ ֤&нӣҡ ́‫ڎ‬ɂ̲Փɦٍ ґȍɗȍ&¡ Ā‫ڎ‬ġɦ͑ k¡ӣ ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā ́‫&̞ڎ‬ȍ‫ ل‬Mujam al-Buldn‫ ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬ ǗфɦĀ‫ܡ‬k¡Ā́‫ܡڎ‬k‫׀‬ɦ‫ˇڎ́׀‬ӕ͑Āɦ‫´ل‬ľɗфӕҡ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫˫ڎ‬ӕҡӕ¡́‫ܡڎ‬ʊ̲́ɗֆֆٍ؉‫إإ‬؆‫ل‬ k‫¡דڎ׀‬ɦĀɦٍͅӕȖ̲̲ĀͅӕфҡĈ&‫ل‬Tj al-ars min jawhir al-qms‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ܡل‬k¡Ā Ѹ‫ڎ‬ґҡҡ&ф kȖ̲Ā Ǘфф&ʮ ͑Ā ΎҡȍľфѸ‫˫ ل‬ӕՓɗҡ‫ͅ و‬Ҩ¡‫ܡ‬ҡ ɂӕ˔ӣ̲ҡ ́‫ڎ‬ ˫ӕՓֆҡٍ؉‫ڎؗ؜إ‬،؆؆؉‫ل‬ ،‫؟‬، k‫ل‬ȸӕѸѸľɗ͑  ‫˔ד‬ɦٍkȖ̲Ā˫̲&́‫ل‬Shir al-hudhaliyyn f l-a rayn al-jhil wa-l-islm‫ل‬æɗ‫ڎ‬ фΎ‫و‬ġ&ф́‫&˫ڎ‬ҡɗ¡́‫ܡڎ‬kф¡ɦ́ɗ‫ڎ‬Ҩ‫ڎ‬Ӆɗ¡&‫ܡ‬Փ‫ͮڎ͑ڎ‬Ѹȍфٍ؉‫لإ؜إ‬ k¡ӣ‫ד‬ֆĀ́‫ڎ‬k͑ҁ&фɦٍґ‫ܡ‬ɦĀ¡‫ل‬kՓѸ‫ل‬Kitb ash-Shajar wa-l-kala‫ل‬ƄĀ‫ل‬k͑Փфk¡ӣ ґӕՓֆ́ɗ̲ ͑Ā ͅӕȖ̲̲Ā Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬ґȍՓ&¡ɗ˔‫ ل‬k̲̲͑‫ و‬ġ&ф ́‫ڎ‬k¡ʮĀɗֆֆٍ ؉‫لؗإإ‬