Original Study
Prediction of Response and Progression in
Multiple Myeloma With Serum Free Light
Chains Assay: Corroboration of the Serum
Free Light Chain Response Definitions
Rami Khoriaty,1 Mohamad A. Hussein,2 Beth Faiman,3
Megan Kelly,3 Matt Kalaycio,3 Rachid Baz4
Abstract
Background: The International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) proposed response and progression criteria using serum free light chain (sFLC) testing for patients with nonsecretory multiple myeloma (MM). We attempt to validate these criteria by comparing paraprotein responses with sFLC responses in patients with secretory myeloma.
Patients and Methods: Prospectively entered data for 89 patients with MM enrolled on various clinical trials at the Cleveland Clinic between April 2004 and December 2006 were reviewed. Results: By standard paraprotein criteria, 4 patients had
complete remission (CR), 22 had partial remission (PR), 34 had stable disease (SD), 26 had progressive disease (PD), and 3
were inevaluable. Only 43 patients (48%) had an involved sFLC ≥ 10 mg/dL (which is considered evaluable by the IMWG),
of which 14 had PR, 8 had SD, 18 had PD, and 3 were inevaluable. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value
(PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for sFLC in predicting response were 81%, 83%, 64%, and 92% respectively.
The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for sFLC in predicting progression were 93%, 80%, 72%, and 95% respectively.
Conclusion: sFLC reliably predicts response and progression in MM. However, half of the patients had inevaluable disease
by sFLC, thus limiting the utility of sFLC testing in patients with nonmeasurable disease by electrophoretic methods.
Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia, Vol. 10, No. 1, E10-E13, 2010; DOI: 10.3816/CLML.2010.n.010
Keywords: Abnormal sFLC ratio, European Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, IMWG criteria
Introduction
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder
characterized by production of monoclonal immunoglobulin
resulting in end-organ damage. The most frequently used response
criteria in MM are the European Blood and Bone Marrow
Transplantation (EBMT) criteria.1 Patients not meeting the paraprotein measurements criteria set by the EBMT (ie, M-protein
> 1 g/dL or urinary light-chain > 200 mg/24 hours) are currently
1University of Michigan Hematology and Oncology Fellowship Program, Ann Arbor, MI
2Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ
3Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
4H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
Submitted: May 27, 2009; Revised: Aug 27, 2009; Accepted: Oct 9, 2009
Address for correspondence: Rachid Baz, MD, Department of Hematologic Malignancy,
H. Lee Moffitt Cancer, Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr. SRB4,
Tampa, FL, 33612
Fax: 813-745-3071; e-mail: rachid.baz@moffitt.org
classified as having oligosecretory or nonsecretory MM. Disease
monitoring for patients is difficult and precludes enrollments on
clinical trials where response assessment is the primary objective.
Recently, a nephelometric assay of the serum free light chains
(sFLC) has been proposed to help in the assessment of patients
with nonsecretory MM. The sFLC assay was able to identify a light
chain imbalance in 19 of 28 patients with nonsecretory myeloma,2
and 98% of patients with primary amyloidosis.3 In addition, an
abnormal sFLC ratio has been linked to a higher risk of progression
of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to MM4
and of smoldering myeloma to active MM.5
Based on the aforementioned observations, sFLC criteria
were incorporated into the response definition proposed by the
International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG). These criteria
are intended to monitor patients with oligosecretory or nonsecretory myeloma, but have not been thoroughly validated. To our
knowledge, only 2 studies have evaluated the concordance between
sFLC responses and EBMT responses in patients with secretory
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| Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia
February 2010
disease and have many limitations.6,7 The first study had a small
sample size, and it was difficult to assess the specificity of sFLC
in the prediction of response (only 1 patient did not respond to
therapy). In addition, both studies did not review the usefulness of
sFLC in the prediction of myeloma progression.6,7
Because determining responses in patients with nonsecretory
myeloma can be very difficult, we thought to corroborate the
responses by sFLC and EBMT criteria in patients with secretory
disease, with the assumption that secretory myeloma has similar
response kinetics to nonsecretory myeloma, and that our findings
could be extrapolated for patients with nonsecretory myeloma.
Patients and Methods
Patient and Baseline Characteristics
Patients with MM treated at the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer
Institute who had sFLC assays serially performed at 4-week intervals between April 2004 and December 2006 were selected. Most
of these patients were enrolled on various clinical trials. This study
included patients with relapsed or newly diagnosed disease. Baseline
characteristics of the patients consisting of age, gender, creatinine,
β2 microglobulin, albumin, white blood cell count, hemoglobin,
platelet count, and type of the involved heavy and light chains were
gathered. The sFLC were measured using a commercial kit assay
(The Binding Site Ltd., Birmingham, UK). In addition, sFLC (performed at 4 week intervals) as well as serum and urine M-protein
levels between April 2004 and December 2006 were documented.
This study was approved by the institutional review board.
Response Definitions
The response to treatment of MM was assessed independently
by the EBMT criteria1 and the sFLCs criteria set by the IMWG.8
Based on the sFLC criteria, patients were considered to have evaluable or nonevaluable disease if the involved sFLC was ≥ 100 mg/L
or < 100 mg/L, respectively. The treatment response according to
the sFLC criteria can be determined only in patients with evaluable
disease as follows: partial response (PR), ≥ 50% decrease in the difference between the involved and uninvolved sFLCs; stable disease
(SD), < 50% decrease and < 25% increase in the difference between
the involved and uninvolved sFLCs; and progressive disease (PD),
> 25% increase in the difference between the involved and uninvolved sFLCs.8
Myeloma Therapies and Survival Assessments
The chemotherapeutic agents received by patients during the
response period were classified into 4 categories: anthracycline/
immunomodulator-based therapy, bortezomib-based therapy, alkylator-based therapy, and others. Follow-up and survival information were obtained from the electronic database where the data
were entered prospectively. Overall survival (OS) from the time of
response by the sFLC criteria to the time of death or last follow-up
was compared between patients with evaluable and inevaluable sFLC.
Renal Adjustments
Because the excretion of sFLC depends on renal function,
patients’ creatinine clearances (CrCl) at the time of response by the
sFLC criteria were calculated using the Cockroft-Gault formula.
The mean CrCl of patients with evaluable and inevaluable disease
by the sFLC criteria were compared. Mean CrCl of patients in all
categories of response by the sFLC criteria were also calculated.
Comparison of Responses by European Blood and Bone
Marrow Transplantation and Serum Free Light Chain
Criteria and Data Collection
The dates of response to treatment according to EBMT and
sFLCs criteria were determined and compared.
Statistical Considerations
Data were analyzed using the statistical software JMP 7.0 produced by SAS institute. The student t test was used to compare
CrCl in patients with evaluable and inevaluable disease by the
sFLC criteria. Overall survival curves were plotted by the KaplanMeier method. A P value of < .05 was considered to be statistically
significant.
Results
Patient and Baseline Characteristics
Eighty-nine patients were included in the study. The median
age of patients was 61 years. Fifty-eight patients (65%) were males.
Sixty-one (69%) had immunoglobulin (Ig) G heavy chains, 23
(26%) had IgA heavy chains, and 5 (6%) had light chain multiple
myeloma. The involved light chain was κ in 64 patients (72%). The
median serum β2 microglobulin, creatinine, and albumin levels at
baseline were 3.6 mg/L (range, 1.4-47.7 mg/L), 1.1 mg/dL (range,
0.6-7.7 mg/dL), and 3.7 g/L (range, 2.4-4.6 g/L), respectively.
Table 1 lists the demographic, laboratory, and treatment characteristics of patients.
Disease Progression and Response by European Blood
and Bone Marrow Transplantation and Serum Free
Light Chain Criteria
The distribution of responses according to EBMT and sFLC
criteria is shown in Table 2. We note that only 43 patients (48%)
had an involved sFLC ≥ 100 mg/L, and thus were evaluated for
response by the sFLC criteria. Of these patients, 7 were newly diagnosed, and 36 had relapsed disease. According to EBMT criteria,
4 patients (5%) had CR, 22 patients (25%) had PR, 34 patients
(38%) had SD, 26 patients (29%) had PD, and 3 patients (3%)
were inevaluable (Table 2). On the other hand, only 43 patients
(48%) had an involved sFLC ≥ 100 mg/L. Of these patients with
evaluable sFLC, 14 (32%) had PR, 8 (19%) had SD, 18 (42%) had
PD, and 3 (7%) were inevaluable (Table 2).
The ability of sFLC to predict response and progression of MM is
shown in Table 3. Regarding prediction of response, the sensitivity,
specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value
of sFLC testing were 81%, 83%, 64%, and 92%, respectively. The
sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of sFLC in detecting progression of MM compared with
the IMWG criteria were 93%, 80%, 72%, and 95%, respectively.
We then divided the patients into 3 groups. Groups 1, 2, and
3 consisted of patients with measurable baseline serum M-protein
only (n = 5), measurable baseline urine light chains only (n = 10),
and both measurable serum M-protein and urine light chains at
Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia February 2010
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sFLC Predicts Response and Progression of MM
Table 1 Patient Characteristics (N = 89)
Table 3 Characteristics of sFLC Testing for the Prediction of
Response/Progression
Characteristic
Value
61 (41-87)
Median Age, Years (Range)
Predictive
Measure
Sensitivity, %
(CI)
Specificity, %
(CI)
PPV, %
(CI)
NPV, %
(CI)
Response
81 (51-94)
83 (65-92)
64 (38-83)
92 (68-98)
Progression
93 (68-98)
80 (62-91)
72 (49-87)
95 (78-99)
58 (65)
Men, n (%)
Myeloma Therapy Received, n (%)
Anthracycline/immunomodulatora
59 (66)
Bortezomib basedb
4 (5)
Alkylator based
9 (10)
Otherc
17 (19)
Heavy-Chain, n (%)
IgG
61 (69)
IgA
23 (26)
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; NPV = negative predictive value; PPV = positive predictive
value; sFLC = serum free light chain
Figure 1 Overall Survival of 89 Patients With Evaluable or
Inevaluable sFLC
100
5 (6)
None, Light-chain MM
sFLC < 100 mg/L
sFLC ≥ 100 mg/L
P = .0325
80
64 (72)
κ
Laboratory Measure
Baseline β2 microglobulin (mg/L): median (range)
3.6 (1.4-47.7)
Baseline serum creatinine (mg/dL): median (range)
1.1 (0.6-7.7)
Baseline albumin (g/L): median (range)
3.7 (2.4-4.6)
Baseline WBC (× 103/µL): median (range)
4.15 (0.81-17.88)
11.9 (7.1-15.8)
Baseline hemoglobin (g/dL): median (range)
Baseline platelet count (× 103/µL): median (range)
aAnthracycline/immunomodulator:
184 (5-387)
pegylated liposomal doxorubicin/vincristine/dexamethasone/
thalidomide or lenalidomide.
bBortezomib based: bortezomib/vorinostat.
cOther: arsenic trioxide + thalidomide + dexamethasone + ascorbic acid, organic arsenic, SGN-40.
Abbreviations: MM = multiple myeloma; WBC = white blood cell count
Table 2 Response by European Blood and Bone Marrow
Transplantation and sFLC Criteriaa
Response
Measure
Patients With Involved sFLC
≥ 100 mg/L, n = 43 (48%)
All Patients,
N = 89 (100%)
sFLC response, n (%)
PR
14 (32)
SD
8 (19)
PD
18 (42)
Inevaluable
NA
3 (7)
EBMT response, n (%)
CR
0 (0)
4 (5)
PR
11 (26)
22 (25)
SD
18 (42)
34 (38)
PD
14 (32)
26 (29)
0 (0)
3 (3)
Inevaluable
asFLC response can only be evaluated in patients with involved sFLC ≥ 100 mg/L.
Abbreviations: CR = complete remission; NA = not applicable; PD = progressive disease;
PR = partial remission; SD = stable disease; sFLC = serum free light chain
baseline (n = 28), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of
sFLC to detect response or progression of disease could not be
calculated in group 1 because all patients in group 1 had SD by
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| Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia
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Survival, %
Light-Chain, n (%)
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
Overall Survival, Months
Kaplan-Meier curve showing that patients with evaluable sFLC (involved sFLC ≥ 100 mg/L) have
a statistically significant worse survival than patients with inevaluable sFLC (log-rank; P = .0325).
Abbreviation: sFLC = serum free light chain
IMWG. The sensitivity and specificity of sFLC to detect response
of MM were 100% (95% confidence interval (CI), 5%-100%) and
78% (95% CI, 40%-96%), respectively, in group 2, and 80% (95%
CI, 44%-96%) and 94% (95% CI, 71%-100%), respectively, in
group 3. On the other hand, the sensitivity and specificity of sFLC
to detect MM progression were 100% (95% CI, 40%-100%) and
83% (95% CI, 36%-99%), respectively, in group 2, and 90% (95%
CI, 54%-99%), and 83% (95% CI, 58%-96%) in group 3.
Our practice has been to measure sFLC and M-protein in
the serum and urine approximately every 4 weeks. In our study,
the majority (27 patients) had responses detected by sFLC and
M-protein criteria at the same time, 8 patients had responses
detected earlier by the sFLC criteria, and 5 patients had responses
detected earlier by the M-protein criteria. The mean time to a sFLC
response was 17 days less than an EBMT response.
Creatinine Clearance and Serum Free Light-Chain
Analysis
Two patients were on dialysis, both of whom had evaluable
sFLC levels. Their CrCl was assumed to be zero. The mean CrCl of
the patients at the time of response by sFLC criteria was 89 mL/min
(median, 90 mL/min; range, 0-179 mL/min). Mean CrCl of
patients with and without evaluable sFLC were 87 and 90 mL/min,
respectively (P = .68). Of the patients with evaluable sFLC, the
mean CrCl of patients who had a response, SD, PD, and were
inevaluable were 87, 87, 87, and 89 mL/min, respectively.
Rami Khoriaty et al
Effect of Serum Free Light Chain on Survival
As of October 2008, 50 patients (56%) died. The OS curves plotted by the Kaplan-Meier method showed that patients with evaluable
sFLC had a statistically significant worse survival than patients with
inevaluable sFLC (log rank; P = .0325; Figure 1).
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second study to
evaluate the usefulness of sFLC in detecting response and the only
study to evaluate the test’s usefulness in evaluating progressive
disease. This study shows that sFLC can reliably predict response
and progression of MM with particularly elevated negative predictive values of 92% and 95%, respectively. However, about half of
the patients had inevaluable disease by the sFLC criteria. For those
patients, sFLC cannot be used to monitor the course of MM and
the effect of therapy.
The benefits of monitoring MM with sFLC rather than intact
immunoglobulins are multifold. First, the shorter half-life of sFLC
(in the order of hours) compared with that of intact immunglobulins (2-25 days) makes the assessment of MM with sFLC after 1
or 2 weeks of chemotherapy feasible, which can guide early decisions in the course of treatment. In our study, because sFLC and
M-proteins were measured at the same 4-week intervals, we could
not assess with high accuracy how much earlier the responses are
detected by sFLC criteria. The majority of the patients in our study
(67.5%) had detectable responses by sFLC and M-protein criteria at the same time. However, overall the mean time to a sFLC
response was 17 days earlier than an EBMT response. Second,
sFLC correlates better than intact monoclonal IgG with malignant
plasma cells burden.9 Third, sFLC can detect the relapses that occur
shortly after response to treatment,10 which might not be detected
by intact immunoglobulin concentrations as those might still be
decreasing after an earlier response because of their long half-lives.
In addition, relapse can happen with exclusive production of sFLC
as a shift from intact immunoglobulin secretion, a process termed
free light chain escape.11
Free light chain levels are affected by renal function: the worse
the renal function, the less they are excreted in the urine.12 In our
study, CrCl was not different between patients with evaluable and
inevaluable sFLC, which suggests that renal function does not
account for the differences in the sFLC between the 2 groups of
patients.
This analysis suggests that patients with evaluable sFLC had
worse OS than patients with inevaluable sFLC (P = .0325;
Figure 1). The prognostic value of sFLC for survival has been
studied by different groups, and the results are not completely
consistent. Some studies showed a correlation between sFLC and
survival whereas others have not.9,13-15 However, the majority of
the evidence is in favor of the presence of a correlation between
sFLC and survival, and sFLC have been proposed to be included in
the international staging system of MM.15
This study has a number of potential limitations that are inherent to retrospective reports. The patients were treated with different
regimens and it is possible, although unlikely, that a therapeutic
agent could interfere with the sFLC test; however, the limited
number of patients treated with each agent makes this assumption
difficult to disprove. On the other hand, the fact that the patients
were receiving various chemotherapeutic regimens could be considered a strength of this study because it makes the conclusions
more generalizable. Finally, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions
regarding the effect of sFLC results on OS in this study because of
the limited number of events and follow-up.
Conclusion
In summary, sFLC assay can be useful for monitoring patients
with MM when the involved sFLC is evaluable (ie, > 100 mg/L) and
can reliably predict response and progression of MM. Further studies
are needed to assess the optimal frequency of measurement and to
delineate the prognostic properties of sFLC.
Disclosures
Beth Faiman has served as a member of a Speaker’s Bureau
for Celgene Corporation and Millennium Pharmaceuticals,
Inc. Mohamad A. Husssein has been an employee of Celgene
Corporation. The remaining authors report no relevant potential
conflicts of interest.
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